码头建设投资对最佳泊位利用率影响的研究

港口工程的设计原则之一是使港口企业、船公司和货主三方的在港费用总和最低,追求国民经济效益的最大化.海港总平面设计规范中的最佳泊位利用率是某一范围内的推荐值,与码头投资无关.以某业主码头原油泊位为例,根据排队论原理利用计算机模拟技术推算出的最佳泊位利用率,超出了规范推荐值的范围,分析其原因是码头投资过大.采用4组假定的不...     

A break-even model for evaluating the cost of container ships waiting times and berth unproductive times in automated quayside operations

The planning, design and development of a container terminal with optimum size and capacity and with a minimum capital cost is fundamentally dependent upon the loading and discharging operations at the quayside. The quayside function of container terminals is dependent basically on the number of berths available to service the incoming container ships. The objective of the container terminals dealing and admitting the ongoing ship calls is to provide immediate berth and loading and discharging services to the container ships with a minimum costly waiting time and a maximum efficiency. Previously terminal planners used to build extra berths to provide service. During the last two decades the terminal operators have adopted automation technologies in loading and discharging operation of the container ships as an alternative to designing extra berths. Ship owners naturally expect least waiting times for their container ships. On the other hand, it is also natural for port operators in a container terminal with costly facilities to see a high berth occupancy and productivity at the quayside. This study uses queuing theory to find a break-even point as a way of evaluating the cost of container ship waiting times and the cost of berth unproductive service times for container terminals aiming to automate their quayside operation. The analysis illustrates that automation devices installed on conventional Quayside Cranes (QSCs) significantly reduce the turnaround time of the container ships calling at the ports. It argues, however, that there should be a balance between the cost of berth unproductive service times and the cost of vessel waiting times. The study introduces a break-even point to be considered as a benchmark for calculating such a balance. The analysis in this study can be used as a decision tool for the operators of container terminals in the medium to small ports to appraise the feasibility of an investment in automation or expansion of the quayside facilities.     

基于模拟减少集装箱船待港时间的实用方法(英文)

The main challenge for container ports is the planning required for berthing container ships while docked in port.Growth of containerization is creating problems for ports and container terminals as they reach their capacity limits of various resources which increasingly leads to traffic and port congestion.Good planning and management of container terminal operations reduces waiting time for liner ships.Reducing the waiting time improves the terminal’s productivity and decreases the port difficulties.Two important keys to reducing waiting time with berth allocation are determining suitable access channel depths and increasing the number of berths which in this paper are studied and analyzed as practical solutions.Simulation based analysis is the only way to understand how various resources interact with each other and how they are affected in the berthing time of ships.We used the Enterprise Dynamics software to produce simulation models due to the complexity and nature of the problems.We further present case study for berth allocation simulation of the biggest container terminal in Iran and the optimum access channel depth and the number of berths are obtained from simulation results.The results show a significant reduction in the waiting time for container ships and can be useful for major functions in operations and development of container ship terminals.     

低碳型集装箱码头岸桥优化配置研究

本文以最小化船舶待泊损失费和泊位闲置损失费之和作为目标函数,以岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量作为约束条件,提出低碳型集装箱码头岸桥配置优化模型。同时,通过对比考虑岸桥装卸单位吞吐量CO2排放量约束条件前后的岸桥配置优化结果,分析碳排放约束条件对模型优化结果的影响。结果表明考虑碳排放约束条件后的岸桥配置优化模型能够对原配置方案造成影响,可以通过岸桥的重新配置降低岸桥装卸单位吞吐量的CO2排放值。     

秦皇岛港航道通过能力仿真研究

采用工程仿真软件SIMIO分别对秦皇岛港10万吨级航道及规划的20万吨级航道的通过能力进行模拟。首先用2014年秦皇岛港泊位和航道设施及到港船舶数据对模型进行验证,得到的年到港船舶数及航道货运量与实际统计结果基本相符;结合仿真结果,对两航道的货运量、船舶平均待泊时间AWT以及港口服务水平随船舶平均到港时间间隔的变化趋势进行分析;讨论了航道及泊位利用率随港口服务水平的变化;针对10万吨级航道,对比了仿真与航道利用率法的年通过能力结果,并指出确定航道通过能力时考虑港口服务水平及港内作业各环节相互关联性的必要性。     

