The PROFILE project: an overview

The EC MAST project PROFILE (Processes in Regions of Freshwater Influence, ROFIs) aims to develop process understanding and tested numerical models for ROFIs. This includes the role of physical processes controlling water-property distributions, suspended sediments controlling the availability of light, nutrients and phytoplankton growth. The project comprises: (1) construction of a 3D nearshore model, with high resolution (1 h and one km approx.) and a framework coupling modules for hydrodynamics (tides, effects of winds and waves, currents, temperature, salinity, turbulence and diffusivity), sediments, plankton, nutrients and oxygen, (2) investigation of methods to include ROFI model detail in coarser shelf-wide models, (3) specific tests of model components against measurements, (4) tests of model calculations against measurements in contrasted ROFIs, (5) systematic observations suitable for these model tests (time-series over a seasonal cycle for dynamics and intermittency, good vertical resolution and spatial surveys) of the contrasted Rhine, Clyde and Thermaikos Bay ROFIs, complementing earlier measurements in the ROFI areas of the Rhine, German Bight and Po, (6) interpretation and comparison of the contrasted ROFIs' behaviour, (7) a defined set of observations, model code and output suitable for subsequent integration and promulgation as test data and a nearshore model for wider use.     

淤泥质海岸泥沙运动及进港航道回淤强度数值研究

以连云港进港航道为例,应用波浪、潮流共同作用下的二维泥沙数学模型,研究淤泥质海岸的泥沙运动及航道回淤问题。鉴于进港航道回淤量是当地海域潮流、波浪、泥沙长期共同作用的结果,建议采用年平均含沙量场进行回淤计算,并在此基础上模拟了连云港7万吨级进港航道的年回淤强度,计算结果与实测资料吻合较好。研究结果表明,所介绍的研究方法可以合理地描述含沙量场特性以及计算进港航道回淤量。     

洋山港海区悬浮泥沙运动遥感分析

利用卫星遥感图片对洋山海域悬沙分布规律及运动趋势以及杭州湾、长江口泥沙运动对洋山港的影响进行了分析,提出了长江口下泄泥沙不会直接影响到大小洋山海域;洋山港海区高浓度含沙水体一方面受到杭州湾涨落潮水流携带高浓度泥沙的影响,另一方面水流围绕岛屿形成复杂回流区也造成局部高含沙,岛屿效应引起的局部高含沙是杭州湾岛屿群的共性。     

钦州湾围滩工程前后潮流场的数值模拟

基于双时间层的有限差分方法(ADI),建立了水深平均二维浅水潮流数学模型,采用逆风格式和追赶法求解二维浅水方程,通过建立钦州湾二维潮流数值模型重现钦州湾的潮位和潮流变化状况。模拟结果与同步进行的岸边潮位及海上潮流的观测值校验结果表明,实测潮位资料与对应时间的计算结果吻合良好,实测潮流与对应时间的计算结果十分接近。模拟计算结果真实地反映钦州湾的潮位变化和潮流运动状况。钦州湾围滩工程实施前后的潮流场数值模拟研究结果表明该工程建设不会对海域水动力学条件产生较大影响。     

南汇东滩及浦东国际机场外沿围海造地工程潮流数学模型研究

通过建立长江口、杭州湾大范围平面二维潮流数学模型,综合考虑长江口、杭州湾两大潮波系统,探讨南汇东滩及浦东国际机场外沿圈围工程对附近各关心水域的水动力条件的影响范围及程度。研究结果表明:南汇东滩及浦东国际机场外沿圈围工程后,长江口侧的涨、落潮潮量略有减小,而杭州湾则略有增大。相应的,工程附近海域的潮流流速和潮差也受到工程不同程度的影响。就流速变化而言,涨潮时,南槽主槽流速略有下降,北槽则略有增加,落潮时,南槽主槽流速主要呈现略有增加的趋势,而北槽则基本不变;在杭州湾侧海域,涨、落潮水流流速均略有增加。而潮差方面,在长江口一侧,高桥处潮差略有减小,且呈现出越接近工程区,潮差变率越大的趋势;而在杭州湾一侧水域,潮差整体呈略有增加趋势,但是变率基本都在1%以内。     

钢质平台海上测风塔基础结构强度及稳定性分析

针对渤海海域拟建的钢质平台海上测风塔基础结构及该海域环境荷载建立数值计算模型,对测风塔基础的整体稳定性及强度进行分析计算.重点分析撑杆直径大小对测风塔整体稳定性及焊缝应力产生的影响;对比分析两种不同型式的柱脚,详细分析其优缺点,并采用ansys有限元软件对其进行强度分析.     

