Process Save Reduction by Macro Joint Approach: The Key to Real Time and Efficient Vehicle Simulation

Applying a non-linear model reduction method to the tire suspension system of road vehicles enables an automatic transfer of complex offline simulation vehicle models to a mathematical model, which fits the real time simulation requirements. The basic assumption, that high frequent inner suspension dynamics are not relevant to handling manoeuvres, converts the differential algebraic equation system (DAE) of suspensions with kinematical closed loops into pure elasto-kinematical linkage equations. The equations of motions can be represented as an ordinary differential equation system (ODE) and considerable simulation time reductions are obtained for the off-line simulation and real time simulation is enabled. This so-called macro joint approach is an alternative modelling method to the well-known look-up table representation of suspension kinematics but it keeps the parameterisation of the original suspension model and is suitable to parameterised real time MBS models. With a second step the dynamics, caused by compliance in the suspension bushings, are reduced to their quasi-static behaviour. The consideration of these quasi-elasticity has nearly no influence on the necessary simulation time. This contribution shows the theoretical background and demonstrates the advantage of the macro joint model reduction approach on a typical vehicle example.     

Process Save Reduction by Macro Joint Approach: The Key to Real Time and Efficient Vehicle Simulation

Applying a non-linear model reduction method to the tire suspension system of road vehicles enables an automatic transfer of complex offline simulation vehicle models to a mathematical model, which fits the real time simulation requirements. The basic assumption, that high frequent inner suspension dynamics are not relevant to handling manoeuvres, converts the differential algebraic equation system (DAE) of suspensions with kinematical closed loops into pure elasto-kinematical linkage equations. The equations of motions can be represented as an ordinary differential equation system (ODE) and considerable simulation time reductions are obtained for the off-line simulation and real time simulation is enabled. This so-called macro joint approach is an alternative modelling method to the well-known look-up table representation of suspension kinematics but it keeps the parameterisation of the original suspension model and is suitable to parameterised real time MBS models. With a second step the dynamics, caused by compliance in the suspension bushings, are reduced to their quasi-static behaviour. The consideration of these quasi-elasticity has nearly no influence on the necessary simulation time. This contribution shows the theoretical background and demonstrates the advantage of the macro joint model reduction approach on a typical vehicle example.     

盾构隧道橡胶密封垫力学性能试验及数值分析

为解决盾构隧道橡胶止水密封垫的数值分析难点,突破以工程类比法及经验法为主的密封垫防水性能设计的局限性,采用显式有限元分析方法对密封垫的压缩过程进行三维模拟,并将分析结果与力学试验对比,同时对影响橡胶密封垫力学性能的多种因素进行分析。主要得出以下结论： 1）有限元模拟结果与试验结果具有一致性,验证了本文方法的有效性; 2）对橡胶硬度和密封垫开孔率等因素进行分析,橡胶硬度越大,开孔率越低,则橡胶密封垫越硬,越难压缩。     

机械传动车辆起步及连续加速过程性能仿真研究

基于部件的工作原理或试验结果,在Matlab/Simulink环境下,建立了某型机械传动车辆动力传动系统的模块化动态仿真模型,采用该仿真模型模拟了在不同驾驶模式下,车辆起步及连续加速过程中的动力性和燃油经济性。     

具有模块化结构的汽车动力学仿真模型的初步研究

初步探讨了面向开发型驾驶模拟器的具有模块化结构的汽车动力学仿真模型建立方法，从而可以在此基础上进一步建立一套通用的面向结构的汽车动力学仿真程序，便捷地在开发型驾驶模拟器上实现对不同类型或同类型不同结构车辆性能的仿真。     

Integration of experiment and hydrostatic fluid-structure finite element analysis into dynamic characteristic prediction of a hydraulically damped rubber mount

Hydraulically damped rubber mount (HDM) can effectively attenuate vibrations transmitted between an automotive powertrain and body/chassis and reduce interior noise in the car compartment. Predicting the dynamic characteristics of a HDM faces challenges due to fluid-structure interactions between the rubber spring and fluid in the chambers, nonlinear material properties of the rubber parts and turbulent flow in the chambers and fluid track linking chambers. In this paper, an experimental analysis and hydrostatic finite element (FE) modeling technique are integrated in a numerical simulation approach to modeling the dynamic characteristics of a HDM with a lumped-parameter HDM model. The dynamic characteristics of a typical HDM with a fixed decoupler are predicted and compared with experimental results, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Moreover, a parametric effect analysis is performed to demonstrate parameter influence on dynamic characteristic, which provides a concise design guideline for the parameter adjustments necessary for a HDM to meet the vibration isolation requirements of a powertrain mount system.     

