气门锥面等离子喷焊钴基合金层的高温磨损特性研究

为适应高温、腐蚀、冲击载荷等恶劣的工作条件,采用等离子喷焊方法在气门锥面制备了钴基合金涂层。在气门模拟磨损试验机上进行了磨损试验,用扫描电镜观察了焊层磨损面的组织形貌,用能谱仪分析了焊层磨损面的成分,测试了焊层磨损后的硬度变化。结果表明,该喷焊层具有良好的耐高温磨损性能。     

提高曲轴油堵合格品率的工艺方法

对150柴油机曲轴油堵模锻成形进行了工艺性分析,着重介绍了可有效提高油堵合格品率的成形工艺和镶块锻模的设计要点,分析了该油堵成形工艺方法的可行性、实用性和效益性。     

Field measurements of the evolution of wheel wear and vehicle dynamics for high-speed trains

This investigation demonstrates the wheel wear evolution and related vehicle dynamics of high-speed trains with an operating distance (OD) of around two million kilometres. A long-term experimental test lasting two years was conducted to record the wheel profiles and structural vibrations of various trainsets. The wheel wear, namely the profile shape, worn distribution and wheelset conicity, is investigated for several continuous reprofiling cycles. Typical results are illustrated for the stability analysis, and the ride quality is examined with increasing OD. In addition, the vibration transition characteristics between suspensions are investigated in both the time and frequency domains. The experiments show that the dominant wear concentrates on the nominal rolling radius, and the wear rate increases with OD because of the surface softening resulting from the loss of wheel material. The vibration of structural components is aggravated by the increase of the equivalent conicity of the wheelset, which rises approximately linearly with the wheel wear and OD. High-frequency vibrations arise in the bogie and car body related to the track arrangement and wheel out-of-roundness, causing the ride comfort to worsen significantly. Additionally, the system vibration characteristics are strongly dependent on the atmospheric temperature. Summaries and conclusions are obtained regarding the wheel wear and related vehicle dynamics of high-speed trains over long operating times and distances.     

基于动态模型的冲压模具磨损寿命研究

为了准确预测模具磨损深度,提高模具使用寿命,通过研究冲压模具磨损机理,建立了混合磨损动态模型,提出一种新的模具磨损寿命预测方法。由于前次冲压对后次冲压模具磨损具有显著影响,模具的总磨损深度并不与单次冲压磨损深度呈简单的线性关系,该方法考虑了镀铬层和火焰淬火层厚向磨损系数、粗糙度的影响以及模具表面到芯部材料硬度的梯度变化关系。通过试验得到火焰淬火和电镀铬2种不同处理方式下模具材料磨损的相关参数,将其运用到混合磨损动态模型中。运用节点移动来不断更新磨损型面,获得当前磨损深度下的新参数,使用新参数计算当次冲压的磨损深度,确保随着磨损的增加,磨损参数不断更新,使得磨损预测更符合实际磨损的物理过程,弥补了经典Archard模型忽略因磨损而导致接触应力和滑移速度改变的不足。用壳单元提取冲压接触型面建立有限元模型,不需表达整个模具,降低了问题的复杂性,极大提高了计算效率。建立了磨损深度与冲压次数之间的确切关系,得到了模具磨损深度的定量预测方法。使用该方法对某车型发动机盖外板冲压模具进行磨损分析,将结果与实际模具磨损情况以及经典Archard方法预测结果进行对比。结果表明：所提出的冲压模具磨损寿命预测方法更接近实际磨损,误差比经典Archard方法小18.60%,预测精度明显高于经典的Archard方法。     

康明斯6B柴油机曲轴的模锻

介绍了康明斯６Ｂ柴油机曲轴在锻压机上的曲面分模直接模锻成型工艺。对工艺方案的确定及锻模设计中的一些关键问题进行了分析，应用该模锻工艺和模具，已累主地生产康明斯６Ｂ柴油机轴锻件２万多件，替代了进口，保证了康明斯发动机国产化对曲轴锻件的需求。     

传动轴凸缘叉模锻的工艺改进

介绍了传动轴凸缘叉锻造的改进工艺.给出了传动轴凸缘叉锻件的模具结构,并且选用相应吨位的热模锻压力机,提高了锻件尺寸精度,减少材料消耗,降低废品率.经生产实践证明切实可行,取得较好经济效益.     

