Measurement and analysis of tyre and tread block dynamics due to contact phenomena

This paper deals with the dynamic behaviour of tyres and it is aimed at describing their dynamic features in the frequency band above 1 kHz, a range difficult to manage due to measurement noise and to the unreliability of numerical models, where the main influence is that of tread and blocks. Measurements have been made possible by fixing three three-axial micro-electro-mechanical system accelerometers on the liner and exciting the tyre under test by means of a dedicated test bench, suitably designed and constructed. Different kinds of tests have been considered in this research and described in the present paper. All of them show that a strong link exists between contact phenomena and tyre response in the frequency band over 1 kHz. This field is dominated by the tread and block dynamic responses. Furthermore, it is shown that vibrations of a sliding tyre give contributions in that frequency range for the above-mentioned reasons. It is thought that the study of the tyre behaviour over 1 kHz, though affected by significant uncertainties, can provide a proper knowledge to improve breaking effectiveness.     

Numerical investigation of engine-to-slip dynamics for motorcycle traction control applications

This work discusses the motorcycle engine-to-slip dynamics which are strictly related to the traction control design. A street motorcycle is analysed by means of an advanced mathematical model which also includes the tyre flexibility and the transmission compliance. The effects of the following parameters on engine-to-slip dynamics are investigated: vehicle speed, engaged gear ratio, sprocket absorber flexibility and road properties. Guidelines for increasing the maximum achievable closed-loop bandwidth are given.     

Velocity and normal tyre force estimation for heavy trucks based on vehicle dynamic simulation considering the road slope angle

A precise estimation of vehicle velocities can be valuable for improving the performance of the vehicle dynamics control (VDC) system and this estimation relies heavily upon the accuracy of longitudinal and lateral tyre force calculation governed by the prediction of normal tyre forces. This paper presents a computational method based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) method to estimate both longitudinal and lateral velocities and develops a novel quasi-stationary method to predict normal tyre forces of heavy trucks on a sloping road. The vehicle dynamic model is constructed with a planar dynamic model combined with the Pacejka tyre model. The novel quasi-stationary method for predicting normal tyre forces is able to characterise the typical chassis configuration of the heavy trucks. The validation is conducted through comparing the predicted results with those simulated by the TruckSim and it has a good agreement between these results without compromising the convergence speed and stability.     

A novel vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm based on the hierarchical strategy with constrain of nonlinear tyre forces

Direct yaw moment control (DYC), which differentially brakes the wheels to produce a yaw moment for the vehicle stability in a steering process, is an important part of electric stability control system. In this field, most control methods utilise the active brake pressure with a feedback controller to adjust the braked wheel. However, the method might lead to a control delay or overshoot because of the lack of a quantitative project relationship between target values from the upper stability controller to the lower pressure controller. Meanwhile, the stability controller usually ignores the implementing ability of the tyre forces, which might be restrained by the combined-slip dynamics of the tyre. Therefore, a novel control algorithm of DYC based on the hierarchical control strategy is brought forward in this paper. As for the upper controller, a correctional linear quadratic regulator, which not only contains feedback control but also contains feed forward control, is introduced to deduce the object of the stability yaw moment in order to guarantee the yaw rate and side-slip angle stability. As for the medium and lower controller, the quantitative relationship between the vehicle stability object and the target tyre forces of controlled wheels is proposed to achieve smooth control performance based on a combined-slip tyre model. The simulations with the hardware-in-the-loop platform validate that the proposed algorithm can improve the stability of the vehicle effectively.     

A study on the effect of different tyre imperfections on steering wheel vibration

Multibody dynamics and tyre models have made possible detailed analysis not only for ride and handling, but also for determining their effects on tyre nonuniformities. The aim of this paper is to analyse the steering wheel vibration, both shimmy and shake, excited by different tyre imperfections by using the commercial simulation package ADAMS/car 2005R2 and FTire. Different settings with respect to imperfection locations, amount, and the combined effects of defects have been studied. An interesting beat phenomenon is observed when all the wheels have imperfections. A procedure to determine the type of imperfections in the tyre from the results of the test rig has also been proposed.     

