正面碰撞波形对乘员伤害值的影响

基于能量守恒原理,将复杂的实车碰撞波形简化成参数化的两阶等效波形。通过改变两阶等效波形中的特征参数,研究不同碰撞波形对乘员胸部加速度的影响。计算结果表明,通过合理控制碰撞波形和侵入量,可以有效降低乘员胸部加速度。     

基于尖顶等效方波的客车正面碰撞安全性结构优化

车体结构正面碰撞的加速度与乘员损伤之间存在着密切的联系。根据实际的碰撞加速度曲线的特点，建立“尖顶等效方波”模型，研究尖顶等效方波的特征参数影响人体损伤响应的规律，从而指导客车正面碰撞安全性的结构优化。     

Data-driven train set crash dynamics simulation

Traditional finite element (FE) methods are arguably expensive in computation/simulation of the train crash. High computational cost limits their direct applications in investigating dynamic behaviours of an entire train set for crashworthiness design and structural optimisation. On the contrary, multi-body modelling is widely used because of its low computational cost with the trade-off in accuracy. In this study, a data-driven train crash modelling method is proposed to improve the performance of a multi-body dynamics simulation of train set crash without increasing the computational burden. This is achieved by the parallel random forest algorithm, which is a machine learning approach that extracts useful patterns of force–displacement curves and predicts a force–displacement relation in a given collision condition from a collection of offline FE simulation data on various collision conditions, namely different crash velocities in our analysis. Using the FE simulation results as a benchmark, we compared our method with traditional multi-body modelling methods and the result shows that our data-driven method improves the accuracy over traditional multi-body models in train crash simulation and runs at the same level of efficiency.     

车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞的动态数值模拟及试验

对车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞动态数值模拟结果和实车足尺碰撞试验结果进行对比分析，从车辆行驶轨迹、乘员冲击加速度以及车辆损伤形态3个方面，验证了动态数值模拟的准确性，并分析了弯道混凝土护栏曲线半径对乘员碰撞过程中所承受冲击加速度的影响；得到乘员风险的最不利护栏半径。结果表明：有限元仿真是进行汽车护栏碰撞研究的有效方法；弯道处护栏的形式对碰撞时乘员的安全有很大影响。     

Lumped mass-spring model construction for crash analysis using full frontal impact test data

Lumped Mass-Spring (LMS) model is simple but very effective for the design study of vehicle crashworthiness and occupant safety. To construct the LMS model, the SISAME software and the NHTSA test data were used. Using the SISAME, the weights of mass elements and the load-paths of spring elements were optimally and directly extracted from the test data. Among the various types of spring, the segmented inelastic type of spring was effective for the vehicle crash analysis. In this study, to obtain the occupant injuries such as HIC15 and 3 ms Chest g’s, the LMS model containing the occupant model consisted of the head, chest and pelvis was developed and validated. The modeling for the chest deflection and neck injuries was not considered in this study because of the modeling difficulties and the limitation of the SISAME software. The simulation results of occupants showed good agreements with the test results. The modeling idea for the occupant was simple but very effective.     

Crash analysis and dynamical behaviour of light road and rail vehicles

The main goal of crashworthiness is to ensure that vehicles are safer for occupants, cargo and other road or rail users. The crash analysis of vehicles involves structural impact and occupant biomechanics. The traditional approaches to crashworthiness not only do not take into account the full vehicle dynamics, but also uncouple the structural impact and the occupant biomechanics in the crash study. The most common strategy is to obtain an acceleration pulse from a vehicle structural impact analysis or experimental test, very often without taking into account the effect of suspensions in its dynamics, and afterwards feed this pulse into a rigid occupant compartment that contains models of passengers. Multibody dynamics is the most common methodology to build and analyse vehicle models for occupant biomechanics, vehicle dynamics and, with ever increasing popularity, structural crash analysis. In this work, the aspects of multibody modelling relevant to road and rail vehicles and to occupant biomechanical modelling are revised. Afterwards, it is shown how multibody models of vehicles and occupants are used in crash analysis. The more traditional aspects of vehicle dynamics are then introduced in the vehicle models in order to appraise their importance in the treatment of certain types of impact scenarios for which the crash outcome is sensitive to the relative orientation and alignment between vehicles. Through applications to the crashworthiness of road and of rail vehicles, selected problems are discussed and the need for coupled models of vehicle structures, suspension subsystems and occupants is emphasized.     