耐磨复合材料强化及快速翻制铸造模具

铸造中如何采用成本低、加工周期短、维修方便复合材料模具及强化模具的表面技术，可极大地提高经济效益，本通过对铸造模具表面强化原理的分析，着重于对高耐磨复合材料的研究，介绍了耐磨材料的组成，结构，并以生产中的应用实例介绍了耐磨材料在实际模具铸造中的应用。     

Development and validation of a wear model for the analysis of the wheel profile evolution in railway vehicles

The numerical wheel wear prediction in railway applications is of great importance for different aspects, such as the safety against vehicle instability and derailment, the planning of wheelset maintenance interventions and the design of an optimal wheel profile from the wear point of view. For these reasons, this paper presents a complete model aimed at the evaluation of the wheel wear and the wheel profile evolution by means of dynamic simulations, organised in two parts which interact with each other mutually: a vehicle's dynamic model and a model for the wear estimation. The first is a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle implemented in SIMPACK?, a commercial software for the analysis of mechanical systems, where the wheel–rail interaction is entrusted to a C/C++user routine external to SIMPACK, in which the global contact model is implemented. In this regard, the research on the contact points between the wheel and the rail is based on an innovative algorithm developed by the authors in previous works, while normal and tangential forces in the contact patches are calculated according to Hertz's theory and Kalker's global theory, respectively. Due to the numerical efficiency of the global contact model, the multibody vehicle and the contact model interact directly online during the dynamic simulations.

The second is the wear model, written in the MATLAB® environment, mainly based on an experimental relationship between the frictional power developed at the wheel–rail interface and the amount of material removed by wear. Starting from a few outputs of the multibody simulations (position of contact points, contact forces and rigid creepages), it evaluates the local variables, such as the contact pressures and local creepages, using a local contact model (Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm). These data are then passed to another subsystem which evaluates, by means of the considered experimental relationship, both the material to be removed and its distribution along the wheel profile, obtaining the correspondent worn wheel geometry.

The wheel wear evolution is reproduced by dividing the overall chosen mileage to be simulated in discrete spatial steps: at each step, the dynamic simulations are performed by means of the 3D multibody model keeping the wheel profile constant, while the wheel geometry is updated through the wear model only at the end of the discrete step. Thus, the two parts of the whole model work alternately until the completion of the whole established mileage. Clearly, the choice of an appropriate step length is one of the most important aspects of the procedure and it directly affects the result accuracy and the required computational time to complete the analysis.

The whole model has been validated using experimental data relative to tests performed with the ALn 501 ‘Minuetto’ vehicle in service on the Aosta–Pre Saint Didier track; this work has been carried out thanks to a collaboration with Trenitalia S.p.A and Rete Ferroviaria Italiana, which have provided the necessary technical data and experimental results.     

金属冷锻破裂的预测

系统地分析了冷锻件破裂的原因，提出了提高冷锻件质量的方案，研究了不同热处理状态下镦粗的极限应变。考虑到静水压应力分量具有抑制材料韧性破坏的重要特性，从能量观点出发提出了冷锻材料破裂准则。试验验证结果表明，该准则可用于金属冷锻成型的破裂预测，并可指导冷锻成型工艺的编制及模具的调试。     

Deterioration mechanisms in the wheel–rail interface with focus on wear prediction: a literature review

