Comportements,personnalité, conduite des véhicules automobiles

This study was carried out on a population of 127 offending drivers of both sexes. A validation study was also performed on a sample of 51 offending drivers of both sexes. On the basis of a questionnaire that dealt with road related parameters (violations accidents, vehicle power) and use of the Guilford Zimmermann Temperament. Survey (with the Parenti driving questionnaire in the validation study), a variety of analyses were conducted which demonstrated essentially that offending drivers do not posses a specific psycholonical profile, (unlike motorcycle and HGV licence holders who do). However, it emerged that men and women have a different relationship with the car which is an object of narcissistic investment for men, contributing to their image and self-esteem and becoming a means or supporting and asserting their masculine identity) and that the intensification of male identity is associated with a variety of behaviours that increase the risk of both violations and accidents. Furthermore, while violations in themselves are not predictive of risk, perhaps revealing more about the nature of surveillance activities, frequent reoffending can lead to the assumption that the individuals are potentially dangerous drivers.     

L'influence de la biactivité sur les stratégies spatiales des ménages

A survey conducted among staff at the University of Paris xii Val-de-Marne has shown that there are considerable differences in residential location and commuting strategies between those in one income households and those in two income households. This difference varies depending on social group. In the case of higher social groups, being in a two income household as opposed to a one income household increases the range of residential possibilities rather than the household's income per consumer unit, and in particular allows them to live nearer their work. In contrast, for low income groups, working couples commute considerably greater distances than persons in one income households. Thus, for lower income groups, belonging to a working couple mainly provides greater opportunities for home ownership, as an increase in distances to work does not affect journey times.     

Vieillissement et gravité des atteintes lésionnelles des victimes d’accident de la circulation routière

This study uses the road traffic accident casualty register for the Rhône Département to investigate how the risk of severe or fatal injury varies according to age and to describe the injuries that explain the severity. Two groups of road users are investigated, car occupants and pedestrians. A NISS score of nine or over is taken to indicate a severe injury. Data analysis reveals that, for both groups, the risk of severe or fatal injury increases with age. The nature and location of the injuries depend on the age and sex of the victims. With regard to severe injuries, elderly female pedestrians are susceptible to fractures of the femur (and the femoral neck) and all parts of the upper limbs. Elderly male pedestrians are mainly exposed to fractures of the femoral neck. The greater vulnerability of severely injured elderly drivers results in thoracic injuries, which are partly explained by seat–belt wearing. The main cause of death, for pedestrians of all ages and young drivers is severe head injuries. Car occupants over the age of fifty more frequently suffer from severe thoracic injuries. These findings should not, however, be allowed to conceal the differences observed in the general population for the two severity criteria we have analyzed (severe injury or death). Mortality (in relation to the general population) is highest for young car occupants, while lethality (the fatality rate amongst those injured) is highest among the elderly. For pedestrians, both mortality and lethality increase with age. These findings are also applicable to the risk of severe injury. They justify the continuation of passive safety research in order to develop protection systems that are appropriate for the characteristics of car occupants. Furthermore, they should help to increase everybody’s awareness of the vulnerability of pedestrians and stimulate the introduction of preventive measures, particularly for seniors.     

Système d'aide à l'étude de la sécurité routière Vers des outils hydribes,ouverts et intelligents

The objective of this paper is to present the results of a survey of the literature on computer-based systems in road safety analysis. This study was motivated by the needs of road safety analysts and the designers of computer-based tools for use in this area. The literature gave examples where the computerization of several road safety functions is either proposed, undergoing development or actually complete. Furthermore, these functions have been associated with different types of technological orientations. However, some problems still remain to be solved in order to obtain reliable systems with accurate and complete data which integrate the expert knowledge which is needed to analyze and evaluate road safety. The proposed solutions are evolving and this survey suggests that tools in this domain should be hybrid, open and intelligent.     

Une caractérisation de l'émission acoustique des véhicules au cours des déplacements

Traffic noise is usually measured at fixed points whereas in reality vehicles move and generate noise throughout their trip. This paper therefore puts forward a new method of identifying noise emissions which takes account of the trip as a whole. We have made use of the concept of standard kinematic sequences (which are the elements which form all car trips) and have introduced a new acoustic index to characterize the noise emissions of a vehicle during a sequence. We have achieved this by adapting conventional highway acoustic indices to the way sequences are defined and used. We have calculated examples of these indices from acoustic recordings of isolated vehicles on a test track and from standard sequences.     