汽车正面碰撞中驾驶员侧约束系统的可靠性优化

采用MADYMO仿真分析软件建立了某车型正面碰撞的驾驶员侧约束系统仿真模型;针对原始模型因假人碰撞转向盘造成的计算结果的不连续性,通过修正模型提高了乘员损伤值响应面的精度;考虑了系统中存在的随机性,对安全气囊和安全带的主要参数进行了可靠性优化,有效减小了正面刚性墙碰撞中假人的损伤值,并使乘员约束系统满足可靠性的设计要求...     

正面碰撞中假人伤害分析及安全性改进研究

论文了研究了正面碰撞中假人的运动过程及头部、颈部、胸部与下肢部位的伤害机理与考核指标,这些指标反映了车身碰撞特性、乘员约束系统特性及两者间的匹配这三个方面的综合性能,并针对车身耐撞性能、车身B柱曲线特性及转向系统、安全带与气囊等约束系统对假人的伤害影响进行了详细的分析。基于上述分析对一款新开发车型的安全性现状进行分析并逐步做出改进方案。通过零部件试验、滑车试验及实车验证试验证明分析及改进方案的有效性,本研究对车型开发设计及安全性能改进具有一定的指导意义。     

Seatbelt and seatback control for occupant protection in frontal automotive collisions

This paper investigates the potential benefits of an imminent collision prediction system for improving occupant protection in a frontal automotive crash. Knowledge of an impending unavoidable crash is assumed to be known 100 ms before the crash occurs. A three dof human occupant model is developed using a Lagrangian approach to represent occupant translation with respect to seat, torso rotation and neck rotation. The performance of traditional elastic seat belts is compared with that of an analytically calculated seat belt law in which the force values are calculated in real-time so as to just prevent collision with car interior. Simulations verify that the analytical seat belt force calculation results in less force on occupant for the same level of safety. Furthermore, results show that knowledge of a future collision can be used to pre-tension seat belts but can provide no additional benefits, if seat belts are the only means for active occupant protection. However, if seat tilt-back can be deployed using an on–off mechanism, such predictive knowledge of a future collision can provide significantly improved occupant protection in terms of preventing occupant collision with car interior.     

面向C-NCAP的轿车乘员约束系统性能改进研究

以C-NCAP评价为目标,利用MADYMO仿真技术对某乘用车乘员约束系统进行改进,并通过实车碰撞试验验证改进方案的效果.仿真与试验的结果表明,改进方案显著提高约束系统的性能,增强了其在碰撞过程中对乘员的保护效果.     

Mathematical model validated by a crash test for studying the occupant’s kinematics and dynamics in a cars’ frontal collision

The aim of the paper was to determine the kinematic parameters that influence the occupant injury risk through a mathematical model. The developed model is a 2D model composed of 4 bodies (2 vehicles, thorax and head). The head and thorax are interconnected with a rotation joint and a torsion spring meant to stiffen the relative movement between the bodies. The thorax is connected with the vehicle body by a linear spring meant to simulate the seatbelt stiffness. The model was solved using Lagrange principle and the validation of the model was made through a crash test performed using the same initial conditions and comparing the obtained values of the displacement, velocity and acceleration parameters with the ones obtained with the mathematical model. The head and torso were chosen due to the fact that they are the common parts of the body that get injured, especially the head with the change of 80 % to cause fatal injury in car’s frontal collision. Once the model was validated, the stiffness of the seatbelt was modified in order to determine the behavior of the occupant in case of car frontal collisions. When the seatbelt stiffness was reduced, the occupant displacement and velocity increased, while by increasing the stiffness, these parameters decreased. The values of the developed model presented a high degree of similarity with the results obtained from the crash test with an error of 10 %. This model can be used by engineers to easily asses the occupant injury risk in case of vehicle frontal collisions.     

