Economic value of fish,wildlife, and recreation in Michigan's coastal wetlands

On the basis of annual expenditures by recreational participants and standard values of recreation days, as well as estimated sport and commercial harvests, the gross annual return from Michigan's 105,855 acres of coastal wetlands has been estimated. Analysis of fish, wildlife, and recreational values revealed that in 1977 these wetland areas generated an economic value of $489.69 per wetland acre, for a direct annual gross of $51.8 million. Specifically, these average return values per wetland acre/year, in descending order, are sport fishing ($286), nonconsumptive recreation ($138.24), waterfowl hunting ($31.23), trapping of furbearers ($30.44), and commercial fishing ($3.78). These gross annual return values were calculated in an effort to sensitize the general public to the diversity and possible magnitude of selected wetland functions.     

The opinions and attitudes of Louisiana's Coastal Zone residents toward outdoor recreational development: A perspective for planning and management

Abstract

In 1967, a new road facilitated access to a number of small, impoverished, rural communities in a marshy region along Mexico's Pacific coast. One of these—the only one situated on the Pacific shore—began to be visited by an increasing stream of tourists. This article discusses the severe sociocultural problems which the initial phase of tourism development caused in Teacapán, and argues that these are part of a syndrome which is manifest in similar situations worldwide. By anticipating this syndrome before tourism development gets underway, planners and managers of coastal tourism development in Third World nations would be better prepared to mitigate most of its severe effects.     

Conservation and development in Oregon's coastal zone

Abstract

Coastal zone management in Oregon is based on the state's general land‐use law. This body of law is designed to deal with population increase, urbanization, and preservation of agricultural land, as well as with other problems throughout the state. Early planning and policy recommendations for the coast were in the hands of a commission having predominantly local membership. This commission produced an extensive series of studies, policies, and recommendations which were assembled as a proposed management tool for natural resources. Staff of the commission was then absorbed into the state land‐management agency, which developed final goals and guidelines for compliance with the Coastal Zone Management Act. Adoption of the coastal goals in December 1976 has triggered deadlines for local government compliance within the coastal zone. The management program is now undergoing federal review.     

The urban port: A hidden resource for the city and the coastal zone

Abstract

This paper is concerned with the changing pattern of activity on the urban waterfront. It examines developments in marine transportation technology and in the economic structure of the central city that have influenced the function of the urban port. Drawing upon data related to the West Side of Manhattan, the impact of the changes in cargo and passenger ship operations on the urban port is described and analyzed. A twofold strategy for public agencies to identify and understand the opportunities presented by technological change and to formulate policies for the redevelopment of the urban coastal zone is discussed.     

The visual impact of development in coastal zone areas

Abstract

The focus of this paper is theoretical, as well as methodological. It reviews previous studies of visual impact and reports research by the author on people's evaluation of the appropriateness of different man‐made facilities in different coastal‐area contexts and other environments. In this study, subjects were asked to react to slides developed through the use of landscape models and experimental facilities to simulate the appearance of a building in the landscape, while systematically varying the visual relatedness between the two. Specific interest centered on the variable of congruity vs. contrast between the appearance of the building and its landscape context, manipulated by co‐varying the attributes of color and size to create a five‐point scale of contrast/obtrusiveness. The hypothesis was that judgments of appropriateness, and to a lesser extent judgments of liking, would vary inversely with level of contrast. The role of two further variables, the functional significance of the building in its setting, and the character of the setting itself, was also investigated. The author reviews methodological issues involved where subjects respond to visual stimuli for purposes of judging change in visual quality. These methodological issues include: stimulus‐selection and problems of simulation, choice of response measures, and choice of respondents, and the treatment of individual differences. The author calls for development of standardized scales and indices such as “perceptually‐relevant environmental quality indicators.”     

沿海成品油船船型开发调查研究

介绍沿海成品油油运市场对油船的需求情况以及沿海港口对成品油船设计的限制条件,探讨规范的变化对成品油船结构的影响并对现有成品油船技术状况及存在的问题进行分析,总结了现有油船船型的特点,提出开发沿海成品油船新船型的建议。     

江苏沿海港口发展战略模式选择

面对新的世纪、新的形势和新的要求,江苏省需要进一步增强发展苏北的使命感和紧迫感,通过开发"蓝色国土"强力推进沿海经济带建设,切实加快苏北现代化进程,是苏北发挥比较优势、加快现代化进程的强劲支撑和战略选择.如何推动苏北沿海港口的发展成为迫切需要解决的问题,本文拟通过对江苏沿海港口发展的SWOT分析,提出江苏沿海港口发展的战略模式.     