规划工程建设对渤海湾水交换能力的影响

建立了渤海平面二维水动力数学模型和平面二维对流扩散模型,使用有限差分的ADI方法对模型进行离散,模拟了渤海湾内规划工程建设前后的交换率,得到了渤海湾水交换能力的空间分布。研究结果表明,渤海湾西南部地区的水交换能力最差,规划工程实施后,渤海湾湾口至湾顶的中间带区域交换率增大,增幅最大可达50%以上,其余大部分区域交换能力减小。     

160kDWT FPSO在极浅水中运动安全性研究

位于我国渤海湾中南部的BZ25-1油田,储量超过2亿吨,根据油田工程开发方案,将采用设计满载吃水达14.5m的16万吨级FPSO作为主要生产设施.然后由于BZ25-1 FPSO就位处水深极浅,极端低水位仅16.7m,所以FFSO在遭遇海域各种恶劣环境条件时的运动响应特性问题就成为直接关系到系统安全和作业效率的重大技术问题.本文首先应用三维势流理论及时域模拟计算方法,对单点系泊FPSO在百年一遇、十年一遇和一年一遇环境条件中的运动响应及船底与海底的间隙进行数值模拟计算,然后将计算结果与模型试验结果进行比较分析.分析结果显示,满载FPSO在十年一遇和一年一遇环境条件下能够安全作业,在百年一遇环境条件时则有轻微碰底,必须减少载重量,降低吃水.这为将来FPSO的投产作业提供参考,具有较为重要的现实意义.     

近海风电场风机桩群布局对海域水动力条件的影响

为了探讨海上风力发电场规划实施后风机桩群对附近海域水位、流速、潮通量等水动力条件的影响,建立了长江口、杭州湾及其附近海域大范围平面二维潮流数学模型,研究结果表明:风机实施的影响范围及程度与工程海域的潮流特性、风机布置形式等有关,就上海风电规划而言,风电场的实施基本没有对附近海域造成较大影响。     

A spatially explicit ecosystem model of seston depletion in dense mussel culture

A fully-coupled biological–physical–chemical model of a coastal ecosystem was constructed to examine the impact of suspended mussel culture on phytoplankton biomass in Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Due to the extent of mussel culture there, we hypothesised that shellfish filtration would control the concentration and distribution of phytoplankton and other suspended particles in the bay. Circulation was delineated with a tidally-driven 2D numerical model and used to drive an ecosystem model with a focus on pelagic components including phytoplankton production, nutrients, detritus, and mussels. The benthos were treated as a sink. Nutrients and seston were forced by tidal exchange and river input, with phytoplankton additionally forced by light. Boundary conditions of seston and nutrients were derived from field studies with an emphasis on the contrast between spring (high river nutrients, low temperature) and summer (low river inputs and high temperatures). Model output was used to map phytoplankton carbon over the bay for each season and in the presence of mussels and river nutrient input. Results indicate severe depletion effects of mussel culture on overall phytoplankton biomass, but no spatial pattern that can be attributed to grazing alone. Primary production generated by nutrient-rich river water created a mid-bay spike in phytoplankton that dominated the spatial pattern of chlorophyll-based carbon. Model results were validated with surveys from a towed sensor array (Acrobat) that confirmed the river influence and indicated bay-wide depletion of 29% between high and low water. Our model results indicate that the farm-scale depletion emphasised in previous studies cannot simply be extrapolated to seston limitation at the ecosystem level.     

通州湾港区高滩围堤设计关键技术

通州湾港区位于南通市腰沙、冷家沙区域,地处辐射沙洲南缘,低潮时滩面出露,潮差大.通州湾港区规划方案体量巨大,需通过大面积围填高滩形成港区陆域,围堤建设是陆域形成的前提条件.通过研究波浪、潮流、地质等基础资料,结合模型试验和工程实践,从堤顶高程、堤心材料、抗滑防渗防冲刷分析、施工要点等多方面进行研究、总结大潮差粉砂底质环境下高滩围堤设计的关键技术,为后续工程提供参考、积累经验.     

