A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

An energy-cost approach for evaluation of operating systems in container terminals

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. Achieving this purpose, terminal operators have to choose the best operating system in the container yard. The decision on which equipment is used at container terminals depends on several factors. The purpose of this study is to provide a new decision making tool using the first law of thermodynamics. It considers a port as a control volume of a fluid system and models the port and its traffic on it. The results of this study evaluate container yard operating systems and set up a basis for decision making to select the best alternatives.     

集卡调度方式对集装箱港区碳排放的影响

集卡已成为集装箱港区内的主要碳排放源,尤其两艘大型集装箱船舶同时作业时,港区内集卡碳排放问题严重。针对该情况下集卡调度模式的特征,基于智能体仿真技术构建集装箱码头生产作业微观仿真模型,定量分析传统先卸后装、双船一装一卸、同贝同步装卸工艺下集卡调度方式与集卡配置数量对船舶在港时间、集卡碳排放量的影响。实例表明,采用同贝同步装卸作业方案可保证装卸效率,并有效减少集卡碳排放,而集卡配置数量只对集卡怠速行驶产生的碳排产生影响。     

边装边卸流程的系统开发

结合宁波国际集装箱码头有限公司集装箱生产管理系统的运行实践,介绍边装边卸和同贝位边装边卸作业流程的设计和应用.采用这种新的作业模式,使集卡和岸桥都满载运行,大大提高了设备利用率和装卸效率.     

美国西海岸港口作业集装箱分析

分析美国西海岸集装箱港口作业集装箱的情况.这些港口承担大部分我国与美国贸易货物的集装箱运输,对我国外贸和集装箱运输发展有很大的影响.     

A nested logit model of mode choice for inland movement of export shipments: A case study of containerised export cargo from India

Predominance of containerised mode of transport for export of general cargo has influenced the mode choices on the inland segment. Prior to containerisation the general cargo for export moved to ports invariably on road in break bulk form. Growth of containerisation led to development of inland terminals enabling an exporter to obtain export clearance at the inland points. This process facilitated an exporter to move cargo either in break bulk or in containerised form, and as inland terminals facilitated aggregation an exporter could move cargo either by road or rail. Thus containerisation increased the inland transport options for an exporter from one to three. The paper develops discrete choice models in the Indian context for inland movement of containerised export cargo. Primary data was collected from 124 export firms through a structured questionnaire. This data is supplemented with data from transport firms and terminal operators. Using the above data, a nested logit model with rail container and road truck in one branch was found to predict the mode choice behaviour best. Amongst the transport attributes, total cost and total transit time were found to be influencing the mode choices significantly. The study however did not find the effect of reliability and loss and damage significant. In addition, the model also predicts that non transport attributes - like the percentage of letters of credit that materialise with inland way bills and the value of export benefits that materialise after export - are important in the mode choice decision.     

装、卸同时进行新工艺下集装箱码头装卸资源分派模拟

通过对集装箱码头作业过程的分析,运用WITNESS离散仿真技术,将先进的装、卸同时进行的集装箱码头作业新工艺通过离散仿真技术呈现出来,建立装、卸同时进行新工艺下的模拟模型;研究装、卸同时进行新工艺下码头装卸资源配置,将上海洋山港的相关数据带入进行模拟运行,对模拟得到的数据进行分析得到集装箱码头需要配置的桥吊、龙门吊和集卡的合理数量,为集装箱码头实际运作提供理论依据。     

Fuzzy empty containers excess estimation as an economic indicator—the case of the north Adriatic port system

Today, approximately 90% of the world’s cargo is moved by ships and almost all general cargoes are transported in containers. Worldwide container traffic has increased over the last 20 years by 7% annually, and containerization has begun to seriously impact global trade patterns. As a result, container terminals have become very important nodes in the world’s supply chain. In this article, we have highlighted the link between the total and empty container traffic and the global economy. By way of example, we have analysed the empty container traffic in north Adriatic ports in the years before and during the global economic crisis and in a period of stability after the major economic slump. We used a fuzzy multicriteria algorithm to find out how the global crisis, which has affected ports, influences the number of excess empty containers at the terminals. We show that these factors, in particular the change of the global financial and economic situation, have different repercussions to the ports of the north Adriatic: less serious effects upon the ports that are well connected locally and substantial consequences for the ports that are well connected globally.     

