飞机牵引车全液压制动系统动态性能分析

分析了全液压制动系统的动态性能,并建立了全液压制动系统的数学模型.基于数学模型,应用Matlab/Simulink仿真程序,对全液压制动系统的动态特性进行仿真.并将仿真结果与气压制动系统和气顶液制动系统进行了分析对比,证明全液压制动系统具有良好的制动性能.     

盘式制动器车辆的制动抖动现象

盘式制动器的制动抖动现象，会影响车辆的行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性，其产生原因是制动盘的原始几何尺寸及热膨胀作用造成几何变形的共同作用引起制动压力的波动，进而产生对制动系统及悬架和转向机构的激振作用。制动管路和悬架等传递途径的自振特性，也会对抖动的振幅产生影响。文章在结合国内外相关文献和实验分析数据的基础上，对盘式制动器特有的制动抖动现象进行了研究。主要包括制动抖动现象的成因和相关各方面的实验与分析方法，最后提出了改进建议。     

Measurement of the disc-pad friction coefficient for mechanical brakes using direct and indirect methods

It is necessary to guarantee the proper brake force to stop a train safely in a limited distance and o adjust its speed. Currently, most trains are run by electrical power and have a combined electrical and mechanical (friction) braking system. The mechanical brake force is determined by many parameters, such as the friction coefficient of the brake disc and pad, the pressure in the brake cylinder, the brake cylinder’s cross sectional area and the brake linkage ratio. In general, the friction coefficient data of the brake disc and pad have been taken through a dynamo-test in a laboratory, but these data might not be well matched with real data under operating conditions because of the difference in data acquisition conditions. The present study examined two methodologies that can measure the friction coefficient of the brake pad and disc based on a train’s real operating conditions. The first method was the direct method, which measured the brake force and clamping force applied on the mechanical brake by using strain gauges installed on the brake to calculate the friction coefficient. The second was an indirect method that obtained the friction coefficient by using the weight of the train and the equivalent brake force. Those variables were calculated from the longitudinal dynamic characteristics, such as resistance to motion, gradient resistance and curved resistance. These two methodologies were used to obtain the disc-pad friction coefficient for the mechanical brakes of a Korean high-speed train (HSR350x).     

鼓式制动器低频振动的分析与改进

针对鼓式制动器低频振动严重的普遍问题,建立了鼓式制动器三维非线性动力学模型,并运用动力学仿真软件ADAMS进行了刚柔耦合仿真分析.基于领从蹄式制动器的结构特点,提出了前推模型,并与目前常用的后推模型进行对比分析,得出了前推模型的振动稳定性优于后推模型的结论.     

大跨径钢管混凝土系杆拱桥动力特性分析

该文介绍了利用MIDAS/Civil建立袍江大桥空间模型。其主拱、边拱、吊杆横梁和桥面系采用梁单元、板单元模拟,吊杆和系杆用只受拉单元模拟,并对其进行模态分析提取桥跨自振特性。与实测值进行比较,查看基本振动形态,得出该桥实测模态与理论计算模态较吻合,且面内振动频率符合简化计算公式规律,该桥动力特性优良。     

超大断面公路隧道斜交下穿高速铁路施工方案研究

以渝长扩能项目唐家嘴隧道为工程依托,为保证下穿段安全快速地通过,经技术经济方案比选,有限差分法数值模拟验证,确定下穿隧道最优施工方案。研究结果表明:双层初支+三台阶法具有工序简单、施工机械化程度高、工期短、经济性好等优点,对高铁路基沉降及轨道偏差的控制处于标准之内,下穿段隧道施工宜采用此方案。     

板簧变形与制动振跳分析

操纵稳定性是汽车重要性能,车桥摆振严重恶化汽车操纵稳定性,制动振跳是车桥摆振的表现形式之一。文章通过理论与试验相结合的方式探索制动振跳的诱发因素,对可能影响制动振跳的悬架布置形式、铜板弹簧刚度、前后轴制动力及其分配、前后轮抱死时间差、前桥下沉量、悬架系统阻尼等因素进行全面分析,简述了其对制动振跳的影响。然后根据装配工艺性、行驶平顺性等约束条件进行综合考虑,得出解决问题的方案。     

Brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise

Automotive brake systems today have many factors that can contribute to brake noise. Modern approaches to reduce the propensity of brake noise mostly target high frequency brake squeal. A more difficult constituent of brake noise to address is low frequency moan, which is typically caused when the brake system excites a suspension member with a constrained natural frequency in the range of excitation. Although most modern CAE techniques utilized to diagnose and solve brake noise issues focus on new brake pad condition, this paper will show the benefit of understanding a common wear mechanism “Taper Wear,?and attempt to correlate its effects on brake moan. In order to study this phenomenon, a finite element model of a disc brake is established, and a complex eigenvalue analysis (CEA) of the brake system is performed. The propensity of brake moan noise is evaluated on basis of damping ratio of a dynamic brake system model. By using the finite element model, effects of the brake pad taper wear on brake moan noise is studied. The results show that the brake pad taper wear is a significant factor for generating the instability causing the brake moan noise. The study is performed at various levels of brake pad taper wear. When the brake pad taper wear is more than 0.5 mm, the value of negative damping ratio rapidly increases, and the propensity of brake moan noise is greatly magnified. In this study, the simulation result correlated well with the test result, which provides the theory and guidance for brake moan noise control.     