开敞式油品码头泊位长度的多目标可变模糊优选*

开敞式油品码头泊位长度方案优选是一个复杂的多目标决策问题。从船舶系泊安全角度,提出一种定量的开敞式油品码头泊位长度方案的多目标可变模糊优选方法。该方法以系泊索张力的最大值及其张力不均匀系数、船舶运动量绝对值为优选指标,应用多目标可变模糊优选方法计算各方案的加权相对优属度,进而确定最优泊位长度方案,为港口规划及码头管理人员提供意见参考。实例表明,该方法简单直观、合理可靠,为开敞式码头泊位长度方案优选问题提供了一种有效的定量方法。     

Ship-berth link performance evaluation: simulation and analytical approaches

In this paper we consider the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. The efficiency of operations and processes on the ship-berth link has been analysed through the basic operating parameters such as berth utilization, average number of ships in waiting line, average time that a ship spends in waiting line, average service time of a ship, average total time that a ship spends in port, average quay crane (QC) productivity and average number of QCs per ship. All the main performances of the ship-berth link are given. This is one of the problems faced by planners and terminal operators in ports. In this paper, we propose two models based on simulation and queuing theory, respectively, in order to determine the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. Numerical results and computational experiments are reported to evaluate the efficiency of the models for Pusan East Container Terminal (PECT).     

Ship-berth link performance evaluation: simulation and analytical approaches

In this paper we consider the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. The efficiency of operations and processes on the ship-berth link has been analysed through the basic operating parameters such as berth utilization, average number of ships in waiting line, average time that a ship spends in waiting line, average service time of a ship, average total time that a ship spends in port, average quay crane (QC) productivity and average number of QCs per ship. All the main performances of the ship-berth link are given. This is one of the problems faced by planners and terminal operators in ports. In this paper, we propose two models based on simulation and queuing theory, respectively, in order to determine the performance evaluation of ship-berth link in port. Numerical results and computational experiments are reported to evaluate the efficiency of the models for Pusan East Container Terminal (PECT).     

An empirical model for estimating berth and sailing times of mega container ships

ABSTRACT

We provide two empirical models for calculating the sailing time and berth time of maritime container liner networks to effectively model the ambiguity associated with sea and port contingency for ex-ante decisions of fleet deployment and route planning. The models are based on recorded AIS data of 110 mega vessels including all the operating container mega vessels with a capacity of 16,000 TEU or more during the summer of 2015. The models are able to estimate the sailing time (with R² of 0.974) and the berth time (with R² of 0.895) without knowledge of any operational-level explanatory variables. The models are validated against the published East Asia–North Europe services. Moreover, the study reveals that vessel operators adopt different berthing and sailing strategies even under the same conditions.     

基于综合费用数学模型确定港口最优泊位数

以综合费用最小为目标,推导出以到港船舶待泊时间为条件的最优泊位数应满足的条件,同时发现,泊位数变化引起的综合费用变化实际是到港船舶的待泊时间变化引起的。     

基于AIS大数据耦合分析的沿海港口泊位利用率研究*

针对我国沿海港口能力供给水平数据跟踪方面长期存在的时效性差、人为统计过程中易出现错漏等诸多问题,分析传统泊位通过能力统计失真的具体原因,提出将泊位利用率作为评价港口服务水平的表征指标,依托地理信息系统(GIS)平台和基于船舶自动识别系统(AIS)等数据耦合的空间拓扑分析,综合考虑空间关系、航速特征、经留时间等影响因素,研发基于AIS大数据的泊位利用率算法模型,并以上海港2019年集装箱泊位利用率为例进行算法验证。结果表明,所提出的泊位利用率算法模型是可信的;提供了一种能够反映客观实际、定量分析判断港口服务水平的技术手段,可为政府部门长期动态监测港口能力与运输需求互动平衡关系,支撑政府部门决策港口发展重点和建设时序,避免空间资源浪费、重复建设、能力过剩等问题提供技术支撑。     

关于小泊位靠大船问题的探讨

随着船舶大型化的快速发展,许多港口泊位常常出现不得不靠泊超出自身原设计船型的大型船舶,即＂小泊位靠大船＂的现象。通过对这种情况的分析研究,重点介绍验算码头的主尺度和按不同结构型式校核、验算其结构稳定性、强度及受力情况的方法,以便在最大限度地发挥＂小泊位＂作用的同时,保证其使用安全。     

