Recursive least squares with forgetting for online estimation of vehicle mass and road grade: theory and experiments

Good estimates of vehicle mass and road grade are important in automation of heavy duty vehicles, vehicle following manoeuvres or traditional powertrain control schemes. Recursive least square (RLS) with multiple forgetting factors accounts for different rates of change for different parameters and thus, enables simultaneous estimation of the time-varying grade and the piece-wise constant mass. An ad hoc modification of the update law for the gain in the RLS scheme is proposed and used in simulation and experiments. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme estimates mass within 5% of its actual value and tracks grade with good accuracy provided that inputs are persistently exciting. The experimental setups, signals, their source and their accuracy are discussed. Issues like lack of persistent excitations in certain parts of the run or difficulties of parameter tracking during gear shift are explained and suggestions to bypass these problems are made.     

Development and validation of a Kalman filter-based model for vehicle slip angle estimation

It is well known that vehicle slip angle is one of the most difficult parameters to measure on a vehicle during testing or racing activities. Moreover, the appropriate sensor is very expensive and it is often difficult to fit to a car, especially on race cars. We propose here a strategy to eliminate the need for this sensor by using a mathematical tool which gives a good estimation of the vehicle slip angle. A single-track car model, coupled with an extended Kalman filter, was used in order to achieve the result. Moreover, a tuning procedure is proposed that takes into consideration both nonlinear and saturation characteristics typical of vehicle lateral dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been proven by both simulation results and real-world data.     

A vehicle ABS adaptive sliding-mode control algorithm based on the vehicle velocity estimation and tyre/road friction coefficient estimations

A sliding-mode observer is designed to estimate the vehicle velocity with the measured vehicle acceleration, the wheel speeds and the braking torques. Based on the Burckhardt tyre model, the extended Kalman filter is designed to estimate the parameters of the Burckhardt model with the estimated vehicle velocity, the measured wheel speeds and the vehicle acceleration. According to the estimated parameters of the Burckhardt tyre model, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios are calculated. A vehicle adaptive sliding-mode control (SMC) algorithm is presented with the estimated vehicle velocity, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios. And the adjustment method of the sliding-mode gain factors is discussed. Based on the adaptive SMC algorithm, a vehicle's antilock braking system (ABS) control system model is built with the Simulink Toolbox. Under the single-road condition as well as the different road conditions, the performance of the vehicle ABS system is simulated with the vehicle velocity observer, the tyre/road friction coefficient estimator and the adaptive SMC algorithm. The results indicate that the estimated errors of the vehicle velocity and the tyre/road friction coefficients are acceptable and the vehicle ABS adaptive SMC algorithm is effective. So the proposed adaptive SMC algorithm can be used to control the vehicle ABS without the information of the vehicle velocity and the road conditions.     

Rollover mitigation for a heavy commercial vehicle

A heavy commercial vehicle has a high probability of rollover because it is usually loaded heavily and thus has a high center of gravity. An anti-roll bar is efficient for rollover mitigation, but it can cause poor ride comfort when the roll stiffness is excessively high. Therefore, active roll control (ARC) systems have been developed to optimally control the roll state of a vehicle while maintaining ride comfort. Previously developed ARC systems have some disadvantages, such as cost, complexity, power consumption, and weight. In this study, an ARC-based rear air suspension for a heavy commercial vehicle, which does not require additional power for control, was designed and manufactured. The rollover index-based vehicle rollover mitigation control scheme was used for the ARC system. Multi-body dynamic models of the suspension subsystem and the full vehicle were used to design the rear air suspension and the ARC system. The reference rollover index was tuned through lab tests. Field tests, such as steady state cornering tests and step steer tests, demonstrated that the roll response characteristics in the steady state and transient state were improved.     

