Development of a time domain prediction method for hull pressure fluctuation induced by marine propeller sheet cavitation with consideration of scattering effects

Using a time domain acoustic analogy, we develop a method to predict the sound field and hull pressure fluctuation generated by unsteady sheet cavitation on marine propellers. Formulation 1A of Farassat is introduced to enhance theoretical understanding of this work, and it is applied to modeling the scattered sound field created by the fuselage boundary. To express the direct sound field resulting from sheet cavitation, a new solution is studied which considers the Doppler effect and also separately expresses the near and far fields. A small cube model is used to verify the method. Computed acoustic field pressures around the cube are compared with the boundary element method, and the numerical results show good agreement. Finally, the pressure fluctuation on a ship stern model is calculated.     

带前置预旋导轮的螺旋桨空泡脉动压力数值模拟研究

本文基于非定常粘性RANS方法结合Schnerr-Sauer空泡模型,建立了船后螺旋桨空泡脉动压力数值预报方法,并开展了数值方法的不确定度分析;然后采用ITTC'78自航预报规程结合CFD方法预报了带前置预旋导轮的节能效果,开展了安装节能导轮后的螺旋桨空泡脉动压力预报研究;对比分析了有无节能装置时的螺旋桨叶表面空泡形态及1阶和2阶船体脉动压力.研究表明,在本实例中安装节能装置后的1阶和2阶脉动压力分别下降了33％和20％,而桨叶表面空泡面积也有所下降.     

船桨干扰定常空化性能数值模拟

文章采用CFD技术计算了船桨干扰定常空化性能。首先计算了不同空化数下的NACA66(MOD)水翼和DTRC4381螺旋桨的定常空化性能,同时预报了KCS船的伴流场、阻力性能和船体表面压力分布。为了验证计算船后螺旋桨空化流的可行性,文中对KCS船和KP505螺旋桨进行了整体考虑,并计算了不同空化数下的船后螺旋桨的空化覆盖面积。计算表明,文中采用的计算方法合理,计算结果与试验结果吻合。     

船模伴流场修正对螺旋桨激振力预报的影响

介绍Hoekstra船模伴流修正方法、伴流模拟方法及螺旋桨激振力测量的试验过程。以第16届ITTC推荐的Sydney Express桨为研究对象,在上海船舶运输科学研究所空泡实验室用网格方法模拟船舶艉部流场,通过布置在桨模上方相应位置平板上的5个传感器进行了脉动压力测量。比较螺旋桨在船模伴流场和使用Hoekstra法换算得到的实船伴流场中工作时激振力的预报值及桨模空泡形态,并与实桨对比,就伴流场修正对螺旋桨激振力预报的影响作了探讨。     

Ship underwater noise assessment by the acoustic analogy,part III: measurements versus numerical predictions on a full-scale ship

The acoustic analogy represents a powerful and versatile approach, able to numerically predict the noise generated by a body moving in a fluid. It is widely used to provide essential indications about the aeroacoustic behavior of aircraft and helicopters (even at a design stage) and, eventually, to pursue effective strategies aimed at desirable reduction and/or control of noise. Nevertheless, applications in the area of hydroacoustics and in the prediction of ship underwater noise are very rare. In this paper, the potential of the acoustic analogy is directly tested on a large ferry, for which a measurement campaign at sea was performed. In spite of the complexity of the tested configuration [the ship mounts two contracted and loaded tip (CLT) propellers located ahead of two rudders, and its hull is characterized by a rather elongated skeg] and the many variables not taken into account in the numerical simulation (such as the contribution from machinery noise and the probable occurrence of tip vortex cavitation), the agreement between the measured and computed noise spectra is quite satisfactory. The analysis suggests many interesting features of the ship hydroacoustic field: the dominant role played by nonlinear sources far from the body and the relevance of scattering effects from the hull surface. Furthermore, the scattered pressure seems to contribute to alter the frequency content of the resulting signatures with respect to the blade passage frequencies. Finally, an overview of future developments and applications of this numerical approach for marine/maritime problems is presented.     

某船用螺旋桨空泡诱导下的脉动压力试验方法

文章分析了由螺旋桨空泡诱导的脉动压力对船体振动的影响及计算方法。为了进一步研究螺旋桨空泡对脉动压力的贡献量,以某船用螺旋桨为对象,分别进行了设计和压载工况下的空泡及无空化时的脉动压力试验。试验结果表明,在相应的测量点处,无空泡下时的对应阶次脉动压力值都低于发生空泡下的值,尽量减小或避免空泡的发生,将可有效减小螺旋桨诱导的脉动压力值,从而减缓船体的振动。     

Ship underwater noise assessment by the Acoustic Analogy part II: hydroacoustic analysis of a ship scaled model

In this paper the Acoustic Analogy is used to predict the underwater noise from a complete scaled ship model in a steady course. The numerical investigation is performed by coupling an incompressible RANS code, equipped with a level-set approach to account for the fundamental time evolution of the free surface, to a FWH-based hydroacoustic solver, here suitably designed to manage the huge set of data coming from a full-unsteady hydrodynamic simulation. The results reveal the overall limited contribution from the propeller thickness and loading noise components and the fundamental one from the nonlinear quadrupole sources. The comparison between the hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic solutions point out the noticeable scattering effects due to the hull surface, the possible influence of sound refractions at the free surface and, above all, the leading role played by the turbulent fluctuating component of the velocity field. Finally, by computing the pressure time histories at a prescribed set of virtual hydrophones and turning them into the frequency domain, the ship noise footprint in dB is traced out, thus showing how the Acoustic Analogy can be effectively used to analyze the ship hydroacoustic behavior, both in terms of amplitude and directivity.     