超大型船舶栈桥码头安全系泊技术试验研究

系泊安全问题,随着超大型船舶运输和开敞式深水泊位的出现日益显得重要。这类事故不但造成船舶的重大损失,还直接威胁港口的安全。本文以模型试验为基础,对影响系泊安全的各相关因素进行了定量测试,获得了大量数据,再根据实地潮流资料,对中国远洋运输公司“普安海”轮系泊北仑港和宝钢主原料码头时所受的流压力的数值范围进行了估算。最后本文列出系泊安全的技术措施,为船舶安全生产和码头泊位设计提供了参考依据。     

一种快捷计算锚地锚位数量的通用公式

现有的锚位计算公式仅适用于待泊锚地的锚位数计算,且当平均泊位利用系数P大于0.8时计算结果将出现较大偏差。对于候潮、避风等锚地,目前尚无较好方法用于计算。结合实际工作需要,研究了较为通用的锚地规模计算方法并编程实现快捷计算。     

连续泊位调度与岸桥配置协同优化

连续泊位调度与岸桥配置协同优化是集装箱码头提升竞争力的关键因素.针对该问题构建一个混合整数规划模型,以构造算法为核心,通过调整船舶的分配次序,设计了一个新的启发式算法.通过VB6.0软件编程,进行了四组大规模仿真算例实验,结果显示60%的算例在新算法下可获得更优的解,平均改进7.37%,证明了模型和算法的有效性.     

营口港仙人岛港区LNG码头选址规划方案

仙人岛港区是环渤海地区重要的大型综合性港区,属于双堤环抱空间格局,规划大型泊位多,船舶流量密集。LNG码头具有一定的特殊性和排他性。针对在环抱式港池内LNG码头选址和规划存在的问题,以仙人岛港区为例,集成利用多项模型技术研究通航安全、通航影响、陆域安全、泊位布置和空间利用等,提出LNG码头选址、码头泊位及水域布置方案,对仙人岛港区建设LNG码头起到了关键技术支撑。     

天津港老旧码头加固和加深改造

船舶大型化可降低货物的海运成本,也要求港口设施随之向深水化、大型化发展.近年来由于大型深水泊位数量有限,不少港口采取将大船减载后靠泊小吨级码头的作业方式,以解决燃眉之急,这种作业方式虽然能取得一定的经济效益,却带来很多安全隐患,尤其是对于使用年限已久的老旧码头,需注意及时进行加固改造,通过对近年来天津港老旧码头泊位加固...     

国、内外港口船舶岸电技术的发展和应用现状

目前,在国家日益重视节能减排和环境保护的大背景下,使用岸上电源系统为靠港船舶供电作为解决我国港口环境污染问题的全新尝试已有成功的范例,并在一些港口开展试点工作。重点介绍国内、外船舶岸电技术的发展和已建连云港港客滚码头59#泊位船舶岸电系统的配置情况,并对天津港现有泊位实施岸电技术改造后能够取得的经济效益和环境效益进行预测评估。根据国内港口的现实情况,提出全面实施港口船舶岸电系统存在的主要问题和相关意见与建议。     

天津港船舶定线制与优化锚地规划的思考

基于天津港VTS管理细则和天津港船舶进出港交通流现状,统筹船舶定线制和锚地规划,提出在天津港水域进一步完善船舶定线制的建议.通过分析天津港锚泊状况和天津港的进出口船舶数据,提出优化锚地的具体方案,对锚地船舶进行分类,增加了锚地与航道、交通流密集区的间距,确定锚泊船之间的安全间距,细分锚地、区隔锚位,并为各锚位给出统一编...     

环渤海地区港口LNG运输特点及泊位合理通过能力研究

基于对环渤海地区天然气消费现状和供应格局的分析,指出环渤海地区海运进口液化天然气(LNG)在冬季需求集中、LNG泊位淡旺季利用不均衡等运输特点。根据区域LNG运输特点和现状泊位利用率情况,进一步分淡、旺季对LNG泊位利用率进行了细化研究。结合沿海LNG船型发展现状及发展趋势,对LNG泊位通过能力计算参数进行设计。在此基础上测算出近中期环渤海地区LNG接收站泊位通过能力达500万～550万t较为合理,并提出未来泊位能力挖潜方向。研究结论可对区域LNG相关港口规划和设计工作提供参考依据。