Impact technique for measuring global dynamic stiffness of engine mounts

Engine mounts are used for engine vibration isolation. The dynamic performance of the mount depends on the orientation. Measurements of the dynamic properties of engine mounts are usually performed in the axial direction because of the problem related to actuator loading direction and set up costs. Impact technique is developed here to measure the dynamic driving point stiffness and driving point shear stiffness of engine mount in a single setup. The compressive and shear frequency-dependent stiffnesses are obtained in the vertical orientation. A transformation matrix is used to calculate the frequency-dependent stiffnesses and loss factors in other orientations. Three different designs of engine mounts are used to verify the accuracy of the transformation model. The correlation coefficient between calculation and measurement results show R²≥ 0.995 along the X- and Y-axes. For the Z-axis, mounts B and C showed R²≥ 0.95 and mount A 0.687 ≤ R²≤ 0.791.     

动力总成悬置系统建模与解耦优化

将悬置看作弹簧阻尼元件,优化动力总成悬置系统的刚度矩阵,从而合理布置各阶频率,使模态间振动解耦。通过Maxwell力学模型求解悬置的频变特性和幅变特性,并建立含该力学模型的整车刚柔耦合动力学模型。计算出的整车系统振动响应表明,解耦优化后的悬置系统明显改善了悬置系统的隔振效果。     

发动机液压悬置低频模型参数识别方法的研究

根据悬置低频振动模型,提出了基于DE算法的发动机液压悬置模型识别方法,由简单的低频正弦激振试验直接估计模型的关键参数值,完成模型的参数识别。基于上述理论和试验相结合的模型识别方法可以代替组件试验,识别结果可直接用于复杂结构悬置元件的动特性预测和整车NVH性能研究。     

A nonlinear model for top fuel dragster dynamic performance assessment

The top fuel dragster is the fastest and quickest vehicle in drag racing. This vehicle is capable of travelling a quarter mile in less than 4.5 s, reaching a final speed in excess of 330 miles per hour. The average power delivered by its engine exceeds 7000 Hp. To analyse and eventually increase the performance of a top fuel dragster, a dynamic model of the vehicle is developed. Longitudinal, vertical, and pitching chassis motions are considered, as well as drive-train dynamics. The aerodynamics of the vehicle, the engine characteristics, and the force due to the combustion gases are incorporated into the model. Further, a simplified model of the traction characteristics of the rear tyres is developed where the traction is calculated as a function of the slip ratio and the velocity. The resulting nonlinear, coupled differential equations of motion are solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme. Several simulation runs are made to investigate the effects of the aerodynamics and of the engine's initial torque in the performance of the vehicle. The results of the computational simulations are scrutinised by comparisons with data from actual dragster races. Ultimately, the proposed dynamic model of the dragster can be used to improve the aerodynamics, the engine and clutch set-ups of the vehicle, and possibly facilitate the redesign of the dragster.     

装甲车辆非稳定工况驱动性能仿真模型

基于发动机和传动系统的动态过程，本文开发了一个装甲车辆非稳定工况的驱动性能仿真模型。对一台装甲车辆的加速过程进行了实例仿真计算，计算结果与实测值符合较好。这个仿真模型可以方便地用于装甲车辆非稳定工况动力性能的研究。     

汽车发动机悬置系统动刚度模态分析

建立了基于悬置元件怠速工况下动刚度的发动机悬置系统MATLAB力学模型.同时由LMS实验模态分析系统测得了发动机实际工况下的运行模态参数,并以模态置信度对其进行了验证.与静刚度模型相比,以悬置元件动刚度建立的模型,其动态参数与运行模态参数更为接近,表明动刚度模型能更好地模拟悬置系统实际工况下的动态特性.     

Engine mount optimisation for vibration isolation in motorcycles

This paper presents a comprehensive model to capture the in-plane dynamics of a motorcycle system to evaluate the quality of its vibration isolation, and the design of an engine mount system. The model consists of two main structural components, the frame and the swing-arm, as well as the power-train assembly, engine mounts connecting the power-train to the frame, and the front-end assembly. The model accounts for frame and swing-arm flexibility using reduced order finite-element models. The power-train assembly is modelled as a rigid body connected to the frame through the engine mounts and to the swing-arm through a shaft assembly. The engine mounts are modelled as tri-axial spring-damper systems, and the front-end assembly is modelled as a lumped mass. The complete vehicle model is used to solve the engine mount optimisation problem, so as to minimise the total force transmitted to the frame while meeting packaging and other constraints. The mount system parameters – stiffness, position and orientation vectors – are used as design variables for the optimisation problem. The imposed loads include forces and moments due to engine imbalance as well as loads transmitted due to high amplitude, low frequency bump loads, through the tyre patch. Since packaging constraints play a significant role in a motorcycle layout, it is, therefore, important to determine the displacement envelope of the power-train under extreme loading conditions to ensure clearance with other components around the power-train. A motorcycle mount system should ideally be able to isolate the frame under steady-state loading conditions and at the same time limit the maximum excursion of the power-train under transient loading conditions.     