机械和螺旋桨振动噪声作用下的物探船水下辐射噪声数值预报

探讨了考虑机械噪声和螺旋桨噪声共同作用下物探船水下辐射噪声有效计算方法,采用基于结构有限元-声学边界元的声固耦合模式直接一体化计算水下总辐射噪声级。建立了某物探船整船三维结构有限元模型以及流体声学边界元模型。在船体总振动响应分析基础上,将螺旋桨噪声以点声源的形式与机械振动源同时输入到统一声学环境中求解,对物探船水下辐射噪声进行数值预报,给出了物探船辐射噪声指向特性,并比较了两类噪声源一体化计算方法与直接叠加合成方法在物探船水下辐射噪声计算结果的差异。研究表明,采用机械噪声与螺旋桨噪声直接叠加合成总辐射声级的方法在工程精度上可接受,但一体化计算是更合理的处理方式。     

带前置定子的导管桨片空泡数值预报及梢涡空泡起始判别研究

对水下航行体后带前置定子的导管桨片空泡和梢涡空泡起始进行研究。首先,采用基于混合网格的RANS求解器结合Singal空泡模型,数值模拟带前置定子导管桨片空泡形态,并与试验结果进行对比,预报的片空泡形态与试验结果吻合良好,表明用该方法预报水下航行体后带前置定子导管桨片空泡可行;其次,对水下航行体后带前置定子的导管桨多个方案全湿流动进行了数值模拟,通过梢部端面的最小压力值判断空泡起始,与试验结果进行比对,其吻合良好,表明可用该方法判别梢涡空泡起始。     

两艘多用途船的螺旋桨设计研究

以2艘多用途船螺旋桨设计为例,运用螺旋桨理论设计与模型试验为手段,探索了特定条件下加大桨叶后倾角（增加桨叶梢与船底板间隙）、改变螺旋桨叶面积以及增加桨叶侧斜角对诱导脉动压力和效率的影响。结果表明：采用减小空泡裕度增加盘面比的措施,对降低脉动压力的效果最为显著;增大侧斜角措施的效果居中;通过改变后倾角增大叶梢与船底板间隙的措施,降低脉动压力效果相对要小一些。     

基于CFD方法的6500TEU集装箱船舵空泡腐蚀数值模拟研究

舵的空泡腐蚀研究在船型优化设计和新船型开发中具有重要意义。文章以6 500 TEU集装箱船的NACA0021舵为研究对象,通过对船、桨、舵整体三维建模,运用CFD方法在3D计算域下对舵的非定常空化现象进行数值模拟,得到了与试验比较一致的结果。同时还对改善舵空蚀现象的措施进行了分析。研究表明,通过整体建模的数值模拟方法对舵空泡性能进行预测研究,其结果是合理可信的。     

非均匀船舶尾流中工作的常规和大侧斜船用螺旋桨的水动力和水声计算预报（英文）

Despite their high manufacturing cost and structural deficiencies especially in tip regions, highly skewed propellers are preferred in the marine industry, where underwater noise is a significant design criterion. However, hydrodynamic performances should also be considered before a decision to use these propellers is made. This study investigates the trade-off between hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic performances by comparing conventional and highly skewed Seiun Maru marine propellers for a noncavitating case.Many papers in the literature focus solely on hydroacoustic calculations for the open-water case. However, propulsive characteristics are significantly different when propeller-hull interactions take place. Changes in propulsion performance also reflect on the hydroacoustic performances of the propeller. In this study, propeller-hull interactions were considered to calculate the noise spectra.Rather than solving the full case, which is computationally demanding, an indirect approach was adopted; axial velocities from the nominal ship wake were introduced as the inlet condition of the numerical approach. A hybrid method based on the acoustic analogy was used in coupling computational fluid dynamics techniques with acoustic propagation methods, implementing the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) equation. The hydrodynamic performances of both propellers were presented as a preliminary study.Propeller-hull interactions were included in calculations after observing good accordance between our results, experiments, and quasi-continuous method for the open-water case. With the use of the time-dependent flow field data of the propeller behind a nonuniform ship wake as an input, simulation results were used to solve the FW-H equation to extract acoustic pressure and sound pressure levels for several hydrophones located in the near field. Noise spectra results confirm that the highest values of the sound pressure levels are in the low-frequency range and the first harmonics calculated by the present method are in good accordance with the theoretical values. Results also show that a highly skewed propeller generates less noise even in noncavitating cases despite a small reduction in hydrodynamic efficiency.     