Wheel–rail interface management is imperative to railway operation and its maintenance represents a major share of the total maintenance cost. In general, the course of events usually called wear is a complicated process involving several modes of material deterioration and contact surface alteration. Thus material removal or relocation, plastic flow and phase transformation may take place at, just below, or in-between the contacting surfaces. A higher degree of predictability of deterioration mechanisms and a firm basis for optimisation of the wheel–rail system are anticipated to reveal a great potential for cost savings. Wear in the sense of material loss and related wheel–rail profile evolution represents one of several modes of damage. The purpose of this survey is to explore research on wear simulation, to some degree extended to neighbouring disciplines. It is believed that a cross-disciplinary approach involving, for instance, adhesive and abrasive wear, surface plasticity, and rolling contact fatigue opens new perspectives to improved damage prediction procedures.     

Influence of polygonal wear of railway wheels on the wheel set axle stress

The coupled vehicle/track dynamic model with the flexible wheel set was developed to investigate the effects of polygonal wear on the dynamic stresses of the wheel set axle. In the model, the railway vehicle was modelled by the rigid multibody dynamics. The wheel set was established by the finite element method to analyse the high-frequency oscillation and dynamic stress of wheel set axle induced by the polygonal wear based on the modal stress recovery method. The slab track model was taken into account in which the rail was described by the Timoshenko beam and the three-dimensional solid finite element was employed to establish the concrete slab. Furthermore, the modal superposition method was adopted to calculate the dynamic response of the track. The wheel/rail normal forces and the tangent forces were, respectively, determined by the Hertz nonlinear contact theory and the Shen–Hedrick–Elkins model. Using the coupled vehicle/track dynamic model, the dynamic stresses of wheel set axle with consideration of the ideal polygonal wear and measured polygonal wear were investigated. The results show that the amplitude of wheel/rail normal forces and the dynamic stress of wheel set axle increase as the vehicle speeds rise. Moreover, the impact loads induced by the polygonal wear could excite the resonance of wheel set axle. In the resonance region, the amplitude of the dynamic stress for the wheel set axle would increase considerably comparing with the normal conditions.     

明州大桥钢桥面铺装层ERS施工技术

为了解决钢桥面板与铺装层间防水、抗滑移、高温稳定等问题,宁波明州大桥主桥钢桥面板铺装层采用树脂沥青组合体系(ERS)桥面铺装技术,桥面铺装结构组成为40 mm高粘改性沥青(SMA-13)+改性沥青防水粘结层+25 mm环氧沥青混凝土(RA05)+环氧粘结碎石层(EBCL).通过对钢桥面板喷砂除锈,达到Sa2.5级;按比例混和EBCL胶料,分2层涂刷,同时洒布碎石;摊铺RA05混合料,并用胶轮压路机碾压,在其固化后洒布防水粘结层;摊铺SMA-13沥青混凝土层,采用钢轮+胶轮+钢轮的组合方式碾压,确保了ERS施工质量,桥面铺装效果良好.     

硅酸铝纤维增强复合材料的耐磨性

针对发动机活塞的磨损特点，分别在高温、高负荷、高速度和高频冲等条件下，将常用的ＺＬ１０９活塞材料和高镍奥氏体铸铁镶圈材料与硅酸铝纤维增强ＺＬ１０９复合材料进行了磨损对比试验，结果表明，复合材料的耐磨性优于ＺＬ１０９和铸铁镶圈材料。     

An investigation into the mechanism of the out-of-round wheels of metro train and its mitigation measures

This paper presents an investigation into the mechanism of polygonal wear of metro train wheels through experiments conducted at field sites. The experiments comprise dynamic behaviour test of vehicle and track system, the wheel transverse wear and polygonal wear measurements, rail corrugation and rail weld joint irregularities’ measurements. Moreover, the numerical modal analysis of the wheelset is also performed. The wheel measurement results show that most wheels exhibit obvious eccentricity and polygonal wear with 5–8 harmonics. The investigation results indicate that the wavelength-fixing mechanism of the wheel out-of-roundness with 5–8 harmonics is the P2 resonance. Four measures have been proposed to mitigate the formation of wheel polygonal wear based on the field measurement results.     