瀚海纵横 2020 YAMAHA Ténéré 700

正Ténéré是非洲中西部国家尼日尔境内的沙漠,位于撒哈拉沙漠的南部中心,面积约四十万平方千米,环境特别恶劣,气候特别干燥、酷热,每年降雨量仅为25mm,是非洲最危险、最可怕的地方之一,也是达喀尔拉力赛移师南美洲之前最复杂、最困难的路段。雅马哈Ténéré700以这块最恶劣的沙漠来命名,你就会明白,这台全新亮相的中量级探险车,流淌着纯正的拉力赛血统!     

Structure des localisations intra-urbaines et mobilité domicile-travail

Rapid change in urban travel, in particular the increase in car traffic, is causing severe problems which mean that it is of strategic importance to understand the determinants of travel practices. In addition to such relatively familiar sociodemographic and economic parameters as gender, age and income, the characteristics of trips also depend on how the locations of intra-urban residences and economic activities are structured. The lengthening of distances and the increasing role of the car appear to be largely explained by the emergence of new, more sprawled, spatial configurations, which may even be multipolar. One of the ways of examining the link between urban forms and travel is to compare conurbations which differ very greatly in terms of the distribution of locations and determine to what extent these differences affect trip-making. The results we present here originate from on-going research, mainly by the Laboratoire d'dconomie des transports and INRETS, which compares the urban areas of Marseille and Aix-en-Provence, Lyon, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Dijon and Saint-Etienne. Only home-to-work trips have been considered. The first results suggest that there are significant differences between those urban areas which retain a pronounced centre and others which have been more affected by urban sprawl. The differences we have revealed with regard to home-to-work journeys involve the geography of traffic flows, the use of different modes of transport and above all the dissociation between residential locations and places of work, which is less marked in those areas where the centre has retained an important role.     

Analyse des pratiques d'accompagnement des enfants et de leurs conséquences

It is more and more common to escort children, and adolescents in rural areas, to school, to see friends, to leisure activities, to the doctor's etc. Some elderly persons are also systematically escorted to activities. These escorting trips are mainly by car, with the mother (or the daughter) driving. Whether children are escorted or not varies according to their age, but the practice has becoming increasingly prevalent in Europe since the 1970s. In England children are allowed to travel unescorted average two and a half years later in 1990 than was the case in 1970 and in the same period the percentage of trips which are escorted has increased by a factor of three and a half. Road safety problems and general insecurity in the area where they live lead parents to escort their children. Most trips of this type are by car. The same situation applies in the former East Germany where many households have only recently acquired a car and where traffic is perceived as dangerous. Although this type of organization of daily family life provides short term opportunities, it nevertheless has long term negative impacts on the acquisition of travel independence by children and adolescents.     

Une méthode d’analyse spatiale des espaces piétons au service d’un urbanisme orienté vers le rail ?

In recent years, the quest for a more sustainable urban planning and street design has gained importance among practitioners and researchers. An urbanism oriented towards rail is a valid alternative to the long standing practices of urban planning and street lay out based on the individual car, which have conditioned the development of cities for several decades. Among different tools that could be implemented to improve rail travel attractiveness, a radical improvement of walking conditions all along the footpaths leading to rail stations is proposed. In this paper, an observation grid as well as a set of criteria for footpath attractiveness are first proposed as a tool (or methodological approach) for a spatial diagnosis. This tool is then tested on the Carnot rail station in Saint-Etienne, a city in Eastern France. Besides the assessment itself (showing assets and challenges of the areas to be redesigned), this case study leads to proposed planning principles, in terms of recommendations meant to improve footpath quality significantly.     

Une comparaison internationale des prix du camionnage Afrique,Asie du sud-est,Amérique centrale

In 1996 inrets carried out road haulage pricing surveys in seven countries in three continents, Africa, South-East Asia and Latin America, in order to gain a clear picture of the higher cost of transport in Africa. There is a considerable variation in the unit costs of road haulage within a particular country, indeed this variation is greater than the variation between the average price in different countries. In particular, the tennage which is transported and the distance involved have a major influence on the price per torine x kilometre. In order to quantify the differences in price which exist between different countries it is therefore necessary to define an indicator which takes account of the main factors which determine prices, other than the country. Varied types of satistical analysis, in particular involving modelling have been used to indicate how these parameter affect the tariffs of transport in each country and estimate the average price for each country for a particular distance or tonnage. The selected indicators all agree that over long distances road haulage is significantly more expensive in Africa than in Asia. There are differences between the African countries, Cameroon being the most expensive.