柴油机起动敲缸对其强度影响的试验研究

设计了一种新型试验装置,用于R4102DL柴油机起动敲缸的试验研究。基于瞬时速度和通过数据采集系统而得到的1缸和3缸示功图,研究了起动敲缸对连杆、活塞及活塞环强度的影响。结果表明,起动敲缸对发动机强度的影响很大;第1次循环的爆燃压力可达9.2 MPa,是平稳怠速下气缸压力的2.4倍。因此,改善起动性能,降低起动时气缸压力对发动机平稳性和延长其使用寿命有着重要意义。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of rail corrugation on the behaviour of rail fastenings

This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation of the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of metro rail fastenings, obtained from extensive experiments conducted on site and from simulations of train–track dynamics. The results of tests conducted with a metro train operating on corrugated tracks are presented and discussed first. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the metro train and a slab track was developed using multi-body dynamics modelling and the finite element method to simulate the effect of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of rail fastenings. In the model, the metro train is modelled as a multi-rigid body system, and the slab track is modelled as a discrete elastic support system consisting of two Timoshenko beams for the rails, a 3D solid finite element (FE) model for the slabs, periodic discrete viscoelastic elements for the rail fastenings that connect the rails to the slabs, and uniformly viscoelastic elements for the subgrade beneath the slabs. The proposed train–track model was used to investigate the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of the metro track system and fastenings. An FE model for the rail fastenings was also developed and was used to calculate the stresses in the clips, some of which rupture under the excitation of rail corrugation. The results of the field experiments and dynamics simulations provide an insight into the root causes of the fracture of the clips, and several remedies are suggested for mitigating strong vibrations and failure of metro rail fastening systems.     

共轨喷油器驱动电路的试验研究

在一种灵活的共轨喷油器驱动电路的基础上,重点研究了不同的充电速率、放电速率和保持电流对共轨式燃油喷射系统的瞬态响应、一致性、最小油量控制和多次喷射的影响,为实现共轨式燃油喷射系统的上述各种特性综合最优提供依据.     

Effects of the guideway's vibrational characteristics on the dynamics of a Maglev vehicle

The levitation control system in an electromagnetically levitated vehicle controls the voltage in its winding to maintain the air gap, which is the clearance between the electromagnet and the guideway, within an allowable range of variation, while strongly interacting with the flexible guideway. Thus, the vibrational characteristics of the guideway play an important role in the dynamics of Maglev (magnetically levitated) vehicles that utilise an active electromagnetic suspension system. In this study, the effects of the guideway's vibrational characteristics, such as natural frequency and damping, on the dynamics of the Maglev vehicle UTM-02 are numerically and experimentally analysed. From these analyses, the coupled equations of motion of the simplified vehicle–guideway model with three degrees of freedom are derived. Eigenvalues are calculated and frequency response analysis is also performed, in order to obtain a clear understanding of the dynamic characteristics resulting from the guideway's vibrational characteristics. To verify the numerical results, air gap tests of the urban Maglev vehicle UTM-02 are also carried out. These results lead us to recommend that the natural frequency of the guideway be decreased by increasing mass density rather than by decreasing rigidity, and that its damping ratio be increased in the Maglev vehicle UTM-02 employing a five-state feedback control law as a levitation control law.     

离合器到离合器式自动变速器控制系统的试验研究

在台架上对某一离合器到离合器式自动变速器的控制系统进行了试验研究.结果表明,影响换挡品质的控制参数有初始结合控制参数、初始分离控制参数、填充时间控制参数、离合器结合控制参数变化率和分离控制参数变化率.通过试验测得了该变速器在不同换挡条件下,上述参数的选用值,为此类变速器控制系统的设计提供参考.     

Effects of multiple axles on the lateral dynamics of multi-articulated vehicles

This paper describes an analytical study of the lateral dynamics of multi-articulated vehicles with multiple axles. A linear planar model of vehicle dynamics is adopted for multiple-axle vehicle combinations with an optional number of trailers. Two tractor and double-trailer combinations are examined for their directional stability and response. Non-oscillatory stability and steering sensitivity in steady-state turning and lane changing are analysed using a stability factor of multiple-axle vehicle combinations. Off-tracking in the steady-state turning of multiple-axle vehicle combinations is also analysed. Numerical calculations for oscillatory stability, steering sensitivity, and off-tracking are presented for multiple-axle vehicle combinations.     

车用柴油机燃用生物柴油PAHs排放特性试验研究

在发动机台架上对一台车用直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油和柴油PAHs的排放特性进行试验,排气巾颗粒相和气相PAHs分别用玻璃纤维滤膜和PUF/XAD-2/PUF吸附管采集,用色谱-质谱联用仪对PAHs进行定量分析.结果表明:发动机燃用生物柴油时PAHs排放浓度较燃用柴油时下降了30.4%～57.8%;燃用生物柴油时PAHs排放中对人体极为有害的苯并(a)芘浓度较燃用柴油时下降了56.6%～94.9%.     

圆钢管混凝土压弯构件滞回性能的试验研究与理论分析

以轴压比为主要参数,进行了8个圆钢管混凝土构件滞回性能的试验研究。采用数值方法计算了圆钢管混凝土构件的弯矩—曲率及水平荷载—水平位移滞回关系曲线,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。在系统考察了轴压比、长细比、含钢率、钢材屈服强度和混凝土强度等参数对圆钢管混凝土构件滞回曲线骨架线影响规律的基础上,提出了弯矩—曲率和水平荷载—水平位移滞回关系模型以及位移延性系数的简化确定方法。     

Smoothing dry friction damping by dither generated in rolling contact of wheel and rail and its influence on ride dynamics of freight wagons

Friction dampers of mechanical systems are frequently exposed to medium-frequency (M-F) dither generated in the surrounding environment. A dithered system of technical importance is the railway freight wagon with friction dampers in the primary suspension developing two-dimensional friction, where dither is generated by the rolling contact of wheel and rail. This paper presents some results of the investigation of the influence of dither on dry friction damping. This influence has been studied experimentally and theoretically, and the parameters of dither influencing dry friction damping have been indicated. An experimental set-up has been designed that allows investigating friction damping in the presence of dither. The experiments have shown that friction damping in the presence of the M-F dither behaves like viscous damping. This means that dither smoothes dry friction as far as damping is concerned. To investigate this phenomenon theoretically, a rheological model of dry friction has been proposed that is applicable to one- and two-dimensional friction. In the latter case, the model takes into account friction anisotropy. According to performed numerical simulations of freight wagon motion, with dither supplied to the model through measured vertical accelerations of axle boxes, smoothing dry friction by dither strongly influences ride dynamics of the wagon with friction dampers in the primary suspension. Smoothing dry friction by dither should be accounted for in numerical simulations of motion of vehicles with friction dampers in the primary suspension by employing a proper model of the two-dimensional friction and application of realistic dither generated by rolling contact.     

An investigation into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels and its effect on the dynamic behaviour of a wheel/rail system

This paper presents a detailed investigation conducted into the mechanism of the polygonal wear of metro train wheels through extensive experiments conducted at the sites. The purpose of the experimental investigation is to determine from where the resonant frequency that causes the polygonal wear of the metro train wheels originates. The experiments include the model tests of a vehicle and its parts and the tracks, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation and the observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels. The tracks tested include the viaducts and the tunnel tracks. The structure model tests show that the average passing frequency of a polygonal wheel is approximately close to the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset that is found by the wheelset model test and verified by the finite element analysis of the wheelset. Also, the dynamic behaviour test of the vehicle in operation indicates the main frequencies of the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes, which are dominant in the vertical acceleration vibration of the axle boxes and close to the passing frequency of a polygonal wheel, which shows that the first bending resonant frequency of the wheelset is very exciting in the wheelset operation. The observation test of the polygonal wear development of the wheels indicates an increase in the rate of the polygonal wear of the wheels after their re-profiling. This paper also describes the dynamic models used for the metro vehicle coupled with the ballasted track and the slab track to analyse the effect of the polygonal wear of the wheels on the wheel/rail normal forces.     

玄武岩纤维增强沥青混凝土抗裂性能试验研究

玄武岩纤维具有天然的与沥青混凝土的亲和力和耐碱性,能更有效地参与矿料和沥青混合料之间的结合。通过约束应力和冲击韧性试验,研究玄武岩纤维加筋沥青混凝土的低温抗裂性能,为玄武岩纤维在沥青路面中的推广应用提供理论依据。     

非平衡等离子体净化发动机尾气的研究

按照“严控两端”的创新思路,以气体放电理论为基础,研制出了一套去除汽车尾气有害排放物的非平衡等离子体反应装置,并进行了去除NOx的试验研究。结果表明,在一定范围内,NOx去除率随进气放电反应管通电数目、排气梯度钢筒通电数目和钢筒内钼丝缠绕数目的变化而变化。在发动机中低速工况下,该尾气处理装置对NOx的去除率可达到65%左右。与传统三元催化器相比,该装置结构简单、成本低、可靠性高。若能进一步提升去污效果,具有很好的应用前景。     

制动引起转向盘抖动的传递途径试验研究

通过制动抖动整车道路再现试验和DYNAMO试验台的制动器台架试验研究,确定了制动器制动力矩的波动(BTV)向转向盘传递的主要途径,并考察了传递途径中各个零部件对制动抖动的吸收与放大,为寻求传递途径的衰减控制措施奠定了良好的基础。