Greenhouse gas reduction potential of advanced traffic control

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation in the context of the climate change issue and the associated Kyoto Agreement of 1997 is a challenge. Since urban transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gases, measures are required to reduce these emissions. Given that during peak periods, road vehicles propelled by petroleum fuel‐based internal combustion engines produce a high level of GHG emissions due to stop and go operations, measures to improve traffic flow can play an effective mitigation role. This paper describes a simulation‐based methodology and a case study for the quantification of GHG emission reduction owing to advanced traffic control systems.     

双线往复式客运索道PLC控制系统设计

本采用了PLC来构成双线往复式客运索道的自动控制系统，PLC在系统中的主要作用是：在自动运行状态下对传感器和操作人员的指令进行检测，对系统的运行状况进行监控，通过对输入量的逻辑运算，输出相应的控制信号控制继电器、接触器等执行机构，保证系统按照设计的程序运行，当出现异常情况时也能按照设计的程序采取相应的对策，避免事故的扩大。     

Specification of regret-based models of choice behaviour: formal analyses and experimental design based evidence

Travel behaviour analysis has recently witnessed a rapidly growing interest in regret-based models of choice behaviour. Two different model specifications have been introduced in the transportation literature. Chorus et al. (Transportation Research B 42: 1–18, 2008a; in: Proceedings 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 2008b) specified regret as a (non) linear function of the difference between the best-foregone choice alternative and the chosen alternative. Later, as an approximation to the original specification, Chorus (2010) suggested a logarithm function of utility differences between all choice alternatives, mainly for ease of estimation. This paper makes two contributions to this literature. First, formal analyses are conducted to identify the parameter space where the logarithmic specification becomes theoretically inferior to the original specification. Second, an empirical stated choice study on the choice of shopping centre is conducted to empirically test which specification best describes stated choices. Results suggest that for the collected data the original specification outperforms the new specification. Implications of this finding for the application of regret-based choice models in travel behaviour analysis are discussed.     

Exploration of route choice behavior with advanced traveler information using neural network concepts

A model of driver's route choice behavior under advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is developed based on data collected from learning experiments using interactive computer simulation. The experiment subjected drivers to 32 simulated days in which they were to choose between the freeway or a side road. A neural network model is used as a convenient modeling technique in this initial phase of the analysis. The results indicated that most subjects made route choices based mainly on their recent experiences. It was also demonstrated that route choice behaviors are related to the personal characteristics as well as the characteristics of the respective routes. Travel experiences have less effect on the choice of the side road compared to the freeway and the results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the model, the acceptance rate of advice, and the quality of advice are closely correlated. The model developed here was for advice consistently provided at a level of 75 percent accuracy. The paper concludes with a discussion of experimental limitations and suggestions for future research.     

纵向通风隧道防灾疏散设计问题探讨

文章针对交通隧道防灾设计存在的问题进行分析,提出了一些解决方案,可供今后的设计参考。     

Effect of advanced traveler information systems and road pricing in a network with non-recurrent congestion

The effect of the application of advanced transport information system (ATIS) and road pricing is studied in a transportation system under non-recurrent congestion. A stochastic network deterministic user equilibrium model (SNDUE) with elastic demand is formulated and used to evaluate the welfare and private impacts of different market penetrations of ATIS, together with road pricing for a simple network. Both marginal first-best road pricing and a second-best fixed road pricing are considered. The incentives of private users to use ATIS are analyzed and the characteristics of optimum tolls as a function of ATIS market penetration are shown. We conclude that ATIS is an efficient and necessary tool to reduce the effects of non-recurrent incidents in a transportation network, especially when non-recurrent congestion causes a significant deterioration of operational conditions of the network. If the impact of non-recurrent incidents on free flow costs is small or is reduced only to congestion effects, the use of road pricing would be more efficient. Social benefits obtained when jointly implementing ATIS and road pricing are practically the same whether first-best or second-best road pricing is used. Considering the private costs perceived by the network users, and the benefits experienced by equipped users, the maximum level of market penetration achieved could be limited because private benefits disappear after certain market penetration is obtained.     