杭州湾潮流能资源储量估算

采用二维数值模拟方法对杭州湾海域的潮流进行了模拟,得到了杭州湾海域潮流流速的分布特征。在此基础上对杭州湾海域的潮流能储量进行估算,得到杭州湾海域潮流能储量约3.59 GW。从数值模拟的结果可以看出,杭州湾口的金塘水道、龟山航门等通道内水深、流急,潮流能密度较大,是潮流能开发的理想海域,通过对这几个通道进行计算,预计可开发量约700 MW。     

Past, present and future state of the biogeochemical Si cycle in the Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is one of many aquatic ecosystems that show long-term declines in dissolved silicate (DSi) concentrations due to anthropogenic alteration of the biogeochemical Si cycle. Reductions in DSi in aquatic ecosystems have been coupled to hydrological regulation reducing inputs, but also with eutrophication, although the relative significance of both processes remains unknown for the observed reductions in DSi concentrations. Here we combine present and historical data on water column DSi concentrations, together with estimates of present river DSi loads to the Baltic, the load prior to damming together with estimates of the long-term accumulation of BSi in sediments. In addition, a model has been used to evaluate the past, present and future state of the biogeochemical Si cycle in the Baltic Sea. The present day DSi load to the Baltic Sea is 855 ktons y^− 1. Hydrological regulation and eutrophication of inland waters can account for a reduction of 420 ktons y^− 1 less riverine DSi entering the Baltic Sea today. Using published data on basin-wide accumulation rates we estimate that 1074 ktons y^− 1 of biogenic silica (BSi) is accumulating in the sediments, which is 36% higher than earlier estimates from the literature (791 ktons y^− 1). The difference is largely due to the high reported sedimentation rates in the Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay. Using river DSi loads and estimated BSi accumulation, our model was not able to estimate water column DSi concentrations as burial estimates exceeded DSi inputs. The model was then used to estimate the BSi burial from measured DSi concentrations and DSi load. The model estimate for the total burial of BSi in all three basins was 620 ktons y^− 1, 74% less than estimated from sedimentation rates and sediment BSi concentrations. The model predicted 20% less BSi accumulation in the Baltic Proper and 10% less in the Bothnian Bay than estimated, but with significantly less BSi accumulation in the Bothnian Sea by a factor of 3. The model suggests there is an overestimation of basin-wide sedimentation rates in the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea. In the Baltic Proper, modelling shows that historical DSi concentrations were 2.6 times higher at the turn of the last century (ca. 1900) than at present. Although the DSi decrease has leveled out and at present there are only restricted areas of the Baltic Sea with limiting DSi concentrations, further declines in DSi concentrations will lead to widespread DSi limitation of diatoms with severe implications for the food web.     

Crystallographic structure of sea ice along a salinity gradient and environmental control of microalgae in the brine cells

Duplicate ice cores were taken in southeastern Hudson Bay (Canadian Arctic), at 8 stations along a transect, from the mouth of the Great Whale River to saline waters 25 km offshore. One core from each station was cut into 10-cm sections, which were melted at room temperature for determinations of salinity, nutrients, algal pigments and taxonomic composition of the microalgal assemblages. On the second core, thin sections were cut every 2 cm to optically determine the ratio of brine/gas pockets to the total sections. Relative volumes of brine in melted samples were computed from the observed ratios and calculated values, and used to convert per unit brine volume the concentrations of pigments, nutrients and algal cells, initially measured per unit volume of melted sample.Salinity of the melted samples indicate the presence of freshwater beneath the sea ice close to shore throughout the growth season, and the vertical salinity profiles suggest intermittent intrusions of freshwater. Nutrient concentrations in the brine were high, suggesting that microalgae in the brine cells were generally not nutrient limited. Concentrations of ice algae in the brine cells reached relatively high values, that are often of the same order as those reported for eutrophic marine waters. Statistical analyses identified the rate of ice growth as the most important factor controlling the vertical and horizontal distributions of algal biomass and taxonomic composition in the sea ice, along the salinity gradient. Higher biomasses were generally associated with slower ice growth and also possibly lower grazing activity. In addition, the rate of ice growth influenced the distribution of microalgal assemblages, with nitrogen limitation potentially playing a secondary role in some instances.     