大型集装箱港口近港集疏运道路服务水平提升

公路集疏运是港口集疏运的主要方式之一。针对大型集装箱港口吞吐量较大造成的近港主要集疏运道路拥堵问题,进行现状情况的分析研究,总结近港道路的交通特征和拥堵原因。在此基础上,采用节流和开源的方法,从降低小时流量和提高通行能力的角度出发,提出设置港外堆场的方式平衡公路流量和引入无人驾驶降低平均车头时距两个方面的措施。并以上海洋山深水港区为例,应用本文提出的改善措施,详述港外中转堆场规模、选址和在无人集卡运输要求下集疏运道路断面调整方案,计算得出"改善后集疏运道路服务水平显著提升"的结果,印证了本文提出措施的可行性,为港口集疏运规划决策提供思路。     

Container terminal productivity: a perspective

The increasing competitiveness of the marine transportation industry has brought about demands that container terminal productivity be improved. MARAD, in cooperation with the National Research Council, has responded by developing a number of quantitative measurements for container terminal productivity. In this paper we discuss the problems and prospects of using such measurements to estimate or compare the productivity of terminals or ports. Because physical or institutional factors, or a combination of the two, act to limit the productivity of every container terminal, quantitative productivity comparisons among terminals or ports may lead to misplaced efforts to improve the productivity of particular operational elements in piecemeal fashion. By contrast, a sensible strategy for managing productivity would involve the linking of productivity and cost data, so that existing productivity constraints can be intelligently shifted from one area of operations to another.     

自动化集装箱码头装卸工艺系统应用现状与展望

装卸工艺系统是影响自动化集装箱码头总体布局、作业效率和营运成本的关键因素,是设计时需首先考虑的问题。为把握自动化装卸工艺系统的技术发展方向,在论述现有自动化集装箱码头工艺系统应用现状及技术特点的基础上,根据自动化锁销拆装装置、岸桥远程操控、智能驾驶、新能源、自动化轮胎吊等装备技术的发展分析自动化工艺系统的发展趋势,可为自动化集装箱码头的规划建设提供参考。     

基于多智能体仿真的集装箱港口作业效率研究

集装箱港口生产作业系统是复杂的离散事件系统,数学建模方法难以构建针对整个系统的模型,而基于过程的仿真模型通常缺乏对设备调度的灵活性。为准确描述我国集装箱港口的作业流程,分析内卡配置数量对港口作业效率的影响,提出了基于事件驱动的集装箱港口多智能体(Multi-Agent)仿真模型。仿真结果表明:岸桥平均装卸效率(GCR)随着内卡数量的增加先急剧增加后缓慢增加,船舶平均等待时间(AWT)和平均在泊时间(AST)与岸桥平均装卸效率呈明显负相关关系。     

Impact of container chassis management practices in the United States on terminal operational efficiency: An operations and mitigation policy analysis

Existing policies designed to mitigate the environmental and social impacts of truck queuing at maritime terminals often focus on congestion problems outside of the terminal gate, targeting a reduction in the waiting and turn time of trucks as the measure of success. This paper evaluates the impact that intra-terminal truck and equipment movements have on the terminal’s overall performance and the implications that these movements have on the effectiveness of current mitigation policies. Through a simulation of terminal processes occurring at Southern California ports it is shown that measures driving reductions in truck turn times impose greater operational loads on terminal equipment, essentially transferring savings in truck turn time rather than eliminating it in terms of the overall system. Consequently, the paper finds that total truck and cargo handling equipment movement and operational time constitutes a more accurate measure of the effectiveness of policies seeking to mitigate the impacts of truck operations at marine terminals.     

