利用试验模态参数对轮胎垂直特性建模

本文用试验模态参数建立轮胎模型。通过对轮胎的和径向和切向激振试验获取模态参数，将地面对轮胎的作用当作输入。采用迭代算法计算了静态垂直特性，即垂直刚度、印迹长度及摩擦力在纵向的分布。然后计算了考虑轮胎预载的３００Ｈｚ内的垂直振动特性。采用模态综合方向将车轮、悬架及车身组合成的一个系统，计算出了该系统的垂直振动特性。研究显示了这种方法的可靠性和优越性。     

主缆与鞍座间摩擦抗力评估的混合解析数值法

为保障多塔悬索桥中主塔鞍座的抗滑移安全性，准确评估主缆与鞍座间的摩擦抗力，提出一种适用于鞍座摩擦抗力分析的混合解析数值法。首先，通过分析滑移临界状态下鞍座内索股的受力状态，将主缆与鞍座接触面间摩擦抗力的求解问题逐步分解，最终简化为求解鞍座任意截面处索股与鞍座接触面间压力分布的平面应变问题；其次，沿纵向将鞍座均匀离散化为多个截面，建立相应截面的二维有限元模型，并得出滑移临界状态下各截面处索股与鞍座接触面间的压力分布；采用将各段压力求和再乘以摩擦因数的方式求出主缆与鞍座间的摩擦抗力及其分布，建立适用于主缆与鞍座间摩擦抗力评估的混合解析数值法，并通过模型试验验证其准确性；最后，基于所提出的混合解析数值法对鹦鹉洲长江公路大桥实桥的中主鞍座摩擦抗力进行分析与讨论。研究表明：所提出的混合解析数值法计算结果和试验结果吻合良好，具有计算效率和精度高，评估流程简洁和工程应用便捷等优点，可作为评估主缆与鞍座间摩擦抗力的依据；主缆与鞍座接触面间压力的绝对值和摩擦抗力均呈由上到下、由松边到紧边递增的分布特性；通过设置竖向摩擦板以增加数个竖向摩擦板面，从而有效提高主缆与鞍座间的摩擦抗力，可大幅提高主缆与鞍座间的抗滑移安全性。     

发动机着火运行活塞组摩擦力实时测量装置的发展与研究

近几年来，发动机运行时测量活塞摩擦力的装置得到了发展。本文对比分析了各种不同结构的使用浮动缸套法的装置，介绍了一种结构更简单，更可靠的新装置。     

A 3D Brush-type Dynamic Tire Friction Model

The use of advanced dynamic friction models can improve the brush-type tire friction models. This paper presents a 3D dynamic brush model based on the LuGre friction model. The model describes the dynamics of longitudinal and lateral tire friction forces, as well as the self aligning torque dynamics. It has been originally derived in a distributed-parameter form, and then transformed to a simpler lumped-parameter form with only three internal states. Both uniform and non-uniform normal pressure distributions are considered. The model has analytical solution for steady-state conditions. The steady-state behavior is validated with respect to “magic” formula static model, which served as an “ideal” benchmark. The lumped model dynamic behavior is validated by comparing its time-responses with original distributed model responses. The model parameterization with respect to normal force and other tire/road parameters is considered as well.     

A 3D Brush-type Dynamic Tire Friction Model

The use of advanced dynamic friction models can improve the brush-type tire friction models. This paper presents a 3D dynamic brush model based on the LuGre friction model. The model describes the dynamics of longitudinal and lateral tire friction forces, as well as the self aligning torque dynamics. It has been originally derived in a distributed-parameter form, and then transformed to a simpler lumped-parameter form with only three internal states. Both uniform and non-uniform normal pressure distributions are considered. The model has analytical solution for steady-state conditions. The steady-state behavior is validated with respect to “magic” formula static model, which served as an “ideal” benchmark. The lumped model dynamic behavior is validated by comparing its time-responses with original distributed model responses. The model parameterization with respect to normal force and other tire/road parameters is considered as well.     