Planning school transport: design of routes with flexible school opening times

Abstract

This paper puts forward a methodology for designing a system for school transport which, apart from designing routes, specifies school opening times. Traditionally school opening times have always been identical in the same area meaning many buses have to be used at the same time. This paper suggests the staggering of school opening times in order to minimise the number of buses and thereby reduce the enormous costs involved in running them. The methodology is based on: a first phase which addresses the classic routing problem by using mixed integer lineal programming and a second phase which uses bi-level programming to find the vector for school opening times, which, when staying within the constraints of the problem, minimises the direct costs of the system. The upper level represents the evaluation of the system costs and the lower level finds the best combination of optimum routes for the same bus.     

单线循环吊椅式客运索道的设计模型

以悬索抛物线理论为基础,对单线循环吊椅式客运索道进行系统的理论分析,推导并建立该类客运索道设计的数学模型。     

大断面越江盾构隧道管片接头选型研究

文章针对越江水下盾构隧道管片接头设计,采用三维有限元对典型接头方案中不同螺栓位置和土水压力计算控制点下的接头抗弯刚度、接缝张开度和张开高度、螺栓应力等进行了数值计算和对比分析,研究分析了手孔和螺栓数量及布设位置、尺寸等对大断面越江盾构隧道管片接头选型及设计参数的影响.研究结果表明,工程设计中此类接头应在满足接头抗弯刚度和接缝张开度的前提下采取减少手孔数量、均布手孔位置、调整螺栓中心位置和尺寸、施加螺栓预紧力等措施,以达到提高结构防水性和整体承载能力的目的.     

Transit network design with allocation of green vehicles: A genetic algorithm approach

The use of fossil fuels in transportation generates harmful emissions that accounts for nearly half of the total pollutants in urban areas. Dealing with this issue, local authorities are dedicating specific efforts to seize the opportunity offered by new fuels and technological innovations in achieving a cleaner urban mobility. In fact, authorities are improving environmental performances of their public transport fleet by procuring cleaner vehicles, usually called low and zero emission vehicles (LEV and ZEV, respectively). Nevertheless there seems to be a lack of methodologies for supporting stakeholders in decisions related to the introduction of green vehicles, whose allocation should be performed since the network design process in order to optimize their available green capacity.In this paper, the problem of clean vehicle allocation in an existing public fleet is faced by introducing a method for solving the transit network design problem in a multimodal, demand elastic urban context dealing with the impacts deriving from transportation emissions.The solving procedure consists of a set of heuristics which includes a routine for route generation and a genetic algorithm for finding a sub-optimal set of routes with the associated frequencies.     

JXBK8型变频调速蓄电池机车的开发与应用

文章阐述了JXBK8型直-交变频调速蓄电池窄轨工矿电机车的开发设计思路、主要技术特点以及应用于大坡度单线中长铁路隧道中的优越性.     

高水压富水山岭隧道设计浅谈及工程实例

通过对地下水渗流场的理论分析,结合宜万线齐岳山隧道高水压富水地段现场具体处理情况,得出高水压富水隧道设计应注意的主要原则:"以堵为主,限量排放"是高水位富水隧道设计应遵循的基本原则,限量标准应根据隧道区域内具体情况类比确定;地层注浆是实现限量排放的主要方式,确定注浆加固圈范围时应确保注浆帷幕体自身的稳定;排水系统是衬砌结构设计中不可缺少的一部分,在完善可靠的排水系统下,衬砌结构承受的外水荷载能较大幅度地进行折减。     

Evaluation of forced flows on freeways with single‐loop detectors

This paper documents the development of a simple method for identifying and/or predicting freeway congestion using single loop detection systems. The proposed algorithm is simple and easy to incorporate into most freeway management systems. The Washington State Department of Transportation's Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) sponsored the original study. The investigation also led to a recommendation to replace the original TSMC definition of congestion or forced flow conditions with a more reliable indicator. Although, the TSMC has recently implemented a more advanced prediction system based on fuzzy set theory and neural networks to further identify patterns and rules for ramp metering strategies, the findings presented here continue to be constructive to freeway managers looking for quick and easy analyses that rely solely on single‐loop detection systems. The Seattle Area freeway study section used for the original study was the portion of mainline 1–5 northbound starting at the downtown Seattle Station 108 and ending at the Mountlake Terrace Station 193. Several days' worth of volume and lane‐occupancy data were collected for the afternoon time period from 2:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Time intervals of 20 seconds were chosen for each data collection period. Important products of this research include the following:

• simple, and more reliable criterion for the definition of “bottleneck” or forced flow conditions than that originally used by the TSMC.
• simple, and reliable criterion for predicting impending “bottlenecks” or forced flow conditions.
• A proposed variable for improved selection of the appropriate metering rate. (Further analysis of the use of this variable for determining metering rates is recommended for future studies.