Modelling and validation of coupled high-speed maglev train-and-viaduct systems considering support flexibility

This study presents a more realistic modelling of the maglev-based high-speed railway line in Shanghai, China. Focus is placed on an accurate simulation of the two subsystems: the train subsystem including the magnets and the viaduct subsystem including the modular function units of the rails. The electromagnet force–air gap model with a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is adopted to simulate the interaction between the maglev train via its electromagnets and the viaduct via its modular function units. The flexibilities of the rails, girders, piers and associated elastic bearings are all considered in the modelling of the viaduct subsystem to investigate their effects on an interaction between the two subsystems. By applying the proposed model to the Shanghai maglev line, the essential characteristics of the coupled system can be duly captured. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach are then validated by comparing the computed dynamic responses and frequencies with the measurement results. It is confirmed that the proposed modelling with a detailed simulation of the magnets and modular function units can duly account for the dynamic interaction between the train and viaduct systems. Moreover, the effects of the inclusion of the flexibilities of the rails, girders and elastic supports to the response of the coupled system are respectively investigated, the results of which prove that their involvements are essential to the accurate prediction of the response of the coupled maglev train–viaduct system.     

轿车扭杆式半独立后悬架动力学仿真和试验研究

结合轿车扭杆式后桥的等效刚度力学模型、后悬架非对称橡胶衬套的变形耦合特性以及减振器、螺旋弹簧的力学模型,建立轿车扭杆式半独立后悬架的等效动力学模型。对模型进行仿真分析和试验研究,通过对比表明仿真和试验的结果具有较高的一致性。     

沉管隧道接头在压-扭-剪组合条件下的力学性能分析

接头是沉管隧道中最薄弱并且非常关键的部位,其力学性能直接影响整条沉管隧道的安全性与水密性。目前研究仅限于沉管接头的压缩、压弯和压剪等简单荷载工况,未对组合工况如压-扭-剪工况进行过研究。以红谷隧道工程为背景,基于三维精细化建模技术,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了表征沉管隧道接头性能的力学模型,并考虑不同材料的非线性本构模型,开展了沉管隧道接头在压-扭-剪组合条件下的力学性能模拟研究,并与压-剪组合条件下的力学性能进行对比了分析。通过数值模拟计算揭示了沉管接头GINA橡胶止水带超弹性材料的特性及水密性,并得到了接头在压-扭-剪组合条件下的水平荷载-位移曲线,从而获得了接头的扭剪刚度和极限承载力,表明接头在压-扭-剪工况下的抗剪强度比压-剪工况下的抗剪强度小。同时,对混凝土及钢剪力键进行局部分析,得到其在压-扭-剪组合条件下的受力特性,并预测了剪力键可能的破坏模式。研究结果可为今后沉管隧道接头设计提供参考。     

Geometric-based tyre vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation for automotive and unmanned vehicle applications

Advanced empirical, and physical-based tyre models have proven to be accurate for simulating tyre dynamics; however, these tyre models typically require expensive and intensive tyre parameterisation. Recent research into wheeled unmanned ground vehicles requiring vertical force analysis has shown good results using a simple linear spring model for the tyre which demonstrate the continued use for simple tyre models; however, parameterisation of the tyre still remains a challenge when load test equipment is not available. This paper presents a cost-effective tyre vertical stiffness parameterisation procedure using only measured tyre geometry and air pressure for applications where high-fidelity tyre models are unnecessary. Vertical forces calculated through an air volume optimisation approach are used to estimate tyre vertical stiffness. Nine tyres from the literature are compared to evaluate the performance of the vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation algorithms. Experimental results on a pair of ATV tyres are also presented.     

矩形顶管隧道接头橡胶圈防水安全限值研究

为研究矩形顶管隧道接头橡胶圈的受力特性和密封性，利用接头细部尺寸关系表达式，计算接头在发生防水失效时的临界状态值，通过有限元软件建立接头安装模型，定量改变接头安装间隙和管节偏转角，将模拟结果与理论计算结果进行对比验证。结果表明： 1）橡胶圈安装力随安装距离的增加表现为先增大到峰值，后减小到定值，且安装间隙的大小对安装力影响显著； 2）橡胶圈压缩高度在8~14 mm时接头防水效果良好，当橡胶圈压缩高度小于8 mm或大于14 mm时，橡胶圈分别因接触压力不足0.3 MPa或过度压缩而不满足规范要求； 3）管节发生偏转时，最大允许的偏转角为0.02 rad，当偏转角进一步增大，依次发生因接触压力不足引起的渗漏水破坏、钢套环与插口管节接触破坏、钢套环与橡胶圈的脱离破坏以及橡胶圈过度压缩导致的破坏。     

A Feasibility Study on Indirect Identification of Transmission Forces through Rubber Bushing in Vehicle Suspension System by Using Vibration Signals Measured on Links

This paper presents a feasibility study on using the rubber bushing itself as a sensor for the identification of transmission forces in vehicle suspension systems. The method starts from the idea that the transmission forces can be related to the deformation of the rubber bushing by an appropriate model and the deformation of the rubber bushing can be obtained by estimation of the relative vibration across the bushing. Simple theories are presented to deal with modeling of a given geometry of rubber bushing by a concentric spring and damper, correlating of measurements of the vibration on the links to the stiffness and damping parameters, and selection of the vibration measurement positions. Importance of the measurement position selection in relation to the measurement noise is illustrated by simulation studies. Then, validity of the proposed indirect approach will be shown by applications to a rear suspension system of dual link type.     