A Theory of Wheelset Forces for Two Point Contact Between Wheel and Rail

This paper describes a quasistatic theory of wheelset forces for an important practical case of the wheelset rolling when one of the wheels touches the rail in two contact zones. One of these zones lies on the tread and the other on the wheel flange. For such contact the specific problem of finding the distribution of forces between the tread and flange arises. The simultaneous frictional rolling contact problems for both contact zones have been described with Kalker×apos;s non-linear theory and wheelset equilibrium equations.

The numerical results presented are for an individual wheelset on straight track, the distribution of forces being described for a wide range of loading conditions. The influence of steering on the distribution of forces has also been presented.

This theory can be easily extended for quasistatic curving of railway vehicles and may assist wear studies for vehicles with worn wheels.     

Shear forces in the contact patch of a braked-racing tyre

This article identifies tyre modelling features that are fundamental to the accurate simulation of the shear forces in the contact patch of a steady-rolling, slipping and cambered racing tyre. The features investigated include contact patch shape, contact pressure distribution, carcass flexibility, rolling radius (RR) variations and friction coefficient. Using a previously described physical tyre model of modular nature, validated for static conditions, the influence of each feature on the shear forces generated is examined under different running conditions, including normal loads of 1500, 3000 and 4500 N, camber angles of 0° and?3°, and longitudinal slip ratios from 0 to?20%. Special attention is paid to heavy braking, in which context the aligning moment is of great interest in terms of its connection with the limit-handling feel. The results of the simulations reveal that true representations of the contact patch shape, carcass flexibility and lateral RR variation are essential for an accurate prediction of the distribution and the magnitude of the shear forces generated at the tread–road interface of the cambered tyre. Independent of the camber angle, the contact pressure distribution primarily influences the shear force distribution and the slip characteristics around the peak longitudinal force. At low brake-slip ratios, the friction coefficient affects the shear forces in terms of their distribution, while, at medium to high-slip ratios, the force magnitude is significantly affected. On the one hand, these findings help in the creation of efficient yet accurate tyre models. On the other hand, the research results allow improved understanding of how individual tyre components affect the generation of shear forces in the contact patch of a rolling and slipping tyre.     

基于刀盘摩擦扭矩参数的刀具磨损状态识别

盾构在砂卵石地层掘进时,刀具磨损量大一直是困扰施工的难题。从土压平衡盾构的工作原理及砂卵石地层特性2方面分析刀盘扭矩的构成,并通过数学和力学分析建立了摩擦扭矩计算模型。以成都地铁3号线红牌楼南站-红牌楼站区间为研究背景,依托盾构施工安全风险监控系统,对计算模型进行验证;分析刀具磨损时,根据地质条件将摩擦扭矩进行分段计算,同时将摩擦扭矩除以总扭矩得到摩擦比例系数,运用比例系数跟踪判断刀具磨损程度。研究结果表明,砂卵石地层中构成刀盘扭矩的主要组分是刀盘正面、背面和侧面上的摩擦扭矩;摩擦扭矩计算模型符合工程实际;得到的摩擦比例系数与换刀形态具有较好的对应性,可定性判断刀具磨损程度,指导工程实践。     

A simplified model of wheel/rail contact mechanics for non-Hertzian problems and its application in rail vehicle dynamic simulations

The presented model assumes semi-elliptical normal pressure distribution in the direction of rolling. The contact area is found by virtual penetration of wheel and rail. The normal pressure is calculated by satisfying contact conditions at the geometrical point of contact. The calculation is non-iterative, fast and completely reliable. It may be carried out on-line in MultiBody Systems (MBS) computer codes. The tests using the programme CONTACT by Kalker and experience from application in MBS codes show that the model is suitable for technical applications. The creep forces have been calculated with the FASTSIM algorithm, adapted for a non-elliptical contact area. Some applications in rail vehicle dynamics and wear simulation have been outlined.     