Numerical simulation of the barotropic tides in the Tunisian Shelf and the Strait of Sicily

We have investigated the barotropic tides in the Tunisian shelf and the Strait of Sicily using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) with very high-resolution. Model performance was evaluated with respect to tide gauge, satellite data, and current meter measurements. The model fields faithfully reproduced the major feature of the barotropic tidal currents and agreed well with existing tidal elevation and phase observations. General features for the various semidiurnal constituents are nearly similar to each other with maximum amplitude in the Gulf of Gabes. The larger tidal currents occur over the continental shelves. In the Adventure Bank, the current is essentially of diurnal type whereas in the Gulf of Gabes it is of semidiurnal type.Tidal energy lost, which is primarily due to bottom stress dissipation, is predominantly in the Gulf of Gabes ( 61%), the Strait of Sicily, and the Strait of Messina. The forcing function for internal tides shows for both M₂ and K₁ constituents, significant spatial variability in the Strait of Sicily. This suggests that some internal tides will be generated in these regions and could thus explain the observed strong diurnal internal waves in the Adventure Bank.     

On the importance of mooring system parametrisation for accurate floating structure designs

This paper analyses the importance of mooring design parametrisation on the dynamic behaviour of mooring loads. An exhaustive sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the variability of mooring loads because of inaccuracies in the definition of model inputs, including physical and numerical parameters. Results show a relevant dependence on the length and significance in other parameters, such as the weight together with the hydrodynamic equivalent diameter and the drag forces. An inaccuracy below 1% in the mooring reference length can generate loads of up to twice the design, and an incorrect definition of the weight or the drag coefficient in the mooring design can lead to a design load variability of up to 30%. Stiffness plays a crucial role in snap events, reaching load differences of 19% depending on the stiffness selected.This research is based on a set of numerical models capable of predicting the mooring system response. A dynamic numerical model with two schemes of resolution is implemented and calibrated according to an experimental test campaign. Other sources of results provided by a quasi-static model and commercial software, Sesam (DNV-GL), are incorporated. In general, the dynamic numerical models show a good accuracy with an experimental database composed by a set of 2D prescribed movement tests at the fairlead of the mooring system.     

钢套箱在杭州湾跨海大桥工程Ⅶ标段承台施工中的应用

杭州湾跨海大桥工程在无掩护外海风浪大、涨落潮流速大的恶劣海况下,承台施工采用了钢套箱施工工艺,消除了表面裂缝,施工缝平整,无挂浆现象。文章重点对钢套箱的设计制作、安装和施工中应注意的问题进行了总结。     

大直径超长嵌岩桩承载特性分析

大直径超长嵌岩桩在工程中应用广泛,但其荷载传递机理和承载能力特性的研究仍不够深入。针对现有现场试验研究和数值分析的不足,基于马来西亚槟城二桥工程,对大直径超长嵌岩桩承载特性进行数值模拟和现场试验研究。通过对比发现,有限元计算结果与自平衡法的实测数据有较好的吻合性,但由于土动摩阻和孔隙水压力影响,静动法测试结果比自平衡法大30%左右。大直径超长嵌岩桩侧摩阻力从上而下逐步发挥,且沿深度非线性分布现象明显。实际总的桩侧摩阻力占荷载90%,远小于桩土极限侧摩阻力。     

台风对洋口港深水航道骤淤影响的研究

联合运用SWAN模型和MIKE21模型，建立了波流联合作用下平面二维的泥沙数学模型，模拟台风作用下洋口港深水航道的淤积情况；提出了近底高浓度水体临界高度的计算方法，据此建立了考虑推移质与近底高浓度含沙水体层两层模式输沙、计算粉砂质海岸淤强的经验公式；最后运用上述2种方法分别计算台风作用下洋口港外航道的淤积，分析结果认为台风作用不会对洋口港外航道造成很大淤积。