液压悬置动特性实验分析及模型修正方法研究

在综合分析现有悬置非线性数学模型的基础上,重点分析了惯性通道弯管损失系数对悬置动态性能的影响,建立了包含惯性通道弯管损失系数的更精确的数学模型,并探讨了悬置及橡胶主簧动态、静态特性的试验测试方法,建立了相应的测试平台,对相同工况下液压悬置和橡胶主簧动、静态特性进行了测试及对比分析。将橡胶主簧的实验数据应用于所建的模型中,仿真结果和实验分析表明本模型具有更高的精度。     

Application of Sensitivity Analysis to the Development of High Performance Adaptive Hydraulic Engine Mounts

Summary In this paper, the sensitivity analysis is applied to the development of high performance adaptive hydraulic mounts. The analysis allows us to select the most effective design parameters for tuning an adaptive mount to different road and engine conditions. It is shown that in the low frequency road excitation, the upper chamber compliance and inertia of the fluid column in the inertia track are the most influential properties in changing the dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount. These properties for the high frequency engine excitations are the upper compliance and the inertia of the fluid column of the decoupler. For tuning the adaptive mount to different road and engine excitation, a global optimization technique is used to find the magnitude of the adjusting parameters to minimize objective functions in low and high frequency excitations. The results indicate significant improvement over conventional hydraulic mounts. It is further shown that when the upper compliance is used as the adjusting parameter, a simple on-off control which is triggered by the engine revolution and vehicle speed is sufficient for tuning the adaptive mount.     

Application of Sensitivity Analysis to the Development of High Performance Adaptive Hydraulic Engine Mounts

Summary In this paper, the sensitivity analysis is applied to the development of high performance adaptive hydraulic mounts. The analysis allows us to select the most effective design parameters for tuning an adaptive mount to different road and engine conditions. It is shown that in the low frequency road excitation, the upper chamber compliance and inertia of the fluid column in the inertia track are the most influential properties in changing the dynamic stiffness of the hydraulic mount. These properties for the high frequency engine excitations are the upper compliance and the inertia of the fluid column of the decoupler. For tuning the adaptive mount to different road and engine excitation, a global optimization technique is used to find the magnitude of the adjusting parameters to minimize objective functions in low and high frequency excitations. The results indicate significant improvement over conventional hydraulic mounts. It is further shown that when the upper compliance is used as the adjusting parameter, a simple on-off control which is triggered by the engine revolution and vehicle speed is sufficient for tuning the adaptive mount.     

发动机振动隔离控制技术研究进展

介绍了发动机橡胶悬置、液压悬置、半主动悬置和主动悬置的工作原理,由于被动悬置不能满足运载器减振降噪的要求,半主动悬置和主动悬置已经成为发动机减振降噪发展方向;分析了悬置系统的动力学模型,包括悬置的动力学模型和控制系统的动力学模型;介绍了发动机振动隔离控制中几种主要的控制方法,包括模糊控制、神经网络控制、自适应控制和最优控制等。最后提出了发动机振动隔离控制目前存在的主要问题和发展动向。     

Effects of rail thermal stress on the dynamic response of vehicle and track

A new method is proposed to obtain the dynamic responses of the vehicle–track coupling system under the conditions of rail thermal stress changes in high-speed railways. Exact models are established with different rail longitudinal forces, in which multibody dynamic models are used for vehicles and the direct stiffness method for structures. In order to provide a general, simple and flexible formulation to express longitudinal stress distribution, the accurate model of long slab track consists of many small units with parameters which can be initialised separately. The exact analytical equation of track frequency and modal function was obtained by the transition matrix method, which can be used in calculating the dynamic response of wheel–rail coupling model. The proposed model is verified through comparisons with other classical solutions. Under the influence of train velocities and track irregularities, the specific vibration performances that frequency shifted and amplitude peak enhanced with thermal force are demonstrated through examples. The results show that the response analyses of vehicle and track have great application potentiality for fast estimation of the rail longitudinal stress.     

A nonlinear model of bicycle shimmy

This paper presents a nonlinear model accurately describing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the onset and dynamics of bicycle shimmy. Methods of nonlinear dynamics, such as numerical continuation and bifurcation analysis, show that the model exhibits two stable periodic motions found experimentally in on-road tests: the weave and wobble (or shimmy) mode. The modelling results are compared with experimental data collected by riding a racing bicycle downhill at high speeds with hands on the handlebar. The model predicts with surprising accuracy the amplitudes and frequencies of the oscillations, the longitudinal velocity at which they occur, as well as the substantial independence of wobble frequency and amplitude from the forward speed. The lateral acceleration of the upper tube of the frame near the steering axis reaches 5–10?g, both in the model and in the data. The analysis shows that wobble onset and amplitude is particularly sensitive to changes in the torsional stiffness of the frame and strongly depends on tyre lateral force and aligning torque at the wheel–road contact point. It also allows to quantify the additional viscous rotary damping that should be added to the steering assembly to prevent wobble.     

