Assessing the Utility of Beach Ecolabels for Use by Local Management

Ecolabels for beaches have been around since 1985 and have grown rapidly over the past decade. However, effects from ecolabels on beach ecology and local coastal cultures are unknown. This study reviews the literature on tourism ecolabels and environmental certification for beaches, analyzes the criteria of the most prominent beach ecolabel, and identifies considerations and proposes recommendations for local management that address sandy beach ecology and local cultures. The Blue Flag ecolabel is evaluated for how well the program criteria balance tourism, the processes of sandy beach ecology, and accommodate for local cultural values. This Blue Flag's criteria leave out protecting sandy beach ecology and fail to incorporate local community values in program design. The results of the study include three areas that beach managers need to consider for better understanding the utility of beach ecolabel programs: opportunity costs of participation and consequences of losing certification; evaluate investment in multiple certifications; and identify potential changes from the implementation of ecolabels.     

海洋平台设计中的风浪参数选取标准

以我国渤海某区1970年至1993年风暴过程的后报资料为基础,提出了泊松二维冈贝尔逻辑分布,并将其用于风暴过程中伴生的风速与波高的联合概率计算,给出了美国石油协会(API)行业标准有关环境条件三种设计标准的具体做法.基于新的统计模式,同时提出了联合概率法设计标准.比较了多种标准所得设计参数的差异,给出了适合工程所在海区的环境荷载参数.计算结果表明,新的统计模式适用于遭受风暴影响的海洋工程结构设计,特别是边际油田的开发建设.     

Lessons Learned from ICOM Initiatives in Canada and China

Practical experience derived from current and developing integrated coastal and ocean management (ICOM) initiatives around the world demonstrates that these collaborative and integrated approaches to managing coastal and ocean resources are strongly influenced by various contextual factors including political, administrative, institutional, social, economic, and cultural. A comparative evaluation of two such ICOM initiatives—off the east coasts of Canada and China, respectively—provides valuable insights into how these factors play in the development, implementation, and success of these initiatives in two different settings. The evaluation framework developed and applied in this research focuses on evaluations of governance performance and management capacity, and applies both process- and progress-oriented indicators. Key findings include: (1) The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative focuses on the participatory approach that emphasizes equity and consensus among stakeholders, whereas the Bohai Sea Sustainable Development and Environmental Management (BSSDEM) Program benefits greatly from a comprehensive approach that integrates different governments/departments and bridges among stakeholders; (2) management approaches to ICOM strongly depend on the program objectives/priorities and local circumstances. Moreover, a total of thirteen recommendations are provided for the purposes of strengthening on-going programs and replicating success at a larger scale.     

海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性分析方法

本文研究了海洋平台结构系统疲劳可靠性评估方法。文中对平台结构简生管节点疲劳可靠性分析模型进行了简单的评述，在该模型的基础上，建立了用S－N曲线模型与断裂力学模型分别计算平台完好管节点及有初始裂纹管节点疲劳寿命的平告结构系统疲劳可靠性分析模型。作为一个算例，文中运用作者开发的程序系统，对一固定式导管架平台进行了疲劳可靠性计算。     

渤海湾底质重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

基于渤海湾22个监测点3年的监测数据,应用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,分析了渤海湾天津段表层沉积物中5种重金属的含量与分布,并进行生态风险评价。结果表明:渤海湾为轻微生态危害,其中镉的污染程度最大,锌的污染程度最小,5种重金属危害系数顺序为:Cd>Hg>Pb>Cu>Zn。     

油轮在渤海油田某区块环境力作用下系泊力分析

针对油轮在渤海油田某区块两种系泊方案，从力学角度、技术可行性、成本等几个方面进行比较分析计算，并对系泊方案给出了计算模型，特别是通过系泊力试验以及程序分析，最终“桩锚＋浮筒”这一方案以其相对简单的安装工艺、较低的成本以及应用于渤海油田该区块较好的安全性而被采纳。     

密加筋板结构在铝质上层建筑结构设计中的应用研究

结构轻型化是船舶设计的主要目标之一.针对某新型海上客滚船上层建筑设计,采用了立体刚架及密加筋板结构设计方案,并对其进行了局部和整体结构有限元分析.结果显示,与规范设计结果相比,该方案选用较薄的甲板板,结构强度优于按规范设计的方案,且具有良好的工艺性及经济性.本文结论可为大型船舶铝质上层建筑设计及规范有关条文的修订提供参考.     