Development of a generalised equivalent estimation approach for multi-axle vehicle handling dynamics

This paper devotes analytical effort in developing the 2M equivalent approach to analyse both the effect of vehicle body roll and n-axle handling on vehicle dynamics. The 1M equivalent vehicle 2DOF equation including an equivalent roll effect was derived from the conventional two-axle 3DOF vehicle model. And the 1M equivalent dynamics concepts were calculated to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the two-axle vehicle with only the effect of body roll. This 1M equivalent approach is extended to a three-axle 3DOF model to derive similar 1M equivalent mathematical identities including an equivalent roll effect. The 1M equivalent wheelbases and stability factor with the effect of the third axle or body roll, and 2M equivalent wheelbase and stability factor including both the effect of body roll and the third-axle handling were derived to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the three-axle vehicle. By using the recursive method, the generalised 1M equivalent wheelbase and stability factor with the effect of n-axle handling and 2M equivalent generalised wheelbase and stability factor including both the effect of body roll and n-axle handling were derived to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the n-axle vehicle. The 2M equivalent approach and developed generalised mathematical handling concepts were validated to be useful and could serve as an important tool for estimating both the effect of vehicle body roll and n-axle handling on multi-axle vehicle dynamics.     

重型商用车桥轻量化研究

汽车轻量化是一个永远不会过时的话题,时代在进步,技术在更迭,总有新的技术登上舞台,也会有老旧技术被淘汰,文章就重型商用车桥轻量化技术的现状和发展趋势进行简要阐述。     

Velocity and normal tyre force estimation for heavy trucks based on vehicle dynamic simulation considering the road slope angle

A precise estimation of vehicle velocities can be valuable for improving the performance of the vehicle dynamics control (VDC) system and this estimation relies heavily upon the accuracy of longitudinal and lateral tyre force calculation governed by the prediction of normal tyre forces. This paper presents a computational method based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) method to estimate both longitudinal and lateral velocities and develops a novel quasi-stationary method to predict normal tyre forces of heavy trucks on a sloping road. The vehicle dynamic model is constructed with a planar dynamic model combined with the Pacejka tyre model. The novel quasi-stationary method for predicting normal tyre forces is able to characterise the typical chassis configuration of the heavy trucks. The validation is conducted through comparing the predicted results with those simulated by the TruckSim and it has a good agreement between these results without compromising the convergence speed and stability.     

Vehicle sideslip estimation and compensation for banked road

The sideslip driving status is of fundamental importance to the stability of a vehicle. This paper presents a practical vehicle sideslip driving status estimation method that uses ESP (electronic stability program) sensors. ESP sensors such as wheel speed, lateral acceleration, yaw rate and steering wheel angle sensors are used to determine the sideslip driving status and distinguish a banked road. This estimation algorithm contains front-rear sideslip and banked road detection methods. The proposed sideslip estimation algorithm was designed to use the analytical redundancy of these sensors and Lagrange interpolation methods. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed estimation and compensation algorithm were investigated using vehicle tests. This paper presents the results of two cases that were used for the experimental verification: a curved flat road and banked road.     

商用车驾驶室外观造型的模糊评价

通过建立模糊评价模型,提出了对商用车驾驶室外观造型的模糊评价方法。基于此评价方法,将以往商用车驾驶室外观造型的定性评价转化为定量评价,解决了商用车驾驶室开发中外观造型评价存在的问题,使评价方法在综合性、合理性、科学性等方面得到了改进。     

Design of 2-speed transmission for electric commercial vehicle

As environmental and economic interests increase, the need for eco-friendly vehicle such as an electric vehicle (EV) has increased rapidly. Various research of enhancing EV powertrain efficiency and relibility have been studied. In this study, 2-speed shift gears mechanism is designed by using simpson type planetary gear train. This transmission has two planetary gear unit. Gear position is determinded by which ring gear is fixed. Internal components of the transmission are designed for satisfying the required specification of EV. We analyze gear strength, gear mesh efficiency, and transmission efficiency. By manufacturing the transmission prototype and performing some experiments, we verify the application suitability of this transmission.     

面向道路交通的汽车驾驶模拟器的研究及应用

研究开发了一套可在实验室控制条件下研究交通问题的汽车高级驾驶模拟器。该模拟器由驾驶舱系统、主计算机控制系统、驾驶员虚拟视景系统和声响模拟系统组成，既可用于模拟和分析某一真实路段的道路和交通情况，又可评价和检验设计中或已设计完的道路交通。     

“质”创未来的东风商用车

注重节能减排的东风商用车此次参加上海车展,体现了一个企业强烈的社会责任感和价值观;追求技术创新、不断自我完善的严谨态度。在第十四届上海国际车展上,东风商用车带来了全新的ECO LIVE绿色     