Introducing a new semi-active engine mount using force controlled variable stiffness

This work introduces a new concept in designing semi-active engine mounts. Engine mounts are under continuous development to provide better and more cost-effective engine vibration control. Passive engine mounts do not provide satisfactory solution. Available semi-active and active mounts provide better solutions but they are more complex and expensive. The variable stiffness engine mount (VSEM) is a semi-active engine mount with a simple ON–OFF control strategy. However, unlike available semi-active engine mounts that work based on damping change, the VSEM works based on the static stiffness change by using a new fast response force controlled variable spring. The VSEM is an improved version of the vibration mount introduced by the authors in their previous work. The results showed significant performance improvements over a passive rubber mount. The VSEM also provides better vibration control than a hydromount at idle speed. Low hysteresis and the ability to be modelled by a linear model in low-frequency are the advantages of the VSEM over the vibration isolator introduced earlier and available hydromounts. These specifications facilitate the use of VSEM in the automotive industry, however, further evaluation and developments are needed for this purpose.     

Brake Valve Timing and Fuel Injection: a Unified Engine Torque Actuator for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

A unified engine torque actuator for heavy-duty vehicles is developed in this paper. Based on averaging and identification of the instantaneous torque response for changes in brake valve timing and fuel flow, we derive a control oriented engine model of a six cylinder, 350 Hp turbocharged diesel engine, equipped with a compression brake. This work bridges the gap between the detailed compression crank angle based models developed in the engine design community, and the first order lag representation of diesel engine torque response used in the vehicle dynamics community. Moreover, we integrate the compression brake actuator with the service brakes and design a PI-controller that emulates the driver's actions during long descends on grades. The controller simply uses the engine speed measurement to activate the service brakes only when needed.     

Semi-active engine mount design using auxiliary magneto-rheological fluid compliance chamber

Engine mounts are used in the automotive industry to isolate engine and chassis by reducing the noise and vibration imposed from one to the other. This paper describes modelling, simulation and design of a semi-active engine mount that is designed specifically to address the complicated vibration pattern of variable displacement engines (VDE). The ideal isolation for VDE requires the stiffness to be switchable upon cylinder activation/deactivation operating modes. In order to have a modular design, the same hydraulic engine mount components are maintained and a novel auxiliary magneto-rheological (MR) fluid chamber is developed and retrofitted inside the pumping chamber. The new compliance chamber is a controllable pressure regulator, which can effectively alter the dynamic performance of the mount. Switching between different modes happens by turning the electrical current to the MR chamber magnetic coil on and off. A model has been developed for the passive hydraulic mount and then it is extended to include the MR auxiliary chamber as well. A proof-of-concept prototype of the design has been fabricated which validates the mathematical model. The results demonstrate unique capability of the developed semi-active mount to be used for VDE application.     

优化发动机减振垫降低客车车内振动噪声

客车的车内噪声主要是低频声,它是由发动机和动力总成的振动所诱发的结构噪声,车内的低频结构噪声主要取决于动力总成的低频振动的隔离水平。通过对发动机橡胶减振垫的优化,达到降低客车车内振动噪声的目的。     

基于流固耦合有限元法的汽车发动机液力悬置动力学分析

介绍了车载发动机液力悬置流固耦合的有限元分析法,模拟了液力悬置的动态响应。通过瞬态时域响应的模拟结果,计算了液力悬置的动态性能。在计算过程中使用ALE方法进行坐标变换,有效解决了流体力学和结构动力学在坐标系上的不一致问题。计算过程无须估算或测试液力悬置的流体阻尼,无须测量橡胶主簧的体积刚度,可以得到液力悬置在时域内的动态响应,仿真结果与试验测试结果吻合较好。     

Brake Valve Timing and Fuel Injection: a Unified Engine Torque Actuator for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

A unified engine torque actuator for heavy-duty vehicles is developed in this paper. Based on averaging and identification of the instantaneous torque response for changes in brake valve timing and fuel flow, we derive a control oriented engine model of a six cylinder, 350 Hp turbocharged diesel engine, equipped with a compression brake. This work bridges the gap between the detailed compression crank angle based models developed in the engine design community, and the first order lag representation of diesel engine torque response used in the vehicle dynamics community. Moreover, we integrate the compression brake actuator with the service brakes and design a PI-controller that emulates the driver's actions during long descends on grades. The controller simply uses the engine speed measurement to activate the service brakes only when needed.