Vibration path analysis and optimal design of the suspension for brake judder reduction

Brake judder is abnormal vibration, which is mainly generated by uneven contact between the brake disc and pad. The abnormal vibration from BTV (Brake Torque Variation) is transferred to the suspension and the steering system during braking. In this paper, judder simulation is carried out using a multi-body dynamic analysis program to analyze the relationship between judder and the transfer mechanism, which consists of the suspension and the steering system. In order to verify the analytical model, test results are compared with the simulation results. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out. In addition, an optimization method is presented for judder reduction, using the design of experiments.     

Effect of temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads on high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibrations

The soft under baseplate pad of WJ-8 rail fastener frequently used in China’s high-speed railways was taken as the study subject, and a laboratory test was performed to measure its temperature and frequency-dependent dynamic performance at 0.3?Hz and at ?60°C to 20°C with intervals of 2.5°C. Its higher frequency-dependent results at different temperatures were then further predicted based on the time–temperature superposition (TTS) and Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula. The fractional derivative Kelvin–Voigt (FDKV) model was used to represent the temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of the tested rail pad. By means of the FDKV model for rail pads and vehicle–track coupled dynamic theory, high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibrations due to temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads was investigated. Finally, further combining with the measured frequency-dependent dynamic performance of vehicle’s rubber primary suspension, the high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibration responses were discussed. It is found that the storage stiffness and loss factor of the tested rail pad are sensitive to low temperatures or high frequencies. The proposed FDKV model for the frequency-dependent storage stiffness and loss factors of the tested rail pad can basically meet the fitting precision, especially at ordinary temperatures. The numerical simulation results indicate that the vertical vibration levels of high-speed vehicle–track coupled systems calculated with the FDKV model for rail pads in time domain are higher than those calculated with the ordinary Kelvin–Voigt (KV) model for rail pads. Additionally, the temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of the tested rail pads would alter the vertical vibration acceleration levels (VALs) of the car body and bogie in 1/3 octave frequencies above 31.5?Hz, especially enlarge the vertical VALs of the wheel set and rail in 1/3 octave frequencies of 31.5–100?Hz and above 315?Hz, which are the dominant frequencies of ground vibration acceleration and rolling noise (or bridge noise) caused by high-speed railways respectively. Since the fractional derivative value of the adopted rubber primary suspension, unlike the tested rail pad, is very close to 1, its frequency-dependent dynamic performance has little effect on high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibration responses.     

鼓式制动器的噪声原因及模态分析

由鼓式制动器关键部件的实际工况,对鼓式制动器的制动底板、制动蹄等构件实现了对应的模态分析,分别抽选了后八阶的模态并归纳了对应的振型情况,由振型图和总结的分析列表,得到了鼓式制动器主要零部件的模态分析结果与达到固有频率的共振评价,为鼓式制动器设计阶段的结构强度分析提供了一定的侧面参考,具有实际的工程意义。     

利用子结构动态特性优化设计抑制制动器尖叫

针对制动器噪声分析研究所提出的对子结构修改以抑制噪声发生的目标 ,探讨了优化设计的修改方法。在对有制动尖叫倾向的制动器进行建模分析并确定其关键子结构动态特性修改方向的基础上 ,在部件子结构中引入设计参数 ,用最优化的方法按照设定的目标函数对结构动态特性进行修改。最后通过模型验证 ,表明部件子结构动态特性修改后制动器系统在原来尖叫频率的不稳定模态不再出现     

Analysis of automotive disc brake squeal considering damping and design modifications for pads and a disc

The squeal noise occurring from the disc brakes of passenger cars has been analyzed by using the complex eigenvalue method numerically. The contact between a disc and two pads was analytically modeled as many linear springs and dampers in an effort to develop the improved equation of motion derived on the basis of Lagrange’s equation and the assumed mode method. The finite element modal analysis results for disc brake components constitute an eigenvalue matrix in the analytical equation of motion. The complex eigenvalue analyses based on the equations of motion are able to examine the dynamic instability of a brake system, which is an onset of squeal, by considering the disc rotational effect. Numerical analyses showed that the modes unstable in an undamped analysis became stable in a damped case, which illustrates the important effect of damping on the squeal instability in a brake squeal simulation. Then several modified brake models were suggested and investigated how effectively they suppressed the occurrence of squeal noise. The brake parts such as a pad chamfer and a disc vane were modified and the influence of pad chamfer and vane shapes on squeal occurrence was proved to be significant. The numerical results showed that proper structural modification of a disc brake system can suppress the brake squeal to some extent.     