辽宁沿海经济带港口效率评价与发展策略研究

基于数据包络分析的基本原理,选取辽宁沿海经济带6个港口——大连港、营口港、锦州港、丹东港、葫芦岛港和盘锦港的有关数据,分别采用规模报酬不变的CCR模型和规模报酬可变的BCC模型来测度6个港口的综合效率、纯技术效率、规模效率,并对相对有效的决策单元进行比较。研究发现,辽宁沿海六港口在2013年大多达到DEA有效,2009~2012年大多为非DEA有效。将辽宁沿海经济带港口分为3个梯队及总体分别进行效率比较,得出非有效性形成原因及改进方向。最后,在实证研究基础上总结辽宁沿海经济带港口存在现状的主要原因与相应发展策略。     

辽宁沿海港口与区域经济互动发展影响研究

辽宁沿海港口是"一带一路"上连接亚欧通道和中蒙俄经济走廊的重要贸易节点,辽宁沿海港口的转型升级与整合发展是辽宁以及东北地区全面振兴的重要引擎,而辽宁以及东北地区的产业结构调整与区域经济发展水平对辽宁沿海港口的良性发展具有强大推动作用。首先,文章阐释了辽宁沿海港口与区域经济的发展现状和互动发展影响因素;然后,应用相关分析与回归分析方法分别研究了沿海港口与区域经济各指标之间的相关系数与互动发展影响因果关系;最后,根据研究结果提出了辽宁沿海港口与区域经济之间的互动发展对策,以期为辽宁沿海港口良性发展与辽宁区域经济的可持续发展提供科学理论指导。     

辽宁沿海经济带邮轮产业与旅游业的互动发展

根据辽宁沿海经济带旅游经济发展实际,应把旅游业建设成为区内新的经济增长点和服务业中最具活力、发展最快的重点产业之一,而要实现辽宁沿海经济带旅游产业实现从朝阳产业向支柱产业的发展,必须挖掘新的经济增长点,而发展邮轮产业是其重要的切入点。     

Oil and gas development in a coastal landscape: Visual preferences and management implications

Abstract

This study examines the relationships of four general landscape characteristics to viewer preference for a coastal landscape including oil and gas development. Landscape management possibilities that address these characteristics are apparent naturalness, compatibility of development with its setting, and ephemeral characteristics, including tidiness.

Forty residents of and visitors to a Louisiana Gulf Coast island were interviewed. They were asked to describe and rate the attractiveness of local views. Three hundred and ninety‐three views containing a total of 99 features were described. A content analysis determined which of the 99 features were present in each view. Then factor analysis was performed on the feature presence classifications to suggest viewtypes. The 26 factors, or viewtypes, resulting were related to view ratings in a regression analysis.

Results suggest that, while natural‐appearing coastal landscapes are attractive, some developed landscapes may also be attractive. Compatibility, nighttime viewing, and tidiness enhance the attractiveness of developed landscapes. Where these characteristics become part of the design and maintenance program for oil and gas facilities, viewer preference may increase.     

新时期武汉城市圈产业一体化发展研究

产业是经济圈发展的重要基础.本文在分析了武汉城市圈的产业发展现状的基础上,论述了如何对武汉城市圈区域产业发展合理分工,指出了武汉城市圈三次产业结构调整优化方向.     

Institutional arrangements for coastal conservation in New Zealand

Abstract

The focus of this paper is institutional arrangements for initiative coastal conservation in New Zealand. “Initiative”; conservation refers to positive measures for the protection of the natural environment for reasons related to its inherent worth. Case studies were undertaken in five areas with different biophysical and societal characteristics, where various approaches to coastal conservation are being attempted. In each area, an issue was analyzed to identify conservation policies and their relationship to ecological and human needs, and to administrative and legal frameworks. Analysis demonstrated that initiative conservation policy can encompass user and community needs while maintaining ecological priorities. Institutional arrangements do not appear to restrict the development of this type of policy in New Zealand, but they do limit its formal expression and implementation. Arrangements for cohesive conservation areas spanning the land‐sea interface are particularly lacking.     

基于供应链的沿海港口合作发展

通过Bertrand寡占模型的分析,确定了港口间的合作协商可以提高彼此的收益,即取得Pareto改进.同时还阐述了基于供应链的4种港口合作关系类型,并提出了我国沿海港口合作必须遵循的5个重要策略.     