Local joint flexibility element for offshore plateforms structures

A large number of offshore platforms of various types have been installed in deep or shallow waters throughout the world. These structures are mainly made of tubular members which are interconnected by using tubular joints. In tubular frames, joints may exhibit considerable flexibility in both elastic and plastic range of response. The resulting flexibility may have marked effects on the overall behavior of offshore platforms.This paper investigates the effects of joint flexibility on local and global behavior of tubular framed structures in linear range of response. A new joint flexibility element is developed on the basis of flexibility matrix and implemented in a finite-element program to account for local joint flexibility effects in analytical models of tubular framed structures. The element formulation is considerably easy and straightforward in comparison with other existing tubular joint elements. It was concluded that developed flexible joint model produces accurate results comparing to sophisticated multi-axial finite element joint models.     

基于抛物型缓坡方程的某码头泊稳问题研究*

从理论出发介绍了抛物型缓坡方程的特点,并阐述了抛物型缓坡方程的使用限制条件;根据实际工程的需要,运用基于抛物型缓坡方程的REF/DIF模型对大连将军石码头改进后的两种方案的波高进行了模拟和研究,模拟结果表明经改进后方案1和方案2均能满足港内泊稳条件,方案1要更优于方案2。     

Gender Issues within the Population-Environment Nexus in Philippine Coastal Areas

Sixty percent of the Philippine's population resides in the coastal zone. Women and men in coastal communities depend chiefly on the sea for subsistence. Over fifty percent of the dietary protein requirements of coastal communities are derived from municipal fisheries and shallow coastal habitats (reef fishes, marine plants, and mangroves). Coastal populations are young and expanding at rates that exceed regional and national averages. Expanding human pressures and man-made disturbances (over harvesting, destructive fishing, siltation, etc.) that offset natural processes are destroying habitats and creating protein food security crises and increasing malnutrition. At the same time conflicts among users of coastal resources are escalating. Access constraints, gender inequities, and cultural barriers stymie options for women and men to plan their families and create alternative livelihoods. National and local government agencies are addressing food security concerns through vertical policies and programs (e.g., fisheries management, integrated coastal management). The IPOPCORM project uses a cross-sectoral approach and quasi-experimental evaluation design to test the hypothesis that food security will be achieved more quickly when coastal resources management (CRM) and reproductive health (RH) management are implemented together. The purpose of this article is to review the project's experience and highlight the trends observed in program monitoring and evaluation during 2001–2004, which suggest better impact on RH, CRM, and gender indicators in the sites where the synergistic approach is being applied.     

曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险分析与防控

渤海湾为中国内海,沿海工业企业密集,经济发达,海洋生态环境对经济的发展起着巨大的支撑作用。而渤海湾海洋生态脆弱,海体自然循环一次约需80年,任何污染事故的发生对经济影响都极为严重,因此加强对油品运输码头监管,消除隐患、杜绝事故发生、保持渤海海洋环境清洁显得尤为重要。文中着重针对曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险与污染防控展开分析论述,并提出看法和建议。     

The Trial Intensive Management Area for Crocodiles: A Crocodile Removal Zone in Queensland,Australia

The Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the world's largest living crocodile, and in Queensland it inhabits tropical coastal wetlands and waterways. From 1990 to 2001, there have been nine substantiated crocodile attacks on people in Queensland, resulting in one death and eight serious injuries. Several crocodile attacks occurred in the Cairns area during these years, and Cairns's popular swimming beaches have been closed on a number of occasions because of crocodiles. Human safety from crocodile attack is an issue of great public and political concern in Queensland. From May 1998 to June 2001, the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service operated a trial crocodile removal program in the Cairns area, with a removal zone that extended 70 km along the coast. The program was named the Trial Intensive Management Area for Crocodiles (TIMAC), and its primary purpose was to protect the Cairns's popular swimming beaches from crocodiles. The program was expanded to provide a problem crocodile response service throughout north Queensland and to train additional rangers in crocodile management skills. During the three years of the TIMAC program, 80 crocodiles were captured in north Queensland: 46 crocodiles from within the removal zone, and 34 from outside the removal zone. There were no crocodile attacks in the removal zone during the three-year trial program. At the request of local governments, the program became permanent in July 2001. In effect, Cairns is the only tropical city whose popular swimming beaches are protected by a combination of a lifeguard service, a shark control program, netted enclosures (seasonal) for protection from dangerous Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri), and a crocodile removal program.     

渤海海域建立特别敏感海域PSSA的思考

渤海拥有丰富的海洋资源,但随着经济建设的快速发展,渤海正承受前所未有的环境压力,严峻的环境污染不仅制约着环渤海经济的快速发展,也严重威胁人们的身体健康。如在渤海海域建立PSSA,对渤海海域环境综合整治以及生态恢复与保护具有极其重要的现实意义。     

固定式近岸风机导管架结构完全重叠节点的极限强度研究（英文）

This paper presents an innovative eccentric jacket substructure for offshore wind turbines to better withstand intense environmental forces and to replace conventional X-braced jackets in seismically active areas. The proposed eccentric jacket comprises of completely overlapped joint at every joint connection. The joint consists of a chord and two braces in a single plane. The two braces are fully overlapped with a short segment of the diagonal brace welded directly onto the chord. The characteristic feature of this joint configuration is that the short segment member can be designed to absorb and dissipate energy under cyclic load excitation. The experimental and numerical study revealed that the completely overlapped joint performed better in terms of strength resistance, stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption capacity than the conventional gap joints commonly found in typical X-braced jacket framings. The eccentric jacket could also be designed to becoming less stiff, with an inelastic yielding and local buckling of short segment member, so as to better resist the cyclic load generated from intense environmental forces and earthquake. From the design economics, the eccentric jacket provided a more straightforward fabrication with reduced number of welded joints and shorter thicker wall cans than the conventional X-braced jacket. It can therefore be concluded based on the results presented in the study that by designing the short segment member in accordance with strength and ductility requirement,the eccentric jacket substructure supporting the wind turbine could be made to remain stable under gravity loads and to sustain a significantly large amount of motion in the event of rare and intense earthquake or environmental forces, without collapsing.     

大连港铁矿石水路中转运输的经济论证

随着我国钢铁行业的发展,对进口铁矿石的依存度逐年增加。巴西铁矿石虽然品质优良但海运成本较高,为降低海运费用,在巴西至中国航线上将投入40万t级的大型干散货船。因渤海水深较浅,无法满足40万t级干散货船通航水深的要求,由巴西运至渤海沿岸港口的铁矿石需要经大连港水路中转。本研究主要针对大连港铁矿石水路中转的可行性、经济性和敏感性进行计算和分析,预测经济合理的中转船型。     

新概念FPSO总体方案设计研究

在分析国内外现有FPSO的优劣性及研究影响FPSO性能的诸多因素的基础上,开发一种稳性更好、水动力性能优良、储油效率高、具有较大承载能力和甲板面积,更适合采用多点系泊的圆角倒棱台形FPSO(IQFP)浮体概念。利用这种新型概念,根据渤海海域某边际油田的海洋环境条件和油田生产要求,以浮体的稳性和运动性能为主要约束条件,运用交互式设计流程思想,经过反复调整,得到一座较优的IQFP总体方案设计实例。     

