船舶压载水和海洋环保

大部分海洋船舶为保证船舶空载航行的稳定性,都有庞大的压载水系统,装有数量巨大压载海水。文章通过大量的数据,明确阐述了船舶海水压载水对海洋环保带来的危害,并列举了多种消除海水压载水污染的方法。随着海洋船舶运输的发展,船舶压载水的异地装入与排出,使海洋污染迅速漫延,海水压载水的污染问题越来越引起世界各国和航运界的重视。对海水压载水的技术处理必将是未来数年船舶科技发展的一个热点。     

绿色船舶压载水处理系统的设计

全球所有海上运输船舶所携带的压载水数量,每年大约有120亿吨,每天存在于船舶压载水中随船周游世界的生物达7000种。随着经济全球化和世界贸易的发展,船舶越来越大,船速也越快。不幸的是,船速的加快导致船舶两港航行时间的缩短,也增加了外来有害水生物存活和转移的可能性。研究快速高效去除微生物的船舶压载水处理系统势在必行。     

船舶压载水处理技术和监督管理研究

船舶压载水不仅危害海洋环境还会对人类健康、当地经济造成影响,《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制和管理公约》实施即说明了国际社会对此的重视。压载水处理系统的使用,有效地减小了压载水对环境的危害。然而在实际应用中,仍需要通过提高和改进压载水监控技术,使处理后的压载水进一步符合公约标准。本研究根据我国压载水监控现状,提出完善压载水监督管理的措施,促进我国环境、经济和资源的可持续发展。     

船舶压载水防治措施探讨

船舶压载水是外来海洋生物入侵的重要途径,严重危害水域生态平衡,破坏生物多样性,危害环境,造成严重的经济损失。本文针对压载水污染问题,从压载水的管理、处理技术、无压载舱船舶设计等方面,探讨压载水的预防途径和防治方法。     

进境船舶压载舱沉积物中耐受藻类群落结构研究

世界贸易90%依靠船舶运输,已确认约有500种入侵生物由船舶压载水途径传播。压载舱沉积物含有比压载水中数量更为庞大的生物群体,如浮游植物及其孢囊。若其入侵口岸国海域并爆发赤潮,会对近海环境、居民健康和海域经济造成严重威胁。对船舱黑暗环境的长期耐受性是其中藻类入侵口岸国海域最重要的前提条件。沉积物中已发现的藻类有甲藻、硅藻、隐藻等不同门类,藻类组成较为丰富。孢囊和休眠细胞的形成可保护处于恶劣环境的藻细胞免受破坏。目前已知可形成孢囊主要为甲藻,其他藻类的耐受机制缺乏研究。本文对压载水中发现的藻类物种组成及其细胞进行研究其能否形成孢囊或休眠细胞,并对进境船舶压载舱沉积物的耐受藻类进行物种的组成结构分析,以此丰富对进境船舶压载舱沉积物携带的藻类耐受机制研究。     

船舶压载舱沉积物接收处置现状、问题及履约管理对策

《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理国际公约(2004)》要求妥善处理和处置压载舱沉积物,以防止有害生物入侵。为研究履约现状,选取13家从事压载水沉积物清理、接收及处理作业的修船厂进行了系统调研,结果表明普遍存在防污染措施不全、接收处理作业不规范、接收设施技术标准缺失、管理要求不明确等问题。在分析压载水沉积物的来源、危害、产生量等特性的基础上,结合公约和国内要求,从标准规范完善、监管部门协作、接收设施配套、公约法规宣贯和科技研发支撑等方面分析提出了履约对策。研究成果为有关压载水沉积物相关标准规范、技术政策的制定提供参考,有助于加强压载舱沉积物防污染管理,提升国际公约履行水平。     

港口外来生物入侵与压载水风险评估研究综述

海洋贸易过程中船舶压载水引发的港口外来生物入侵风险,其形成受多方因素影响,监控管理难度大,是当今港口海洋生物入侵领域的研究热点。为了全面了解全球港口外来生物入侵风险评估方面的研究现状和发展趋势,本文采用Histcite文献分析工具,以1998-2018年Web of Science数据库和CNKI中国知网全文数据库中相关文献为研究对象,从文献年份变化情况、类型分布、来源分布、国家研究力量和被引频次计量等方面进行统计分析。研究内容主要围绕外来海洋生物入侵和压载水生物入侵的风险评估方法、风险评价指标体系、海洋生物生态安全数据分析及可视化方法方面,未发现全球标准化风险评估方案。     

浅谈选洋船大洋中交换压载水工作

本文阐述了压裁水交换的重要性,深水大洋中或开阔海面更换压载水方法,海上更换压载水安全注意事项,以及交换压载水时对高级船员的要求和PSC对更换压载水的检查工作。     

船舶污染事故溢油量测算方法比较

本文论述了船舶污染事故溢油量的两大类测算方法,分别是适用于风险评价的溢油量预测方法和适用于已发生的船舶污染事故溢油量的估算方法,分析比较了经验公式法、MARPOL方法、基于CFD的数值模型计算法、基于监视监测的估算法和基于事故船舶油量检测估算方法的基本假设、原理及其主要应用领域。本文可为船舶污染事故溢油量的快速准确估算提供方法选择依据,为改进估算方法提供建议。     

船舶节能在压载水系统方面的探索

文章介绍了压载水的危害,讨论了压载水管理的优缺点,分析了Ballast-Free系统及其环保节能的优点,最后对Ballast-Free的设计做了展望。     

Ship speed optimization: Concepts,models and combined speed-routing scenarios

The purpose of this paper is to clarify some important issues as regards ship speed optimization at the operational level and develop models that optimize ship speed for a spectrum of routing scenarios in a single ship setting. The paper’s main contribution is the incorporation of those fundamental parameters and other considerations that weigh heavily in a ship owner’s or charterer’s speed decision and in his routing decision, wherever relevant. Various examples are given so as to illustrate the properties of the optimal solution and the various trade-offs that are involved.     