Modelling of wear and fatigue defect formation in wheel–rail contact

The model for analysing wear and fatigue defect formation is developed based on the approaches of contact and fracture mechanics. The model includes the solution of the contact problem for the wheel and rail to find the shape, size and position of the contact zones and the contact stresses and calculation of the surface wear and the function of damage accumulation in the rail and wheel. The wear rate and the worn-profile evolution of the wheel surface are calculated using both statistic and deterministic approaches to modelling of vehicle dynamics (tribo-dynamic modelling). The influence of the evolution of the wheel–rail profiles due to wear on the damage accumulation process is analysed. It is shown that for some values of the wear rate coefficient, the wear process can prevent the crack initiation under the wheel surface.     

Wheel life prediction model – an alternative to the FASTSIM algorithm for RCF

In this article, a wheel life prediction model considering wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is developed and applied to a heavy-haul locomotive. For wear calculations, a methodology based on Archard's wear calculation theory is used. The simulated wear depth is compared with profile measurements within 100,000?km. For RCF, a shakedown-based theory is applied locally, using the FaStrip algorithm to estimate the tangential stresses instead of FASTSIM. The differences between the two algorithms on damage prediction models are studied. The running distance between the two reprofiling due to RCF is estimated based on a Wöhler-like relationship developed from laboratory test results from the literature and the Palmgren-Miner rule. The simulated crack locations and their angles are compared with a five-year field study. Calculations to study the effects of electro-dynamic braking, track gauge, harder wheel material and the increase of axle load on the wheel life are also carried out.     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and shape optimization for reducing uneven wear of brake pads

In vehicle braking systems, the non-uniform contact pressure distribution on the brake pad is a major cause of uneven wear. The experimental approach of the wear phenomenon is the time consuming and costly. For this reason, a threedimensional finite element (FE) model of a brake system is presented for numerical simulation in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is carried out to confirm the non-uniform contact pressure distribution. A correlation between the non-uniform contact pressure and uneven wear is confirmed by measuring the amount of wear in the brake pad. The shape optimization of the brake pad is performed to reduce the uneven wear. In addition, the simulation results, such as natural frequency and temperature, are compared to experimental results.     

大型热模锻压力机模架设计浅探

模架的设计，首先应考虑其在模锻生产过程中安全可靠，并能保证锻件的生产精度；其次应考虑模架结构简单，便于加工制造，便于锻模的装卸、紧固和调整，此外，顶料装置的形式及顶料杆布排要合理可靠；模架的使用寿命及综合经济效益应较高等。就大型热模锻压力机模架设计要点进行了探讨，并对东风汽车公司今后的模架设计提出了建议。     

Long-term wear and rolling contact fatigue behaviour of a conformal wheel profile designed for large radius curves

There are many reasons to optimise the wheel–rail interface through redesign or maintenance. Minimising wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) initiation on wheels and/or rails is often at the forefront of such considerations. This paper covers the design of a conformal wheel profile and its long-term wear and RCF performance to optimise the wheel–rail interface and subsequently reduce the occurrence of surface-initiated RCF on South Africa’s iron ore export line. A comparative study is performed using multibody dynamics simulation together with numerical wheel wear and RCF predictions. The advantages of a conformal wheel profile design are illustrated by evaluating the worn shape and resulting contact conditions of the conformal design. The conformal design has a steadier equivalent conicity progression and a smaller conicity range compared with the current wheel profile design over the wheel’s wear life. The combination of a conformal wheel profile design with 2?mm hollow wear and inadequate adherence to grinding tolerances often result in two-point contact, thereby increasing the probability of RCF initiation. The conformal wheel profile design proved to have wear and potential RCF benefits compared with the current wheel profile design. However, implementation of such a conformal wheel profile must be accompanied by improved rail grinding practices to ensure rail profile compliance.