Urban transport lending by the World Bank: The last decade

Over the preceding decade, the World Bank committed about US$7.5bn in loans for urban transport projects in its client countries, involving total project costs of nearly US$13bn. Projects are designed by the client city/national governments and the World Bank in an interactive, give-and-take process. As is common in development finance, urban transport projects entail an investment program and a set of policy and institutional initiatives. A majority of Bank-funded operations in this period focused on public transport modes. A clear and overarching strategic thrust is evident, favoring private delivery of services with a strong public role through city-specific regulatory agencies. Depending on the context, projects involved efforts to introduce private operators and competition into an all-public set-up, or tighten up weakly regulated, “informal” public transport markets. A notable feature of many projects in the latter context is the use of investments in bus rapid transit infrastructure to reach multiple goals: improve transport services, maintain affordability for low-income passengers, attract new passengers, reduce negative environmental impacts, and leverage complementary reforms of policies and institutions. The Bank’s program in China, unique in its local context of a dynamic urban society moving away from a near-universal reliance on bicycles, initially did not focus on public transport but on urban roads and traffic management. Towards the end of the last decade, the motorization process and the outlook of decision makers entering a more mature stage, projects in China started to converge towards what the rest of the Bank’s program was doing – searching for a more sustainable path to urban transport development.     

船舶永磁同步电机网络控制延时的节能研究

以中铁渤海轮渡的永磁同步电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor,PMSM)应用的直接转矩控制(Direct Torque Control,DTC)-空间矢量脉宽调制(Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation,SVPWM)系统为研究对象,设计了一个网络控制系统(Network Control System,NCS)的量化器;根据NCS的数据传输特性,推导出由传感器的数据传输延时导致的发电机组功率额外输出的延时-功率关联公式,分析了NCS中网络延时与发电机组额外输出功率之间的定量关系,并使用VS.NET编写程序进行数值仿真。仿真结果证明了网络延时可增加额外功率消耗;同时说明了:减少NCS的网络延时,对电力推进船舶节约能源消耗具有重要意义。     

海上风电环境影响评估及对策研究

本文通过对国内外已建、在建和拟建海上风电项目在建设和运行过程中出现的各类环境问题进行深入的分析、研究,提出了符合当地实际情况,经济、技术可行的监测、预防和治理措施。并以东台海上风电场项目的环境影响评估为例进行了实例的研究。     

Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem

A total of 2759 stomachs collected from a bottom trawl survey carried out by R/V “Bei Dou” in the Yellow Sea between 32°00 and 36°30N in autumn 2000 and spring 2001 were examined. The trophic levels (TL) of eight dominant fish species were calculated based on stomach contents, and trophic levels of 17 dominant species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea reported in later 1950s and mid-1980s were estimated so as to be comparable. The results indicated that the mean trophic level at high trophic levels declined from 4.06 in 1959–1960 to 3.41 in 1998–1999, or 0.16–0.19·decade^− 1 (mean 0.17·decade^− 1) in the Bohai Sea, and from 3.61 in 1985–1986 to 3.40 in 2000–2001, or 0.14·decade^− 1 in the Yellow Sea; all higher than global trend. The dominant species composition in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea changed, with the percentage of planktivorous species increases and piscivorous or omnivorous species decreases, and this was one of the main reasons for the decline in mean trophic level at high tropic levels. Another main reason was intraspecific changes in TL. Similarly, many factors caused decline of trophic levels in the dominant fish species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. Firstly, TL of the same prey got lower, and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) as prey was most representative. Secondly, TLs of diet composition getting lower resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as spotted velvetfish (Erisphex pottii) and Trichiurus muticus in the Yellow Sea. Thirdly, species size getting smaller also resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as Bambay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and largehead hairtail (Trichiurus haumela). Furthermore, fishing pressure and climate change may be interfering to cause fishing down the food web in the China coastal ocean.