解析商用车出口市场

汽车出口秩序的规范有利于扩大出口。预计,近期中国汽车"走出去"的趋势不会改变,整车出口短期内仍然以商用车为主,出口市场向多元化发展。     

A method for estimation of vehicle inertial parameters

In this paper, a new method is presented for estimating the current sprung mass inertial parameters of a vehicle, such as the mass, pitch and roll mass moments of inertia, and lateral and longitudinal centre of gravity locations. The method measures the sprung mass response when the vehicle is driven over an unknown and unmeasured random road profile. From these measurements, the equivalent free-decay responses are extracted and modal analysis techniques used to estimate the sprung mass natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. This information is combined with a simplified vehicle estimation model, least squares analysis and known equivalent stiffness parameters to estimate the vehicles’ inertial parameters. The results obtained from several simulation examples show that estimates of the inertial parameters generally have small relative errors.     

商用车车桥行业现状及产品发展方向

无论从重要度来讲,还是从价格来看,车桥都是商用车上仅次于发动机和车身（驾驶室）的三大核心总成之一。过去,国内商用车整车企业的发展战略是车身必须自制,发动机立足或争取自制,而车桥则一般采用社会资源。然而,随着近年商用车市场,特别是中重型卡车市场竞争的加剧,为了在核心总成上不受制于人,国内一汽、东风和中国重汽等主要商用车企业要么投巨资、重兵布局发展自己的车桥业务;要么积极主动与有关大型车桥生产企业建立长期战略联盟,以确保自己稳定的零部件供应。     

汽车铅酸蓄电池SOC的实时估计方法

为应对汽车铅酸蓄电池荷电状态在线估计的需求,分析了现有SOC估计方法不足;在给出Thevenin电路模型基础上,结合铅酸电池的开路电压与SOC关系曲线,获得SOC估计线性化的输出方程,进而提出采一种基于卡尔曼滤波的铅酸电池SOC在线估计方法。通过卷绕式铅酸电池实验和计算结果表明,该算法能够实时估计电池SOC状态,最大误差小于5%,相比于传统的安时积分法更适合用于在线检测。     

State estimation in roll dynamics for commercial vehicles

Accurate lateral load transfer estimation plays an important role in improving the performance of the active rollover prevention system equipped in commercial vehicles. This estimation depends on the accurate prediction of roll angles for both the sprung and the unsprung subsystems. This paper proposes a novel computational method for roll-angle estimation in commercial vehicles employing sensors which are already used in a vehicle dynamic control system without additional expensive measurement units. The estimation strategy integrates two blocks. The first block contains a sliding-mode observer which is responsible for calculating the lateral tyre forces, while in the second block, the Kalman filter estimates the roll angles of the sprung mass and those of axles in the truck. The validation is conducted through MATLAB/TruckSim co-simulation. Based on the comparison between the estimated results and the simulation results from TruckSim, it can be concluded that the proposed estimation method has a promising tracking performance with low computational cost and high convergence speed. This approach enables a low-cost solution for the rollover prevention in commercial vehicles.     

奔驰商用车绿色动力技术

为了能将按欧IV／V,废气排放原本很少的微粒排放进一步降低。考虑通过一种微粒捕集器对废气后处理系统加以补充。想必这样可以对按欧V业已明显降低的微粒排放还要降低50％以上。[编者按]     

Effect of vehicle model on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics

A methodology is presented for estimating vehicle handling dynamics, which are important to control system design and safety measures. The methodology, which is based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF), makes it possible to estimate lateral vehicle states and tire forces on the basis of the results obtained from sinusoidal steering stroke tests that are widely used in the evaluation of vehicle and tire handling performances. This paper investigates the effect of vehicle-road system models on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics in the EKF. Various vehicle-road system models are considered in this study: vehicle models (2-DOF, 3-DOF, 4-DOF), tire models (linear, non-linear) and relaxation lengths. Handling tests are performed with a vehicle equipped with sensors that are widely used by vehicle and tire manufacturers for handling maneuvers. The test data are then used in the estimation of the EKF and identification of lateral tire model coefficients. The accuracy of the identified values is validated by comparing the RMS error between experimentally measured states and regenerated states simulated using the identified coefficients. The results show that the relaxation length of the tire model has a notable impact on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics.