In situ body mount optimization: theory and experiment

In this paper, an in situ method has been used to find the optimum set of body mounts for a given vehicle. The strength of this method is that it does not require the vehicle to be disassembled. Standard noise, vibration and harshness testing procedures are used to obtain frequency response function (FRF) models of the vehicle's subsystems. This is followed by FRF-based substructuring synthesis approach to obtain the overall vehicle model. The model is incorporated into an optimization algorithm to predict the optimum set of body mounts for a desired objective function. The in situ method is presented and applied to an experimental case study of a pick up truck. The experimental results confirmed the validity and effectiveness of this approach in finding the optimum body mount set, resulting in significant reduction in the vibration level of the vehicle.     

动力总成悬置系统建模与解耦优化

将悬置看作弹簧阻尼元件,优化动力总成悬置系统的刚度矩阵,从而合理布置各阶频率,使模态间振动解耦。通过Maxwell力学模型求解悬置的频变特性和幅变特性,并建立含该力学模型的整车刚柔耦合动力学模型。计算出的整车系统振动响应表明,解耦优化后的悬置系统明显改善了悬置系统的隔振效果。     

Computational model of conventional engine mounts for commercial vehicles: validation and application

In this paper, a computational model of conventional engine mounts for commercial vehicles comprising elastic, viscous and friction functional components, which expresses the nonlinear behaviour of the dynamic stiffness and damping of mounts as functions of both frequency and amplitude of excitation, is developed. Optimisation approach is implemented to identify model parameters using measurement data. The developed model has been validated against measurement data for harmonic excitations with a frequency range of 5–100 Hz and an amplitude range of 0.025–2 mm employing three different engine mounts used in heavy trucks. The model shows good and admissible agreement with measurement data keeping the tolerance of estimation below 11%. Simulations of engine vibration dynamics are presented with both proposed model and commonly applied Kelvin–Voigt model of the mounts. The developed model can be used in complete vehicle advanced dynamic analyses and also in the design of semi-active and active engine mounting systems for commercial vehicles.     

商用车驾驶室悬置隔振仿真研究

采用多刚体系统动力学理论研究商用车驾驶室悬置隔振系统的平顺性问题，提出了基于多刚体动力学的现代虚拟样机技术进行驾驶室悬置隔振系统设计和计算分析方法，运用ADAMS软件建立了整车系统的参数化振动模型，结合实际参数对典型货车进行了随机振动分析，以驾驶室座椅处加速度均方根值为评价对象对原车驾驶室悬置系统和底盘主悬架系统进行了参数匹配和改进设计，解决了原车隔振效果差的问题。     

Sensitivity analysis and optimisation of suspension bushing using Taguchi method and grey relational analysis

In this paper, a novel method is presented for investigating suspension bushing based on mechanical properties of the bushing, their effective directions, spring stiffness and damping coefficient of bushing. The vehicle vibration model and suspension geometry parameters are used to optimise the vehicle suspension based on multi-body dynamics simulation (ADAMS/CAR) initially. Several experiment tests based on ISO 4128 and ISO 7401 have been performed in one of main Iranian automaker (SAIPA) in order to verify the ADAMS/CAR model. The grey relational analysis based on using Taguchi L27 orthogonal array is used to obtain the optimum suspension. Then the bushing characteristics are optimised considering the indicated method. This method considers a combination of ride comfort and handling qualities of vehicle as objective functions simultaneously. The results of optimum suspension are compared with typical Renault Logan which declares the accuracy and efficiency of this method in optimising suspension bushing.     

Shape design optimization of interior permanent magnet motor for vibration mitigation using level set method

This paper presents a new optimization method to obtain the structural design of permanent magnet motor which can reduce the mechanical vibration. The optimization problem is formulated to minimize a multi-objective function including the mean compliance of the whole stator for maximizing the stiffness under the magnetic force and the torque ripple by aligning torque profiles to a constant target value for maximizing the magnetic performance, with constraint for material usage. The level set function is introduced for representing the structural boundaries and calculating the material properties. A coupled magneto-mechanical analysis is performed to verify the vibration characteristic of the motor system and obtain the design sensitivities. To confirm the usefulness of the proposed design method and to obtain the optimum structural design for low vibration motor, a design example of 20 kW interior permanent magnet motor developed for the power train of a hybrid electric vehicle is provided.     

键合图理论在汽车纵向角振动主动控制中的应用

本文应用键合图理论建立了汽车5自由度振动系统的键图模型并推导出状态方程，以垂直振动、纵向角振动能量最小和控制能量最小为目标函数，利用状态反馈原理代化出前悬架减振器的最佳控制力，对汽车驶过三角形单凸起时的振动响应进行了计算机仿真分析。结果表明，具有主动控制悬架的汽车，其纵向角振动得到明显的衰减。     

Finite-element model calibration of a railway vehicle based on experimental modal parameters

This article describes the experimental calibration of a three-dimensional numerical model of an Alfa Pendular train vehicle based on modal parameters. The dynamic tests of the carbody and bogie of the vehicle allowed the determination of the frequencies and modal configurations of 13 vibration modes, by applying the data-driven stochastic subspace identification method. In addition, a dynamic characterisation test of the passenger-seat system was also conducted. The calibration of the model was performed using a submodelling/multistep approach involving two phases, the first one focused on the calibration of the model of the bogie under test conditions and the second one focused on the calibration of the complete model of the vehicle. The calibration was performed through an iterative method based on a genetic algorithm and allowed to obtain optimal values of 17 parameters of the numerical model. For the pairing of the vibration modes, real and complex, a recent technique was used based on the calculation of the modal strain energy. The stability of a significant number of parameters considering different initial populations demonstrated the robustness of the algorithm. The comparison of experimental and numerical responses before and after calibration revealed significant improvements in the numerical model and a very good correlation between the responses obtained with the calibrated model and the experimental responses.     

汽车动力总成液力悬置——一种新型隔振元件的结构发展

动力总成液力悬置是国外70年代末在汽车上开始应用的新型隔振元件，是国际汽车隔振技术的重大突破，由于它具有优良的动特性，可明显降低汽车振动和车内噪声，因而它取代传统的橡胶悬置是未来发展的必然,本文回顾了液力悬置的发展历史，对其进行了分类，阐述了各种典型的液力悬置的结构工作原理和性能特点及其发展趋势。     

Vertical random vibration analysis of vehicle–track coupled system using Green's function method

A vertical vehicle–track coupled dynamic model, consisting of a high-speed train on a continuously supported rail, is established in the frequency-domain. The solution is obtained efficiently by use of the Green's function method, which can determine the vibration response over a wide range of frequency without any limitations due to modal truncation. Moreover, real track irregularity spectra can be used conveniently as input. The effect of the flexibility of both track and car body on the entire vehicle–track coupled dynamic response is investigated. A multi-body model of a vehicle with either rigid or flexible car body is defined running on three kinds of track: a rigid rail, a track stiffness model and a Timoshenko beam model. The results show that neglecting the track flexibility leads to an overestimation of both the contact force and the whole vehicle vibration response. The car body flexibility affects the ride quality of the vehicle and the coupling through the track and can be significant in certain frequency ranges. Finally, the effect of railpad and ballast stiffness on the vehicle–track coupled vibration is analysed, indicating that the stiffness of the railpad has an influence on the system in a higher frequency range than the ballast.     

Influence of long-wavelength track irregularities on the motion of a high-speed train

Vertical track irregularities over viaducts in high-speed rail systems could be possibly caused by concrete creep if pre-stressed concrete bridges are used. For bridge spans that are almost uniformly distributed, track irregularity exhibits a near-regular wave profile that excites car bodies as a high-speed train moves over the bridge system. A long-wavelength irregularity induces low-frequency excitation that may be close to the natural frequencies of the train suspension system, thereby causing significant vibration of the car body. This paper investigates the relationship between the levels of car vibration, bridge vibration, track irregularity, and the train speed. First, this study investigates the vibration levels of a high-speed train and bridge system using 3D finite-element (FE) transient dynamic analysis, before and after adjustment of vertical track irregularities by means of installing shimming plates under rail pads. The analysis models are validated by in situ measurements and on-board measurement. Parametric studies of car body vibration and bridge vibration under three different levels of track irregularity at five train speeds and over two bridge span lengths are conducted using the FE model. Finally, a discontinuous shimming pattern is proposed to avoid vehicle suspension resonance.     

发动机液压悬置低频模型参数识别方法的研究

根据悬置低频振动模型,提出了基于DE算法的发动机液压悬置模型识别方法,由简单的低频正弦激振试验直接估计模型的关键参数值,完成模型的参数识别。基于上述理论和试验相结合的模型识别方法可以代替组件试验,识别结果可直接用于复杂结构悬置元件的动特性预测和整车NVH性能研究。     

Development of an Active Control Engine Mount System

In an attempt to reduce idling vibration and booming noise in automobile engines, the authors have developed an engine mounting system we call the ACM(Active Control engine Mount) system. Comprising a pair of electromagnetic actuators and hydraulic mounts, the system incorporates an adaptive control strategy based on the synchronized filtered-X LMS (SFX) algorithm. The crank angle pulse signal is detected as the synchronization signal and the force transmitted to the car body through the engine mounts is detected as a residual signal. Application of the ACM system to a vehicle with a transversally mounted four-cylinder engine resulted in significantly reduced idling vibration and booming noise.     

Development of an Active Control Engine Mount System

In an attempt to reduce idling vibration and booming noise in automobile engines, the authors have developed an engine mounting system we call the ACM(Active Control engine Mount) system. Comprising a pair of electromagnetic actuators and hydraulic mounts, the system incorporates an adaptive control strategy based on the synchronized filtered-X LMS (SFX) algorithm. The crank angle pulse signal is detected as the synchronization signal and the force transmitted to the car body through the engine mounts is detected as a residual signal. Application of the ACM system to a vehicle with a transversally mounted four-cylinder engine resulted in significantly reduced idling vibration and booming noise.     

汽车侧向振动模拟研究

本文论述了一般汽车振动模型在分析汽车侧向振动时存的问题，通过引入悬架导向作用，轮胎侧偏效应及有效路形概念，建立了１５自由度整车振动模型，模拟计算结果与试验数据的比较了所提出的汽车侧向振动模拟方法的有效性。     

基于键合图模型的汽车悬架减振器失效分析

应用键合图法建立整车模型,将整车模型进行Simulink转化,在仿真模型中对减振器失效引起的汽车振动变化情况进行分析研究,提出一种新的汽车悬架减振器失效分析与评价方法。     

Investigation of the effects of sleeper-passing impacts on the high-speed train

The sleeper-passing impact has always been considered negligible in normal conditions, while the experimental data obtained from a High-speed train in a cold weather expressed significant sleeper-passing impacts on the axle box, bogie frame and car body. Therefore, in this study, a vertical coupled vehicle/track dynamic model was developed to investigate the sleeper-passing impacts and its effects on the dynamic performance of the high-speed train. In the model, the dynamic model of vehicle is established with 10 degrees of freedom. The track model is formulated with two rails supported on the discrete supports through the finite element method. The contact forces between the wheel and rail are estimated using the non-linear Hertz contact theory. The parametric studies are conducted to analyse effects of both the vehicle speeds and the discrete support stiffness on the sleeper-passing impacts. The results show that the sleeper-passing impacts become extremely significant with the increased support stiffness of track, especially when the frequencies of sleeper-passing impacts approach to the resonance frequencies of wheel/track system. The damping of primary suspension can effectively lower the magnitude of impacts in the resonance speed ranges, but has little effect on other speed ranges. Finally, a more comprehensively coupled vehicle/track dynamic model integrating with a flexible wheel set is developed to discuss the sleeper-passing-induced flexible vibration of wheel set.     

汽车离合器多级式非线性扭振减振器弹性元件优化设计

建立了汽车离合器多级式非线性扭振减器弹性元件的优化设计数学模型，开发了功能较完整的优化计算程序ＡＣＴＤＯＤ，可在给定多级非线性扭振减振器弹性特性曲线的条件下，进行其全部弹性元件的优化设计。最后，以实例设计计算表明，该数学模型和优化计算程序是正确、有效的。     

Kineto-dynamic design optimisation for vehicle-specific seat-suspension systems

Designs and analyses of seat-suspension systems are invariably performed considering effective vertical spring rate and damping properties, while neglecting important contributions due to kinematics of the widely used cross-linkage mechanism. In this study, a kineto-dynamic model of a seat-suspension is formulated to obtain relations for effective vertical suspension stiffness and damping characteristics as functions of those of the air spring and the hydraulic damper, respectively. The proposed relations are verified through simulations of the multi-body dynamic model of the cross-linkage seat-suspension in the ADAMS platform. The validity of the kineto-dynamic model is also demonstrated through comparisons of its vibration transmission response with the experimental data. The model is used to identify optimal air spring coordinates to attain nearly constant natural frequency of the suspension, irrespective of the seated body mass and seated height. A methodology is further proposed to identify optimal damping requirements for vehicle-specific suspension designs to achieve minimal seat effective amplitude transmissibility (SEAT) and vibration dose value (VDV) considering vibration spectra of different classes of earthmoving vehicles. The shock and vibration isolation performance potentials of the optimal designs are evaluated under selected vehicle vibration superimposed with shock motions. Results show that the vehicle-specific optimal designs could provide substantial reductions in the SEAT and VDV values for the vehicle classes considered.     

基于Simulink的轮边驱动电动车振动分析与仿真

为解决轮边驱动电动车安全性和平顺性低的问题,文章以基于吸振原理的轮边驱动电动车垂向3自由度系统为例,运用机械振动学原理建立动力学微分方程,采用状态空间法将此系统的微分方程转化为便于Matlab/Simulink软件仿真的模型。通过分析和仿真可以直接获得轮边驱动电动车沿垂直地面方向的运动曲线图,在正弦激励作用下,动力吸振器、车轮及车身均作周期性运动。将机械振动学和Simulink软件相结合能够准确方便地对轮边驱动电动车的振动进行分析与仿真,为处理类似的汽车振动系统仿真提供了参考。