A thermo-frictional tyre model including the effect of flash temperature

A new tyre model is developed that can predict the influence of both macroscopic and local flash temperature on tyre force generation. The model comprises two heat-transfer solvers. A macroscopic solver calculates the 3D temperature distribution across the tread and sidewall at a resolution of a few millimetres. A separate flash-temperature solver calculates the local hot-spot temperature distribution at the macro-asperity tyre-road contact interface at a resolution of micrometres. The two heat-transfer solvers are coupled with a structural model for the calculation of tyre forces and the sliding speed distribution along the contact patch. The sliding speed distribution feeds into the flash-temperature model and the local coefficient of friction is found as a function of sliding speed, flash temperature, normal pressure, road roughness and the complex modulus of rubber. The proposed tyre model is the first to include the effect of a changing macroscopic temperature distribution on the build-up of the local flash temperature, and to account for road-tread conduction at the macro-asperity contact interface. The model is applicable for identifying the friction envelope and optimum temperature range for tyres on roads with known roughness. This is important in motorsport where knowledge of grip offers a competitive advantage.     

载重子午轮胎与路面相互作用的分析

根据全钢载重子午线轮胎12.00R20的实际结构,考虑轮胎的几何非线性、材料非线性、接触非线性以及大变形等力学特性,应用有限元的方法建立轮胎的三维模型,橡胶材料采用Yeoh模型,橡胶-帘线复合材料采用加强筋模型,并通过轮胎径向刚度的测试验证了模型的有效性.在数值模拟中分析了轮胎在一定充气压力时,在不同垂直载荷和牵引速度的作用下,与地面在接触区域的变形情况、应力分布、摩擦应力分布等滚动接触规律.结果表明,轮胎与地面接触应力分布存在明显的非均匀性,轮胎的接地面积和地面总反力随着滚动速度的升高而增大.     

Vehicle Dynamic Control for In-Wheel Electric Vehicles Via Temperature Consideration of Braking Systems

?Vehicle dynamic control (VDC) systems play an important role with regard to vehicle stability and safety when turning. VDC systems prevent vehicles from spinning or slipping when cornering sharply by controlling vehicle yaw moment, which is generated by braking forces. Thus, it is important to control braking forces depending on the driving conditions of the vehicle. The required yaw moment to stabilize a vehicle is calculated through optimal control and a combination of braking forces used to generate the calculated yaw moment. However, braking forces can change due to frictional coefficients being affected by variations in temperature. This can cause vehicles to experience stability problems due an improper yaw moment being applied to the vehicle. In this paper, a brake temperature estimator based on the finite different method (FDM) was proposed with a friction coefficient estimator in order to solve this problem. The developed braking characteristic estimation model was used to develop a VDC cooperative control algorithm using hydraulic braking and the regenerative braking of an in-wheel motor. Performance simulations of the developed cooperative control algorithm were performed through cosimulation with MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim. From the simulation results, it was verified that vehicle stability was ensured despite any changes in the braking characteristics due to brake temperatures.     

饱和软粘土抗浮土层锚杆试验研究

根据上海地区的土锚抗拔试验结果,分析了在饱和软粘土中土锚轴向力、钢筋应力以及侧摩阻力沿土锚的分布规律,讨论了确定土锚极限承载力时应充分考虑钢筋、注浆体的强度问题,并提出了在类似上海的饱和软粘土中土锚的侧摩阻力的参考取值。     

基于麦弗逊式悬架侧载弹簧的应用分析

综述了麦弗逊式悬架因结构原因造成的危害,并利用文献资料的试验数据分析比较了几种主要的弹簧改进解决方案,从而为麦弗逊式悬架的弹簧设计提供重要的参考价值。     

Simulations of roughness growth on rails - results from a 2D non-Hertzian, non-steady contact model