The proposed criteria are simple and easy to incorporate into current freeway management computer systems. Further investigation of freeway performance measurement using volume and occupancy data obtained from single‐loop systems is currently being performed.     

浅谈我国中小企业成本控制

企业是以盈利为目的的社会团体,追求的是经营利润最大化,其开展各项活动的最终目标是实现企业价值最大化,而进行成本控制则是实现这一目标的重要手段。我国的大部分中小型企业成本控制程度较差,生产效率较低,运作流程较混乱,所以生产成本均较高,对企业内部成本控制进行科学、合理的整顿,在生产成本控制方面大有潜力可挖。本文从中小企业成本控制的重要性入手,对中小企业成本控制中存在的一些问题进行分析,试探讨成本控制的有效方法。     

Cooperative traffic control of a mixed network with two urban regions and a freeway

Currently most optimization methods for urban transport networks (i) are suited for networks with simplified dynamics that are far from real-sized networks or (ii) apply decentralized control, which is not appropriate for heterogeneously loaded networks or (iii) investigate good-quality solutions through micro-simulation models and scenario analysis, which make the problem intractable in real time. In principle, traffic management decisions for different sub-systems of a transport network (urban, freeway) are controlled by operational rules that are network specific and independent from one traffic authority to another. In this paper, the macroscopic traffic modeling and control of a large-scale mixed transportation network consisting of a freeway and an urban network is tackled. The urban network is partitioned into two regions, each one with a well-defined Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), i.e. a unimodal and low-scatter relationship between region density and outflow. The freeway is regarded as one alternative commuting route which has one on-ramp and one off-ramp within each urban region. The urban and freeway flow dynamics are formulated with the tool of MFD and asymmetric cell transmission model, respectively. Perimeter controllers on the border of the urban regions operating to manipulate the perimeter interflow between the two regions, and controllers at the on-ramps for ramp metering are considered to control the flow distribution in the mixed network. The optimal traffic control problem is solved by a Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach in order to minimize total delay in the entire network. Several control policies with different levels of urban-freeway control coordination are introduced and tested to scrutinize the characteristics of the proposed controllers. Numerical results demonstrate how different levels of coordination improve the performance once compared with independent control for freeway and urban network. The approach presented in this paper can be extended to implement efficient real-world control strategies for large-scale mixed traffic networks.     

护拱回填暗挖法隧道支护结构安全性评价

文章依托九景衢铁路荆生坞隧道工程,介绍了护拱回填暗挖法的施工步序,利用弹性理论推导了护拱与初期支护拱部的围岩荷载分担比例计算公式,采用极限平衡理论建立了边墙处围岩受力模型,推导了初期支护边墙附加围岩压力计算公式,最后通过建立荷载-结构模型,计算了护拱和初期支护的内力、安全系数,评价了护拱和初期支护安全性。结果表明:初期支护围岩荷载分担比例与护拱和初期支护的弹性模量、厚度有关,荆生坞隧道初期支护围岩荷载分担系数约为30%;护拱拱脚竖向压力导致边墙上部围岩沿破裂面滑动,对初期支护边墙上部产生一个水平向的附加围岩压力;九景衢铁路荆生坞隧道护拱回填暗挖段护拱和初期支护均处于安全状态,初期支护安全性随围岩荷载分担系数的增大而略有降低。     

用模糊数学法评价高速公路两侧土壤的污染程度

文章针对高速公路对其两侧土壤的破坏现状,以衡昆高速公路为例,研究了高速公路对两侧土壤的影响范围,并应用模糊数学法对高速公路两侧土壤重金属的污染状况进行了系统的分析和评价。