Identification of linear handling models for road vehicles

This study reports the identification of linear handling models for road vehicles starting from structural identifiability analysis, continuing with the experiments to acquire data on a vehicle equipped with a sensor set and data acquisition system, and ending with the estimation of parameters using the collected data. The model structure originates from the well-known linear bicycle model that is frequently used in handling analysis of road vehicles. Physical parameters of the bicycle model structure are selected as the unknown parameter set that is to be identified. Global identifiability of the model structure is analysed, in detail, and concluded according to various available sensor sets. Physical parameters of the bicycle model structure are estimated using prediction error estimation method. Genetic algorithms are used in the optimisation phase of the identification algorithm to overcome the difficulty in the selection of initial values for parameter estimates. Validation analysis of the identified model is also presented. The identified model is shown to track the system response successfully.     

正面碰撞时轿车后排乘员的保护

为提高轿车后排乘员在发生正面碰撞时的安全性,文章利用碰撞仿真分析软件MADYMO,建立包括某轿车车体、安全带和假人的乘员约束系统正面碰撞模型,并与碰撞试验结果进行对比,验证了模型有效性。利用该模型对安全带形式和座垫角度对乘员的HIC、胸部3ms加速度和左右大腿力等损伤值的影响进行了比较,表明使用3点式安全带同时匹配座垫倾角25°的方法,能使头部损伤下降59%,胸部伤害下降20%,腿部损伤下降70%,有效提高后排乘员的安全性。     

Improved calibration of simulation models in railway dynamics: application of a parameter identification process to the multi-body model of a TGV train

This paper aims at estimating the vehicle suspension parameters of a TGV (Train à Grande Vitesse) train from measurement data. A better knowledge of these parameters is required for virtual certification or condition monitoring applications. The estimation of the parameter values is performed by minimising a misfit function describing the distance between the measured and the simulated vehicle response. Due to the unsteady excitation from the real track irregularities and nonlinear effects in the vehicle behaviour, the misfit function is defined in the time domain using a least squares estimation. Then an optimisation algorithm is applied in order to find the best parameter values within the defined constraints. The complexity of the solution surface with many local minima requires the use of global optimisation methods. The results show that the model can be improved by this approach providing a response of the simulation model closer to the measurements.     

正面碰撞后排女性乘员颈部损伤研究及改进方案验证

针对正面碰撞工况中乘用车后排5%女性乘员颈部损伤问题,对乘员颈部损伤与乘员运动及安全带约束之间的关系进行研究,建立颈部损伤机理矩阵分析模型,提出基于安全带力作用的碰撞过程三区间分段分析改进方案,并通过整车试验对比验证了该改进方案的有效性。结果表明,该方案颈部拉伸力F_z平均降低32%,颈部伸展力矩M_ocy平均降低67%,头部损伤指标HIC₁₅平均降低61%,提高了后排5%女性乘员头颈部的碰撞安全性。     

A real-time approach to robust identification of tyre–road friction characteristics on mixed-μ roads

ABSTRACT

The interaction between the tyre and the road is crucial for understanding the dynamic behaviour of a vehicle. The road–tyre friction characteristics play a key role in the design of braking, traction and stability control systems. Thus, in order to have a good performance of vehicle dynamic stability control, real-time estimation of the tyre–road friction coefficient is required. This paper presents a new development of an on-line tyre–road friction parameters estimation methodology and its implementation using both LuGre and Burckhardt tyre–road friction models. The proposed method provides the capability to observe the tyre–road friction coefficient directly using measurable signals in real-time. In the first step of our approach, the recursive least squares is employed to identify the linear parameterisation form of the Burckhardt model. The identified parameters provide, through a T–S fuzzy system, the initial values for the LuGre model. Then, a new LuGre model-based nonlinear least squares parameter estimation algorithm using the proposed static form of the LuGre to obtain the parameters of LuGre model based on recursive nonlinear optimisation of the curve fitting errors is presented. The effectiveness and performance of the algorithm are demonstrated through the real-time model simulations with different longitudinal speeds and different kinds of tyres on various road surface conditions in both Matlab/Carsim environments as well as collected data from real experiments on a commercial trailer.     