A new model for simulating rail roughness growth on tangent track is presented in this paper. The model consists of three relatively independent components: (1) a time-domain vehicle/track interaction model; (2) a 2D non-Hertzian and non-steady wheel/rail contact model; and (3) a wear model. Wheel/rail contact forces for a given initial roughness obtained from the vehicle/track interaction model are used by the contact model to calculate the contact patch size, normal pressure and tangential stresses with material removal assumed to be linearly proportional to the friction work in the contact patch. The roughness profile is updated and fed back into vehicle/track interaction model. The 2D contact model is initially compared with a 3D model for various wavelength of initial sinusoidal roughness. Long term roughness growth is then simulated with the 2D contact model. Simulation shows that all initial sinusoidal roughness of wavelengths between 20-100 mm are levelled out. The wavelength-fixing mechanism, that has previously been used to explain the cause of corrugation, is not found in the present investigations.     

电动汽车再生制动控制算法研究

以"在满足车辆制动性能要求、保证车辆制动稳定性的前提下,最大限度地回收再生制动能量"为原则,对电动汽车再生制动力与制动器制动力的分配算法进行研究,得到车辆制动时制动力的控制算法,最后以某电动车辆为例进行仿真分析。制动力分配算法对车辆再生制动和机械制动的分配规律的制定具有较好的参考作用。     

Study on a metal pushing V-belt type CVT: band tension and load distribution in steel rings

The power transmitting mechanisms for laminated belts were numerically investigated to analyze belt tension in each band of the ring of metal V-belts. The numerical model consists of linear springs and frictional elements. It was shown that the innermost band must support significantly greater load than any other bands when the frictional coefficients between two bands are lower than that between the innermost band and the blocks. The frictional coefficients between bands should be slightly larger than that between the innermost band and the blocks in order to reduce the load distribution to the innermost band.     

Numerical modeling of journal bearing considering both elastohydrodynamic lubrication and multi-flexible-body dynamics

This study uses an elastohydrodynamic lubrication model coupled with multi-flexible-body dynamics (MFBD) to analyze dynamic bearing lubrication characteristics, such as pressure distribution and oil film thickness. To solve the coupled fluid-structure interaction system, this study uses an MFBD solver and an elastohydrodynamics module. The elastohydrodynamics module passes its force and torque data to the MFBD solver, which can solve general dynamic systems that include rigid and flexible bodies, joints, forces, and contact elements. The MFBD solver analyzes the positions, velocities, and accelerations of the multi-flexible-body system while incorporating the pressure distribution results of the elastohydrodynamics module. The MFBD solver then passes the position and velocity information back to the elastohydrodynamics solver, which reanalyzes the force, torque, and pressure distribution. This iteration is continued throughout the analysis time period. Other functions, such as mesh grid control and oil hole and groove effects, are also implemented. Numerical examples for bearing lubrication systems are demonstrated.     

Modeling and analysis of a fuel-injection pump used in diesel engines

The Fuel-Injection Pump (FIP) used in diesel engine has a higher-pair cam-mechanism to pressurize the fuel for injection. This paper proposes a methodology to model FIP from a multibody Dynamics (MBD) perspective. The results from the model include the temporal behavior of driving torque, contact Hertz stress and reaction forces at various joints. The model helps the designer to assess the effect of various cam profiles, link parameters and other design variables. It is necessary that these parameters be optimized for future high pressure applications. For this purpose, a cam-mechanism with offset follower axis is analysed. Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement (DeNOC) matrices based algorithm is used to model FIP without and with offset cam-mechanism. The study shows that, the offset cam-mechanism allows reduction in the side-thrust, reaction forces, and the contact Hertz stress acting on the cam-follower interface. As a typical case, for an FIP working around a pressure value of 600 bar, an optimum offset value is found to be 9.5 mm and it shows a reduction of about 45% in side thrust values. To validate the modeling approach, experimental studies are performed on pump without and with offset cam-mechanism. Experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical model results.