自动化集装箱码头业务流程设计

针对目前自动化集装箱码头的设计中缺少业务流程的规范性和纲领性操作指引的问题,从自动化集装箱码头业务流程的基础框架、分类及层级设计原则、设计方法和步骤以及流程建模与验证等方面进行研究,并结合青岛港自动化集装箱码头进行业务流程设计。结果表明,使用本文方法设计的自动化集装箱码头业务流程能够提升决策和建设的效率,可为类似工程提供参考。     

船舶岸电系统在集装箱码头的应用

靠港船舶岸电系统具有可以减少污染物排放和提高能源利用率的优点,正在我国港口大力推广。为探讨岸电系统在集装箱码头的应用前景,以大窑湾北岸某集装箱码头为例,利用仿真模型核算多种情景下2020年大窑湾北岸集装箱码头船舶使用岸电前后的碳排放量,并分析不同装卸效率对船舶的碳排放的影响。结果表明,集装箱码头使用岸电系统可实现低碳效益,提高装卸效率有利于船舶碳排放的减少,但应考虑提高装卸效率会引起装卸机械碳排放增加。     

Port and terminal selection by deep-sea container operators

This paper deals with the importance of port choice and container terminal selection for deep-sea container carriers. The paper focuses on the research question: on what basis do deep-sea container operators select container ports (strategy) and container terminals (financial reasons) in the Hamburg–Le Havre range over others? In answering this research question, three dimensions are addressed in detail: the buying decision characteristics; port choice strategy; and terminal selection. The results show that strategic considerations at company level are important. For port choice the most important criteria from a carrier's perspective are: availability of hinterland connections; reasonable tariffs; and immediacy of consumers (large hinterland). In addition to these criteria, shipping lines attach great value to often neglected factors, such as feeder connectivity, environmental issues and the total portfolio of the port. The study reveals that port selection and terminal selection are not the same with terminal selection criteria mainly depending on: handling speed; handling costs; reliability; and hinterland connections. The analysis also brought forward that the decision making is different per container carrier, per trade and per port type, implying that a one size fits all approach is not relevant.     

单箱轨距起重机自动化码头装卸工艺可行性分析

针对自动化集装箱码头堆场起重机大车作为主要工作机构导致能耗增加、效率降低等问题,研究了一种新型单箱轨距集装箱堆场起重机装卸工艺。基于Witness平台,分别建立了新工艺与经典工艺的集装箱码头仿真模型,通过计算和仿真试验对比分析了设备投资、能耗、年通过能力等技术指标。结果表明新工艺具有设备投资低、能耗低、装卸效率高等优势,对箱区间存在的作业干扰问题提出了相应的建议,为自动化集装箱码头的创新发展提供了新方向。     

自动化集装箱码头供配电方案

针对目前自动化集装箱码头供电模式经济性、效率及安全性难以兼顾的问题,探讨解决方案。通过研究目前国内外自动化集装箱码头装卸工艺的特点,对比传统码头供配电的模式,提出供配电的多种模式和方案,并进行运行效率和可行性的定性分析及定量计算。最终选择采用后方辅建区新建无人值守变电所,一座变电所对一个泊位独立供电;冷藏箱、AGV充电站环网式箱变就近供电的综合供配电的方案模式,达到供电效率与安全兼顾的目的。该方案成功运用于青岛港自动化码头工程中,可为未来新建自动化码头提供参考。     

低碳型集装箱港区港内道路规划方案优选

合理的港内道路路网结构及交通组织是集装箱港口作业效率提升以及节能减排的重要保证。提出利用集装箱港区生产作业智能体微观交通仿真模型模拟集装箱生产作业流程,并以集装箱港口服务水平和集卡日均碳排放成本作为指标,优选低碳型集装箱港区港内道路规划方案。应用实例表明,集装箱港区生产作业智能体微观交通仿真模型可有效模拟港内作业过程,通过对比分析不同道路规划方案下的评价指标,得到最优的港内道路规划方案,为港区道路规划与设计提供参考。     

新型集装箱自动化码头装卸工艺方案探讨

分析国外集装箱自动化码头的发展情况及其主要技术特点,针对当今自动化码头存在的作业效率和稳定性不够理想的状况,就大幅提高自动化码头作业系统的效率、工作可靠性和营运经济性的技术路线,介绍国内自主研发的全轨道式新型集装箱自动化码头的装卸工艺方案。