Safety benefits of integrated pedestrian protection systems

This study developed a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of an integrated pedestrian protection system (IPPS) based on simulations. The proposed IPPS consists of active and passive vehicular systems for protecting pedestrians, including a pedestrian warning information system (PWIS), an active hood lift system (AHLS), and pedestrian airbag system (PAS). Two simulation methods were applied in the proposed methodology: a driving simulation and a finite element simulation. A driving simulator was used to obtain the change in collision speed, which is a key parameter for evaluating driving behavior when a PWIS is applied. In addition, a well-known simulator for finite element analysis, LSDYNA was used to simulate the impact of a pedestrian on a vehicle hood in a pedestrian-vehicle collision. The head injury criterion (HIC), which is an outcome of LS-DYNA simulations, is a major parameter for evaluating passive safety systems. The probability of pedestrian fatalities by collision speeds and HICs were estimated to quantify the safety benefits of an IPPS based on the statistical analyses. The results showed that an IPPS is capable of reducing pedestrian fatalities by approximately 90 % associated with jaywalking in the midblock and walking on the roadside. The findings of this study can be used to boost the development of various vehicular technologies for pedestrians. The results can be effectively used for policy making and deriving legislative requirements associated with advanced vehicular technologies for enhancing pedestrian safety.     

Autonomous Emergency Braking Considering Road Slope and Friction Coefficient

The Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) systems have been actively studied for the safety enhancement and commercialized for the past few years. Because the driver tends to overly rely upon active safety systems, AEB needs to be designed to reflect the real road situations such as various road slope and friction coefficient. In this study, an AEB control algorithm is proposed to compensate for the effects of the slope and the friction of road. Based on the maximum possible deceleration for the real road conditions, the minimum braking distance is described with margin parameters for AEB activation control. The deceleration controller with a feedforward term is designed to avoid the collision during AEB operation on real road conditions. The proposed algorithm is validated in simulations first and the experimental verification is performed in the various slope conditions.     

Injury analysis of pedestrians in collisions using the pedestrian deformable model

Vehicle safety has become the most important issue in automobile design. However, all efforts to improve safety devices focus on enhancing safety features for occupants. Notably, pedestrians are the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, after occupants, and account for about 13 percent of motor vehicle deaths. It is essential to design pedestrian-friendly vehicles and pedestrian protection systems to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries. To effectively assess pedestrian injuries resulting from vehicle impact, a deformable pedestrian model must be developed for vehicle-pedestrian collision analysis. This study constructs a pedestrian-collision numerical model based on LS-DYNA finite element code. To verify the accuracy of the proposed deformable pedestrian model, experimental data are used in the pedestrian model test. This study applies the proposed model to analyze the dynamic responses and injuries of pedestrians involved in collisions. The modeled results can help assess vehicle pedestrian friendliness and assist in the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies.     

Vehicle distance estimation using a mono-camera for FCW/AEB systems

For robust vision-based forward collision warning (FCW) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB) systems, not only reliable detection performance including high detection rate and low false positives but also accurate measurement output of a target vehicle is required. Especially, in order to reduce false alarm or activation of FCW/AEB systems, the systems require the precise measurement output of a target object, such as position, velocity, acceleration, and time-to-collision (TTC). In this study, we developed a measurement estimation algorithm of a target vehicle using a monocular camera. This method estimates two cases of vehicle widths for a target vehicle by using the detected lane information and a pin-hole camera model. After that, the position, velocity, acceleration, and TTC of a target vehicle are estimated by using a Kalman filter for the each estimated vehicle width. To improve robustness, the both estimation results using the detected lane information and the pinhole camera model are fused. This estimation algorithm was evaluated and compared with the state-of-the-art technology. As a result, the proposed measurement output estimation method can improve the performance of the FCW/AEB systems.     

视线遮挡条件下面向弱势道路使用者的避撞策略研究

由于视线障碍物造成的"鬼探头"事故已经成为当前城市道路交通事故的主要类型之一.针对汽车碰撞视线遮挡条件下横穿的弱势道路使用者(VRU)的场景,设计了1种基于碰撞时间比和安全制动距离的避撞策略,建立车辆与VRU的交通状态数学模型,分析"鬼探头"场景下的制动避撞临界距离.结合临界距离和车辆与VRU的碰撞时间比,将可以避免碰...     

基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略研究

为实现车辆自主避撞,改善道路交通安全状况,提出一种基于线性路径跟踪控制的换道避撞控制策略。为实时确定制动和换道时机,获取跟车状态下自车和前车车速、加速度、相对距离以及驾驶人制动反应时间计算制动安全距离和换道安全距离,并在此基础上分别引入制动危险系数B和换道危险系数S评估制动与换道风险,使得车辆发生追尾碰撞的危险程度和主动干预阈值更直观。根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移的变化特性,采用5次多项式法规划符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的避撞路径。为保证换道避撞过程中驾驶人的安全舒适,采用最大横向加速度约束换道避撞轨迹。为实现对换道避撞路径的线性跟踪控制,保证车辆的操纵稳定性和横摆稳定性,基于车辆稳态动力学模型建立前馈控制,结合线性反馈控制消除换道路径的位置和横摆角偏差,修正参考路径实现直车道场景追尾避撞控制。仿真和实车交叉验证试验表明：根据车辆期望横向加速度和期望横向位移建立的符合驾驶人换道避撞特性的五次多项式换道路径与驾驶人实际换道避撞路径基本吻合,结合碰撞时间和车间时距的制动避撞控制策略能够在保证车辆行驶安全舒适性的同时有效避免车辆追尾碰撞,减少交通事故的发生。     

Development of probabilistic pedestrian fatality model for characterizing pedestrian-vehicle collisions

Pedestrian-related accidents are considered to be the most serious of traffic accidents due to the associated high fatality rates. In Korea, pedestrian fatalities accounted for approximately 40% of all traffic-related fatalities in 2004. Significant efforts have been made to develop effective countermeasures for pedestrian-vehicle collisions. A basis for devising such countermeasures is to understand the characteristics of pedestrian-vehicle collisions. This study develops a pedestrian fatality model capable of predicting the probability of fatality in pedestrian-vehicle collisions. Binary logistic regression and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) are employed to estimate the probability of pedestrian fatality. Pedestrian age, vehicle type and collision speed are used as independent variables of the fatality model. The models developed herein are valuable tools that can be used to direct safety policies and technologies associated with pedestrian safety.     

Development of a rear-end collision avoidance system with automatic brake control

We have studied active safety technologies from the standpoint of “collision avoidance”. This paper describes a rear-end collision avoidance system with automatic brake control, which avoids a collision to the vehicle in front caused by inadvertent human errors using automatic emergency braking. The system is comprised of four key technological elements, headway distance measurement using scanning laser radar, path estimation algorithm with vehicle dynamics, collision prediction to the vehicle in front by a safe/danger decision algorithm, and longitudinal automatic brake control.     

汽车防撞系统中目标跟踪与防撞决策研究

为了实现汽车主动安全系统中的目标跟踪与防撞,提出了混合式汽车防撞系统信息融合结构模型,采用分级信息融合实现目标跟踪,推导出了基于跟踪残留误差和预测残留误差共同校正的融合算法,并给出了算法的实现结构;提出了基于局部分析的映射变换方法,实现驾驶模型特征向量连续、实时的修正,在此基础之上,利用模糊积分方法融合多种相关信息,确定汽车应采用的安全运行模式,实现主动安全防撞决策。经过大量试验证明:该算法具有很好的稳定性和准确率。     

智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞的跟踪控制方法对比研究

为了提高智能汽车的主动安全性,提出3种不同的自动紧急转向避撞跟踪控制方法。首先建立汽车避撞简化模型,对制动、转向及两者相结合的3种不同避撞方式进行对比分析。其次,为深入研究汽车避撞过程中的实际响应,建立包含转向、制动及悬架3个子系统耦合特性的底盘18自由度统一动力学模型,并进行相关试验验证。随后构建智能汽车自动紧急转向避撞控制框架,对五次多项式参考路径和七次多项式参考路径的横摆角速度和横摆角加速度进行对比分析。接着以线性2自由度转向动力学模型为参考对象,对最优控制四轮转向、最优控制前轮转向、前馈与反馈控制相结合的前轮转向3种不同的跟踪控制系统分别进行设计。最后,以汽车底盘18自由度统一动力学模型为研究对象,对上述3种避撞控制系统进行仿真试验对比分析。研究结果表明：与制动避撞相比而言,转向避撞所需的纵向距离有较大降低,随着车速的增加和路面附着系数的越低,效果越明显;七次多项式参考路径比五次多项式参考路径的避撞过渡过程更为平缓,当实际车速与控制器所用车速不一致时,前者避撞性能表现更优;最优四轮转向控制系统在高、低2种不同附着路面都具有较好的避撞效果,最优前轮转向控制系统次之,而前馈与反馈相结合的前轮转向控制系统在低附着路面上则表现出严重的失稳。     

Pedestrian accessibility and safety around bus stops in Delhi

Safety for public transport (PT) users is least during the access and egress trips. Previous studies have established that improvement in pedestrian safety will improve the safety of PT users as well. We studied the accessibility of pedestrian infrastructure around ~360 sampled bus stops in Delhi by conducting physical audits. 15 indicators in the audit checklist were meaningfully reduced to five factors through Principal Components Analysis. We developed Poisson regression models (with their geographically-weighted counterparts) to assess the association between these five factors for each bus stop with the number of pedestrian fatalities around that stop. Two models were developed— a) for fatalities where the impacting vehicle was known, and b) for fatalities where the impacting vehicle was unknown (hit-and-run cases). For both the models, geographically-weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) performed better than their global Poisson counterparts. Overall improved access was seen to be positively associated with less pedestrian fatalities. Further, we established that the nature of hit-and-run cases differ from those where the impacting vehicle is known, through— a) difference in the effect of the exposure variable, b) different factors being significant in the respective models, especially in the GWPR. The novelty of this study is that we modelled the relationship of pedestrian fatalities around PT stops with factors related to the pedestrian access to these stops. Through the application of GWPR, we found that different types of pedestrian fatalities are related to different aspects of access. We also identified bus stops with higher risk of pedestrian fatalities. Based on this, the methodology presented in this study is useful in guiding city authorities to identify and prioritise a) specific access-related factors which require improvement, and b) bus stops which require improvement in their pedestrian-access infrastructure. These analyses can be extended to study pedestrian safety around PT stops in any city.     

面向骑行者的AEB测试方法研究

文章通过对CIDAS统计的150例汽车与二轮车碰撞事故工况样本参数信息进行系统聚类分析,提取出了用于评价面向骑行者的自动紧急制动系统(AEB)的测试场景,建立了面向骑行者的自动紧急制动系统测试评价方法,并利用Prescan和Simulink软件搭建了典型场景的虚拟交通模型以及自动紧急制动系统(AEB)算法控制模型,通过联合仿真分析验证了AEB控制算法的具体实施过程,进一步说明了典型场景和测试方法的有效性。     

基于双延迟深度确定性策略梯度的船舶自主避碰方法

为满足智能船舶自主航行的发展需求,解决基于强化学习的船舶避碰决策方法存在的学习效率低、泛化能力弱以及复杂会遇场景下鲁棒性差等问题,针对船舶避碰决策信息的高维性和动作的连续性等特点,考虑决策的合理性和实时性,研究了基于双延迟深度确定性策略梯度（TD3）的船舶自主避碰方法。根据船舶间相对运动信息与碰撞危险信息,从全局角度构建具有连续多时刻目标船信息的状态空间;依据船舶操纵性设计连续决策动作空间;综合考虑目标导向、航向保持、碰撞危险、《1972年国际海上避碰规则》（COLREGs）和良好船艺等因素,设计船舶运动的奖励函数;基于TD3算法,根据状态空间结构,结合长短期记忆（LSTM）网络和一维卷积网络,利用Actor-Critic结构设计船舶自主避碰网络模型,利用双价值网络学习、目标策略平滑以及策略网络延迟更新等方式稳定网络训练,利用跳帧以及批量大小和迭代更新次数动态增大等方式加速网络训练;为解决模型泛化能力弱的问题,提出基于TD3的船舶随机会遇场景训练流程,实现自主避碰模型应用的多场景迁移。运用训练得到的船舶自主避碰模型进行仿真验证,并与改进人工势场（APF）算法进行比较,结果表明:所提方法学习效率高,收敛快速平稳;训练得到的自主避碰模型在2船和多船会遇场景下均能使船舶在安全距离上驶过,并且在复杂会遇场景中比改进APF算法避碰成功率高,避让2~4艘目标船时成功率高达99.233%,5~7艘目标船时成功率97.600%,8~10艘目标船时成功率94.166%;所提方法能有效应对来船的不协调行动,避碰实时性高,决策安全合理,航向变化快速平稳、震荡少、避碰路径光滑,比改进APF方法性能更强。      

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足，提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径，在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次，考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响，基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离，并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域，利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后，通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型，并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的；当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时，主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作，而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m，事实上已经发生了碰撞；当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时，避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式，最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度），实际最小车间距为5.1 m；通过转向和制动的协调动作，充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力；ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合，可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换，在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

Coordinated collision avoidance for connected vehicles using relative kinetic energy density

Vehicular collision often leads to serious casualties and traffic congestion, and the consequences are worse for multiple-vehicle collision. Many previous works on collision avoidance have only focused on the case for two consecutive vehicles using on-board sensors, which ignored the influence on upstream traffic flow. This paper proposes a novel coordinated collision avoidance (CCA) strategy for connected vehicles, which has potential to avoid collision and smooth the braking behaviors of multiple vehicles, leading to an improvement of traffic smoothness. Specifically, model predictive control (MPC) framework is used to formulate the CCA into an optimization problem, where the objective is to minimize the total relative kinetic energy density (RKED) among connected vehicles. Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed CCA strategy by comparison with other two strategies. Among all the three control strategies, the RKED based control strategy shows the best performance of collision avoidance, including the best crash prevention rates (99.2 % on dry asphalt road and 90.5 % on wet asphalt road) and the best control of distance headways between vehicles.     

基于贝叶斯概率估计的智能电动车动态目标避障算法

为了实现智能电动车在中汽中心智能网联示范基地内的动态避障,首先将直角坐标系与曲线坐标系进行转换,构建以参考路径的弧长s为横坐标,横向偏移距离q为纵坐标的曲线坐标系;其次,在曲线坐标系中利用三次多项式生成满足初始位姿与子目标点位姿的候选路径,同时对标准化常量的似然函数进行定义,在此基础上利用贝叶斯定理对每条候选路径的危险等级进行概率估计;在动态避障过程中,借鉴速度障碍法对碰撞威胁进行实时检测,并建立最短避障时间和安全距离的数学模型来实现高效的动态避障,最后对行人占用车道行走与横穿马路2种典型场景进行动态避障试验。研究结果表明：在曲线坐标系中,通过横向偏移距离能够便捷地建立起一系列候选路径,克服在直角坐标系中寻找移动子目标点这个难题;在寻找安全路径方面,由于智能电动车工作环境的不确定性,利用贝叶斯定理对候选路径危险等级进行概率计算的方法可靠性更高,速度障碍法与避障数学模型的结合满足碰撞危险检测的实时性和动态避障的高效性要求。试验结果表明：采用曲线坐标系中的动态避障算法对行人占用车道和横穿马路2种场景进行了有效的避障,在路径选择上符合实际驾驶习惯,达到了智能网联示范基地动态避障的要求。     