Two degrees of freedom PID multi-controllers to design a mathematical driver model: experimental validation and robustness tests

This paper proposes a mathematical driver model based on PID multi-controllers having two degrees of freedom. Each PID controller making up this model is synthesised by the Ziegler–Nichols oscillation method, using the linear time invariant models which are obtained around their nominal operating points. Different PID controllers are combined using nonlinear optimisation and the H _∞ constraint. To demonstrate its robustness, it was tested on two models: a linear parameter variant model and a nonlinear four-wheel model. It was also tested in situations of high dynamic demand. The driver model showed good performance, stability and trajectory tracking. The performance tests were carried out using experimental data acquired by a Laboratory Peugeot 307 developed by INRETS-MA. This driver model was developed for an application known as ‘Itinerary Rupture DIagnosis’ (DIARI), which aims to evaluate the physical limits of a vehicle negotiating a bend. DIARI requires a tool to determine the steering commands to be applied to a vehicle model, making extrapolations with respect to speed.     

轮胎模型刚度对前部偏置碰撞结果的影响

建立了整车碰撞模型中的轮胎模型后,通过调整模型参数,使模拟的轮胎刚度特性曲线近似于试验的轮胎刚度特性曲线,并应用于整车前部偏置碰撞模拟中,分析轮胎刚度对偏置碰撞结果的影响.结果表明,轮胎刚度对碰撞过程整车加速度、截面力、防火墙侵入量等均有一定的影响.     

Robust control and actuator dynamics compensation for railway vehicles

A robust controller is designed for active steering of a high speed train bogie with solid axle wheel sets to reduce track irregularity effects on the vehicle’s dynamics and improve stability and curving performance. A half-car railway vehicle model with seven degrees of freedom equipped with practical accelerometers and angular velocity sensors is considered for the H_∞ control design. The controller is robust against the wheel/rail contact parameter variations. Field measurement data are used as the track irregularities in simulations. The control force is applied to the vehicle model via ball-screw electromechanical actuators. To compensate the actuator dynamics, the time delay is identified online and is used in a second-order polynomial extrapolation carried out to predict and modify the control command to the actuator. The performance of the proposed controller and actuator dynamics compensation technique are examined on a one-car railway vehicle model with realistic structural parameters and nonlinear wheel and rail profiles. The results showed that for the case of nonlinear wheel and rail profiles significant improvements in the active control performance can be achieved using the proposed compensation technique.     

汽车碰撞安全与轻量化研发中的若干挑战性课题

汽车结构与动力电池的碰撞安全性是开发轻量化、电动化汽车的强制性要求和关键基础性支撑技术。通过3个方面的10个典型课题及研究结果,介绍并综述了汽车碰撞安全性研发的技术挑战。第一,采用夹层式汽车前舱罩盖技术,提升罩盖结构力学特性的横向均匀性以及冲击响应历程的均匀性,满足汽车吸能位移限定下的行人头部碰撞响应控制;采用精细人体有限元模型解析复杂工况下行人下肢损伤机理和影响参数,基于人体组织损伤层面的虚拟评估改进汽车结构的人体碰撞保护设计;面向复杂道路交通事故工况和多样化人体特征,解决强非线性条件下的自适应乘员智能保护系统优化设计难题,通过在时间和空间上对乘员约束载荷的均衡化实现针对工况可调的碰撞保护。第二,揭示材料冲击测试中系统共振导致信号振荡和材料屈服放大振荡的机理,开发抑制信号振荡的轻质动态力传感器;精细表征材料在碰撞载荷和复杂应力状态下的力学行为,针对高强钢、塑料、胶粘和焊点等轻质高强材料及复合连接接头建立大变形失效断裂预报方法及仿真模型。第三,基于动力电池多工况挤压试验,建立电池在外载荷作用下的材料失效、电压陡降与温度上升的响应特征关联性,提出用力学响应特征预测电池内部损伤起始和短路发生的判据,解决电池在机械滥用载荷下的短路预测问题,建立能准确预测电池变形响应的数值模型及碰撞安全评估方法,并应用于电池包和电动车的轻量化与碰撞安全性设计。