A Feasibility Study on Indirect Identification of Transmission Forces through Rubber Bushing in Vehicle Suspension System by Using Vibration Signals Measured on Links

This paper presents a feasibility study on using the rubber bushing itself as a sensor for the identification of transmission forces in vehicle suspension systems. The method starts from the idea that the transmission forces can be related to the deformation of the rubber bushing by an appropriate model and the deformation of the rubber bushing can be obtained by estimation of the relative vibration across the bushing. Simple theories are presented to deal with modeling of a given geometry of rubber bushing by a concentric spring and damper, correlating of measurements of the vibration on the links to the stiffness and damping parameters, and selection of the vibration measurement positions. Importance of the measurement position selection in relation to the measurement noise is illustrated by simulation studies. Then, validity of the proposed indirect approach will be shown by applications to a rear suspension system of dual link type.     

重型商用车电子电气架构的规划

本文以顶层设计、正向开发思路构建福田戴姆勒企业特色的重型商用车电子电气架构,包括整车电子电气功能规划、电源管理系统的设计、功能模块化设计与分配、整车电气连接的设计等,建立多维度架构模型,为互联与自动驾驶系统的未来,规划可进行功能拓展的重型商用车电子电气架构平台。     

马歇尔法下橡胶改性沥青混凝土成型工艺研究

首先对橡胶颗粒物理力学特点进行分析,在此基础上提出了二次成型橡胶改性沥青混凝土的方法;而后,进行了不同温度下橡胶改性沥青混凝土室内成型工艺研究。研究表明:只要成型工艺恰当,马歇尔法完全能够成型橡胶改性沥青混凝土试件。     

Benchmark problem for crush analysis of plastic parts for automotive

To cut development time and cost of design process, demand for CAE is increasing. To develop computer simulation technique for crush analysis, JSAE set up a working group to select benchmark problems and perform simulation trials among members. Several tensile and compression tests are carried out to evaluate the effect of strain rate and temperature on mechanical properties of plastic material. Then, crush tests of a specimen (plate with ribs) made by rubber toughened polypropylene are carried out to prepare benchmark data. Through trials of computer simulation and comparison with benchmark data, several key parameters of crush simulation are found.     

腾势:能否开辟电动车的蓝海?

<正>腾势是比亚迪与戴姆勒合资打造的电动汽车品牌,首款量产车将于9月上市,集双方的优势于一身,并且在最适合的时机上市,腾势前景看上去很美好,但是否能收获成功,开辟电动车的蓝海?对于戴姆勒来说,腾势是其推动在华电动车战略的重要支柱;而比亚迪,则把腾势看作是通往高端的最佳机会。     

沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能研究

柔性管节接头是沉管隧道的重要组成部分，接头的压缩性能决定了沉管接头的水密性能及安全性，但目前针对沉管隧道柔性接头压缩性能的研究相对缺乏，接头压缩性能参数的取值缺乏试验结果的支撑。基于此，以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道为研究背景，设计了几何比尺为1：10的隧道管节和接头模型，并进行了大比尺结构试验和止水带材性试验。通过对沉管隧道管节柔性接头逐级施加轴向荷载，试验获得了接头轴向位移随轴向荷载的变化曲线，并与止水带材性试验结果进行了对比分析，揭示了柔性接头的非线性压缩性能：接头压缩性能受GINA止水带自身压缩性能影响；相比材性试验，结构试验结果中接头压缩量普遍偏小2~3 mm，相对差异可达21%。为了进一步验证试验结果，分别建立了二维和三维止水带有限元模型，通过对比试验结果与有限元计算结果，分析并量化了试验中支座摩擦、止水带长度、形状及其横向约束等对试验结果的影响规律。量化分析结果显示，支座摩擦、止水带长度及横向约束对试验结果影响较小，可忽略不计，但止水带纵向尺寸对结构压缩性能影响较为显著，结果相差最大达到8.8%。最后基于试验结果提出了一种可用于模拟沉管接头压缩性能的简化力学计算模型，亦可应用于其他柔性接头的轴向力学分析。     

整车多体动力学模型的建立、验证及仿真分析

利用多体动力学方法建立了某轿车的整车非线性多体动力学模型,模型中考虑了前后悬架、转向系统的详细几何结构参数,以及连接处的橡胶衬套、阻尼器的非线性特性,轮胎采用M agic Formu la模型。对所建模型进行了多种试验验证,并分析了该样车的操纵稳定性等相关特性,仿真结果表明所建整车多体模型有较高的精度。