我国沿海深水港口建设技术进展、发展趋势和面临的关键技术问题

总结进入新世纪以来我国粉沙质海岸、河口、岛群泥沙运动规律研究的新突破,沿海深水港口、航道和巨型河口航道整治技术的新进展,新材料的开发以及信息化、智能化技术的应用等;深入分析港口建设技术的发展趋势,并论述建设资源节约、环境友好型港口和复杂自然条件下沿海深水港口、航道建设面临的重大技术问题。     

船运木材货物的注意事项

介绍了木材货物在甲板及舱内积载时的注意事项、系固绑扎方法及船舶航行途中应采取的措施,提出一些有益的建议,对木材船的安全运输有一定的帮助。     

Impacts of energy development on coastal recreation: The case of New Jersey

Abstract

This paper presents the methodology and results of a study commissioned by the Division of Coastal Resources of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. The objective of the study was to assess the economic and social impacts of potential energy activities on New Jersey's shorefront recreational resources for the purpose of formulating policies concerning the location of energy facilities on the coast. The Coastal Tourism Response Model developed as part of the project is briefly described and suggestions are offered for model application. The paper reviews the literature assessing the impacts of environmental changes on human attitudes and behavior and further discusses energy facilities and tourists in particular. It concludes that energy facilities, if carefully planned, can coexist with tourism activities, and stresses the role of regional differences and local attitudes toward development and preservation as key factors in determining the state policy.     

协调发展理论:城市规划管理新视点

协调发展观要求经济结构与自然结构相符合,并在此基础上争取社会经济发展计划不断适应生态系统的动态平衡,以求人类社会的良性运行和持续稳定发展。在新世纪新阶段,要提高执政能力,加快城市发展步伐,提高城市综合竞争力,必须坚持以科学发展观为指导,以经济建设为中心,抓好经济发展的同时,坚持以人为本,努力实现全面协调可持续发展,坚持正确处理六种关系。     

The potential for British coastal shipping in a multimodal chain

A strategy to revitalize coastal shipping within Great Britain is investigated. An examination of the regulatory environment shows government, at both the EU and British levels, aware of the environmental benefits of coastal shipping compared to road freight transport, if only mildly supportive in tangible terms. The geography of Great Britain and the modern preference for just-in-time deliveries have severely restricted the ability of coastal shipping to compete effectively with road freight transport. The primary objective of the paper is to investigate whether coastal shipping could be integrated into a multimodal door-to-door supply chain, where it is currently hampered by high costs of transhipment, slow transport speeds, and the incongruity of load sizes between land and sea modes. Integration requires the co-operation of all organizations within the multi-modal supply chain. However, coastal shipping companies have been known to be individualistic and mistrusting of alliances. Therefore, a Delphi study is undertaken to investigate the standpoint of leading managers in such companies towards multimodal integration. The results of the Delphi study indicate that managers are in favour of multimodal developments, in particular cooperation between coastal shipping and road haulage. However, there was agreement that the business is highly competitive, and this may prevent the forms of collaboration required for multimodal systems. The secretive nature of the coastal shipping sector could impede joint marketing to promote a mode of transport that is often 'invisible' to shippers. There was little consensus on the relationship that should exist between coastal shipping and ports, a topic worthy of further investigation.     

The potential for British coastal shipping in a multimodal chain

A strategy to revitalize coastal shipping within Great Britain is investigated. An examination of the regulatory environment shows government, at both the EU and British levels, aware of the environmental benefits of coastal shipping compared to road freight transport, if only mildly supportive in tangible terms. The geography of Great Britain and the modern preference for just-in-time deliveries have severely restricted the ability of coastal shipping to compete effectively with road freight transport. The primary objective of the paper is to investigate whether coastal shipping could be integrated into a multimodal door-to-door supply chain, where it is currently hampered by high costs of transhipment, slow transport speeds, and the incongruity of load sizes between land and sea modes. Integration requires the co-operation of all organizations within the multi-modal supply chain. However, coastal shipping companies have been known to be individualistic and mistrusting of alliances. Therefore, a Delphi study is undertaken to investigate the standpoint of leading managers in such companies towards multimodal integration. The results of the Delphi study indicate that managers are in favour of multimodal developments, in particular cooperation between coastal shipping and road haulage. However, there was agreement that the business is highly competitive, and this may prevent the forms of collaboration required for multimodal systems. The secretive nature of the coastal shipping sector could impede joint marketing to promote a mode of transport that is often ‘invisible’ to shippers. There was little consensus on the relationship that should exist between coastal shipping and ports, a topic worthy of further investigation.