车车通信环境下基于驾驶意图共享的车辆避撞预警算法

针对传统基于距离或时间的车辆避撞预警算法存在较高误警率的问题，考虑在避撞预警算法中引入驾驶意图共享的概念，提出了基于实际外场复杂车车通信V2V（Vehicle-to-vehicle，V2V）环境下的车辆跟驰避撞预警算法。基于LTE-V构建外场V2V环境，将车辆行驶过程描述为一个时间序列的隐性马尔可夫随机过程，借助隐马尔可夫模型（Hidden Markov Model，HMM）建立驾驶人驾驶意图与车辆相对行驶状态序列之间的隐含关系模型，并给出基于Viterbi算法的驾驶意图预判求解方法，将驾驶意图作为特征因子集成到安全距离模型中，提出基于驾驶意图共享的避撞（Driving Intention Based Collision Avoidance，DI-CA）预警算法。利用构建的V2V试验环境，实现了匀速、加速、减速和紧急制动等4种驾驶意图，以及相对速度和相对距离增加、减小、保持不变等9种组合的车辆行驶状态试验数据获取，并利用试验数据对所提出的DI-CA预警算法进行实证分析。结果表明：所提出预警算法能够针对不同驾驶意图提供有效的车辆碰撞预警。在此基础上将4种驾驶意图下的DI-CA预警算法与Mazda预警算法求得的安全距离进行了对比分析，所提出的DI-CA预警算法的平均预警正确率为84%，高于Mazda预警算法的78%，而DI-CA预警算法的平均误警率和漏警率分别为5%和16%，均明显低于Mazda预警算法，说明所提出的DI-CA预警算法在提升预警效果的同时明显降低了误警率和漏警率，可避免行驶过程中因误警而导致的连续刹车，以及因漏警而导致的可能碰撞事故发生。最后，总结并给出了驾驶意图共享理论应用于车辆避撞预警的研究展望。     

复杂路况下汽车主动避撞报警技术研究

汽车主动避撞报警技术对提高行车安全有重要意义,但如何减少复杂路况下行车时的误警率是当前需解决的关键问题。通过测量车载信息如汽车转向角度、车速、制动信号、转向灯信号等获知汽车的行驶状态,利用雷达技术感知路况和危险,基于合理的报警算法和控制策略,研制出复杂路况下的汽车主动避撞报警系统。通过实际道路报警试验,结果表明所采取的减少误警率的方法是有效的,所开发的报警系统更趋实用化。     

面向数据驱动建模的行人轨迹自适应压缩与误匹配识别分割

轨迹数据驱动的行人行为分析建模在公共场合异常事件监测、人车冲突风险评估等方面具有重要意义,广布的交通视频监控是行人群轨迹数据的重要来源。行人轨迹具有趋势性和规律性,提取的原始轨迹信息冗余较大,且密集行人群频繁遮挡,不同行人轨迹易发生误匹配,导致数据失真。针对以上问题,根据行人轨迹的局部结构特征和数值特性,设计一种改进的两阶段自适应滑窗轨迹压缩算法ATSSW (Adaptive Two Stage Sliding Window)和基于轨迹局部转向角的误匹配识别和分割方法ABTDS (Angle-based Trajectory Detection and Segmentation),清洗和压缩行人轨迹数据。首先,ATSSW算法考虑轨迹各坐标分量的数值分布特征,将提取到的所有原始轨迹分为漂移和非漂移2类,采取不同的策略分别压缩2类轨迹;然后,ABTDS算法分析压缩后的轨迹局部转角特征,辨识误匹配轨迹样本;最后,ABTDS算法分割误匹配样本,并用分割后的轨迹更新原始轨迹数据集。研究结果表明：ATSSW算法压缩了653条原始行人轨迹,总压缩信息损失1 002.04,总平均轨迹压缩率为6.07%,总平均轨迹压缩保留率为95.35%;原始轨迹集中存在126条误匹配轨迹,ABTDS算法辨识并成功分割了其中的107条,检出率为84.92%;所提算法抑制了原始行人轨迹中漂移点和误匹配现象所致的干扰,减少了原始轨迹数据噪声,可提高轨迹数据驱动的行人行为建模精确度;适当压缩原始轨迹,可减轻轨迹数据存储处理的负担。