Wheel slide protection control using a command map and Smith predictor for the pneumatic brake system of a railway vehicle

In railway vehicles, excessive sliding or wheel locking can occur while braking because of a temporarily degraded adhesion between the wheel and the rail caused by the contaminated or wet surface of the rail. It can damage the wheel tread and affect the performance of the brake system and the safety of the railway vehicle. To safeguard the wheelset from these phenomena, almost all railway vehicles are equipped with wheel slide protection (WSP) systems. In this study, a new WSP algorithm is proposed. The features of the proposed algorithm are the use of the target sliding speed, the determination of a command for WSP valves using command maps, and compensation for the time delay in pneumatic brake systems using the Smith predictor. The proposed WSP algorithm was verified using experiments with a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system including the hardware of the pneumatic brake system.     

应用虚拟样机技术进行半挂汽车列车制动动力学分析

将虚拟仿真软件ADAMS应用到半挂汽车列车制动动力学研究中，建立了半挂汽车列车整车26自由度（DOF）动力学模型，对半挂汽车列车直线制动及转弯制动进干亍了仿真分析。通过仿真分析发现，在车辆无ABS转弯制动时，即使按照理想抱死顺序实施制动，半挂车也会出现瞬态“甩尾”的危险工况。     

发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用时的非连续线性控制系统的研究

针对客车发动机制动、排气制动的制动扭矩比较小的问题,提出采用发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用的持续制动方式,并且针对汽车在山区道路下坡行驶过程中对稳定车速的要求,进行了相应的控制系统设计。模拟分析结果表明:该控制系统可以保证汽车在不采用行车制动器的条件下,利用发动机制动、排气制动与缓速器联合作用的持续制动方式,在各种坡度的坡道上以希望的车速稳定下坡行驶,为汽车在山区道路连续下坡行驶的制动安全性提供了一个合理的解决方案。     

A novel fuzzy logic correctional algorithm for traction control systems on uneven low-friction road conditions

The traction control system (TCS) might prevent excessive skid of the driving wheels so as to enhance the driving performance and direction stability of the vehicle. But if driven on an uneven low-friction road, the vehicle body often vibrates severely due to the drastic fluctuations of driving wheels, and then the vehicle comfort might be reduced greatly. The vibrations could be hardly removed with traditional drive-slip control logic of the TCS. In this paper, a novel fuzzy logic controller has been brought forward, in which the vibration signals of the driving wheels are adopted as new controlled variables, and then the engine torque and the active brake pressure might be coordinately re-adjusted besides the basic logic of a traditional TCS. In the proposed controller, an adjustable engine torque and pressure compensation loop are adopted to constrain the drastic vehicle vibration. Thus, the wheel driving slips and the vibration degrees might be adjusted synchronously and effectively. The simulation results and the real vehicle tests validated that the proposed algorithm is effective and adaptable for a complicated uneven low-friction road.     

多轴轮式工程机械动力学建模及制动性能仿真

为了预先掌握多轴轮式工程机械制动性能,指导制动系统设计,以某四轴轮式工程机械为对象,考虑了地面附着条件、质心位置、制动产生的轴荷转移等因素,进行了制动性能仿真研究。通过车轮坐标系与整车坐标系映射关系,对悬挂和车轮的小变形作线性假设,建立了整机在制动稳定极限状态下的动力学模型,利用MATLAB/Simulink分析附着系数、质心相对位置、制动初速度对制动距离的影响,并将仿真结果与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：仿真结果与试验结果吻合良好;随地面附着系数和质心距离第Ⅰ轴中心线位置的增加,整车制动距离减小;随制动初速度和质心距离地面高度的提高,整车制动距离增加;相对静止状态,制动过程中第Ⅰ轴和第Ⅳ轴轴荷变化最显著。     

一种新型增力式车轮制动器

研制了一种利用滚柱并通过楔形结构实现制动增力的新型增力式车轮制动器,该结构可使制动蹄受力合理、磨损均匀,为中、重型汽车采用液压制动提供了有效的途径。介绍了该制动器的结构、工作原理,确立了增力条件,导出了一些关键参数的确定方法。初步试验表明,该增力式车轮制动器增力效果显著,制动力大小仍然可以通过制动踏板进行控制,最大制动力能够达到试验车气压制动的水平。简要分析了存在的问题及解决方法。     

电液复合制动匹配研究

对轮边驱动型式的电动汽车的电液复合制动系统匹配方法进行研究，基于MATLAB／SIMULINK平台建立复合制动系统的动念仿真模型，对某电动车型的电液复合制动参数进行了分析和设计。