Multiattribute decision analysis of mandatory ballast water treatment measures in the US Great Lakes

Mandatory ballast water management, resulting in an increase of required freight rates on the St. Lawrence Seaway, could induce a modal shift away from marine transportation. Such a shift may cause such side effects as increased air pollution and lower transportation safety. A multinomial logit model is built to predict the changes in market shares of competing transportation modes. Two wheat transportation scenarios are studied. The results show that only a small shift, if at any, will accompany mandatory measures for ballast water treatment. To evaluate the trade-offs between the side effects brought by any modal shifts and the NIS invasion effects, the analytic hierarchy process is used to analyze the preferences of federal and state decision-makers. Analysis of questionnaires shows that among the three alternatives, ballast water exchange, filtration/UV, and heat, ballast water exchange proved to be the favored method.     

船检履约与应对IMO强制审核要点与措施研究

为促进全球海上安全和防污染相关国际公约的有效执行,国际海事组织于2009年批准了"IMO成员国自愿审核机制"强制化,我国将于2021年接受IMO的强制审核。船检占强制审核政府义务条款大部分内容,其被视为IMO进行强制审核的重点领域。因此,本文拟针对IMO履约规则及相关国际公约中有关船检的管理要求,对我国海事船检履约情况进行评估,分析我国船检海事立法与管理方面存在的问题,提出我国针对船检履约与应对IMO强制审核的要点及改进措施,以满足2021年IMO强制审核的要求。     

A joint optimization model for liner container cargo assignment problem using state-augmented shipping network framework

This paper proposes a state-augmented shipping (SAS) network framework to integrate various activities in liner container shipping chain, including container loading/unloading, transshipment, dwelling at visited ports, in-transit waiting and in-sea transport process. Based on the SAS network framework, we develop a chance-constrained optimization model for a joint cargo assignment problem. The model attempts to maximize the carrier’s profit by simultaneously determining optimal ship fleet capacity setting, ship route schedules and cargo allocation scheme. With a few disparities from previous studies, we take into account two differentiated container demands: deterministic contracted basis demand received from large manufacturers and uncertain spot demand collected from the spot market. The economies of scale of ship size are incorporated to examine the scaling effect of ship capacity setting in the cargo assignment problem. Meanwhile, the schedule coordination strategy is introduced to measure the in-transit waiting time and resultant storage cost. Through two numerical studies, it is demonstrated that the proposed chance-constrained joint optimization model can characterize the impact of carrier’s risk preference on decisions of the container cargo assignment. Moreover, considering the scaling effect of large ships can alleviate the concern of cargo overload rejection and consequently help carriers make more promising ship deployment schemes.     

Power unit ‐ Cargo space link in inland waterway navigation

This paper deals with transportation technology regarding links between power unit or motor ship and ship cargo space. These links can be divided into two groups: rigid and flexible. Rigid link, established between power unit and cargo space, is dominant in maritime and road transport (sea ships and trucks), and occasionally in transport on inland waterways (self‐propelled barges). Flexible link is used in railroad transport (between the locomotive and railroad units), partially in road transport (systems with trailers and semitrailers), and in inland waterway transport (push‐towing, pulling systems and combinations of these systems). The main goal of this research is determination of possible link types and organization of fleet for transport on inland waterways in case of flexible link.     

Modal split in offshore supply network under the objective of emissions minimization

We study modal split under the objective of emissions minimization in the transportation of cargo from centralized vendors in the oil and gas industry to decentralized supply bases on the Norwegian coast. The supply network includes direct road transport and a sea route along the coast. To gain insight into modal split decisions between road and sea transport from the shipper’s perspective multi-period mixed integer optimization models are formulated. Particularly the models give possibilities to examine how weekly demand patterns at supply bases, cargo commitments to sea transport, storage possibilities at supply bases, and shipper’s responsibility for a certain share of vessel capacity may effect the emissions and the modal split. Experiments on real data from an oil and gas company operating offshore show that the size of the share of vessel capacity and the possibility for storage at supply bases are the major determinants for a larger shift to environmentally friendly sea transport. The models can be used as means for making decisions regarding how a shipper can commit to sea transport to achieve less emissions.     

Increased energy efficiency in short sea shipping through decreased time in port

According to a range of assessments, there exists a large cost-effective potential to increase energy efficiency in shipping through reduced speed at sea enabled by shorter time in port. This means that the energy needed can be reduced whilst maintaining the same transport service. However, the fact that a large cost-effective potential has been identified that is not being harnessed by decision-makers in practice suggests that there is more to this potential to understand. In this paper, the possibilities for increasing energy efficiency by reducing waiting time in port are explored and problematised through a case study of a short sea bulk shipping company transporting dry bulk goods mainly in the North and Baltic seas. Operational data from two ships in the company’s fleet for one year showed that the ships spent more than 40% of their time in ports and that half of the time in port was not productive. The two most important reasons for the large share of unproductive time were that ports were closed on nights and weekends and that ships arrived too early before the stevedores were ready to load or unload the cargo. Reducing all of the unproductive time may be difficult, but the results also show that even a conservative estimate of one to four hours of reduced time per port call would lead to a reduction in energy use of 2–8%. From in-depth interviews with employees of the shipping company, ports and ship agencies, a complex picture is painted when attempting to understand how this potential arises. Aspects such as a lack of effective ship-shore-port communication, little time for ship operators, an absence of means for accurately predicting energy use of voyages as a function of speed, perceived risk of arriving too late, and relationships with third-party technical management may all play a role.