螺旋桨激振力作用下船体振动及水下辐射噪声研究

利用有限元法和边界元方法分析比较了螺旋桨激振力三个方向分力(轴向、横向、垂向)分别作用以及同时作用时引起的船体结构振动与水下辐射噪声。结果表明,船体结构在螺旋桨激振力作用下在轴频、叶频、一倍叶频、二倍叶频以及船体固有频率处振动响应出现线谱;横向螺旋桨激振力引起的船体水下辐射噪声最大,垂向力其次,最小是轴向力;三个方向激振力同时作用时船体最大辐射声功率出现在叶频处,主要由横向力引起,其次是轴频处,主要由轴向力引起。分析其原因主要是横向激振力在叶频时最大,而且与船体固有频率接近,产生共振,轴向力在轴频处次之。     

舰艇空气噪声引起水下噪声的估算方法及试验验证

随着舰艇隐身技术的发展,由舱室空气噪声引起水下噪声变得越来越重要.本文从经典的声波透射理论出发,建立了一种较简单的空气噪声传递产生水下噪声的工程估算方法,其中壳板的声压透射系数采用混响声场中各种角度无规入射的平均透射系数.通过与实船测试结果进行比较,基本上验证了此方法的实用性.     

Numerical analysis of cavitating propeller and pressure fluctuation on ship stern using a simple surface panel method “SQCM”

This paper presents a calculation method for the pressure fluctuation induced by a cavitating propeller. This method consists of two steps: the first step is the calculation of propeller sheet cavitation, and the second step is the calculation of pressure fluctuation on the ship stern. It is for practicality that we divide the method into two steps but do not calculate these steps simultaneously. This method is based on a simple surface panel method “SQCM” which satisfies the Kutta condition easily. The SQCM consists of Hess and Smith type source panels on the propeller or cavity surface and discrete vortices on the camber surface according to Lan’s QCM (quasi-continuous vortex lattice method). In the first step, the cavity shape is solved by the boundary condition based on the free streamline theory. In order to get the accurate cavity shape near the tip of the propeller blade, the cross flow component is taken into consideration on the boundary condition. In the second step, we calculate the cavitating propeller and the hull surface flow simultaneously so as to calculate the pressure fluctuation including the interaction between the propeller and the hull. At that time, the cavity shape is changed at each time step using the calculated cavity shape gotten by the first step. Qualitative agreements are obtained between the calculated results and the experimental data regarding cavity shape, cavity volume and low order frequency components of the pressure fluctuation induced by the cavitating propeller.     

螺旋桨诱导船体表面脉动压力预报的试验研究

研究了螺旋桨诱导的船体表面脉动压力试验预报值随空气含量变化的规律及螺旋桨模型空泡形态随含气量变化的规律,并与实桨空泡对比分析;探索了脉动压力试验预报与实桨测量值最接近的空气含量控制准则;比较了螺旋桨模型在船模伴流场和修正后的伴流场中工作时,螺旋桨诱导的船体表面脉动压力预报值及螺旋桨模型空泡形态,与实船测量观察结果进行对比,并就伴流场修正对螺旋桨诱导的船体表面脉动压力试验预报的影响作了探讨;研究了螺旋桨诱导的船体表面脉动压力的预报值随桨模试验转速变化的规律。     

螺旋桨噪声的无量纲化研究

实船和船模的螺旋桨噪声存在一定的相似性,通过无量纲分析船模螺旋桨噪声可以预报实船的螺旋桨噪声。本文利用无量纲分析方法,得到影响螺旋桨噪声的一些因素,如雷诺数、桨直径、桨转速、频率、空泡数等。在此基础上对这些因素进行分析,并提出修正方法。     

螺旋桨非定常片空泡CFD数值方法研究

应用雷诺平均的N-S方程结合改进VOF空化模型模拟了螺旋桨非定常片空泡。应用全六面体网格对螺旋桨模型计算域进行了网格划分,数值计算中通过计算螺旋桨敞水性能对计算方法进行了验证。应用SST-SAS湍流模型及修正的VOF空化模型模拟了HG01螺旋桨非定常片空泡,该数值方法对螺旋桨片空泡的发展过程和形状与实验结果吻合良好。     

激光空化在水下假目标中的应用研究

潜艇螺旋桨完全空化后,其对外所辐射的空化噪声是主要噪声源。针对这一特征,考虑利用激光光源在远处水下产生空化噪声作为假目标,用来模拟潜艇螺旋桨产生的空化噪声。对实现该水下对抗方法拟采取的实验研究路线与将建立的伪装系统进行了初步的探讨和研究。     

实船设备结构振动和水声声强测试分析及噪声源的判别

通过对船上设备和船体的振动、近远场水噪声声压以及主机舱左舷外水声声强分布的测量和对振动与声的相干分析，判断主、辅机激振的耦合对产生声的影响。通过近场声强分布，分析结构和声场耦合、能量交换和有效辐射。提出用声强分布计算频带内噪声辐射声功率占总声功率的比例，结合主、辅机振动谱综合分析方法，实现噪声主要激振源的判断。