Topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles based on real routes–Part I: Hybrid hydraulic powertrain

In this two-part paper, a topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs) based on the simulation of different architectures (internal combustion engine, hybrid electric, and hybrid hydraulic) on real routes is proposed. In this first part, a characterization of a standard route is performed, analyzing the average power consumption and the most frequent working points of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in real routes. This information is used to define alternative powertrain architectures. A hybrid hydraulic powertrain architecture is proposed and modelled. The proposed powertrain model is executed using two different control algorithms, with and without predictive strategies, with data obtained from real routes. A calculation engine (an algorithm which runs the vehicle models on real routes), is presented and used for simulations. This calculation engine has been specifically designed to analyze if the different alternative powertrain delivers the same performance of the original ICE. Finally, the overall performance of the different architectures and control strategies are summarized into a fuel and energy consumption table, which will be used in the second part of this paper to compare with the different architectures based on hybrid electric powertrain. The overall performance of the different architectures indicates that the use of a hybrid hydraulic powertrain with simple control laws can reduce the fuel consumption up to a 14 %.     

市政工程建筑设计中的文化表达——南通崇海水厂建筑设计随笔

文化是构成一切建筑形式并使之融于时代发展的决定要素。市政工程建筑除应按城市发展规划及法规要求进行设计外,还应重点考虑文化在建筑组群中的指导作用,使建筑具有更强的文化内涵和生命力,从而充分展示现代城市发展的整体形象。该文以南通崇海水厂为背景,探讨市政建筑设计中的种种文化表现,可供同行参考。     

Safe Platooning in Automated Highway Systems Part I: Safety Regions Design

This paper addresses the problem of designing safe controllers for vehicle manuevering in Automated Highway Systems (AHS) in which traffic is organized into platoons of closely spaced vehicles. Conditions to achieve safe platooning under normal modes of operation are investigated. The notion of safety is related with the absence of collisions that exceed a given relative velocity threshold. State dependent safety regions for the platoons are designed in such a way that, whenever the state of a platoon is inside these safety regions, it is guaranteed that platoon maneuvering will be safe and follow the behavior prescribed by the finite state machines that control vehicles manuevers. It is shown that it is possible to design control laws that keep the state of the platoons inside these safety regions. The results obtained allow one to decouple the controllers for the regulation of the manuevers and the finite state machines that determine their proper sequence in AHS architectures. The overall complexity of the design and verification of the AHS as an hybrid system is therefore greatly reduced.     

Safe Platooning in Automated Highway Systems Part I: Safety Regions Design

This paper addresses the problem of designing safe controllers for vehicle manuevering in Automated Highway Systems (AHS) in which traffic is organized into platoons of closely spaced vehicles. Conditions to achieve safe platooning under normal modes of operation are investigated. The notion of safety is related with the absence of collisions that exceed a given relative velocity threshold. State dependent safety regions for the platoons are designed in such a way that, whenever the state of a platoon is inside these safety regions, it is guaranteed that platoon maneuvering will be safe and follow the behavior prescribed by the finite state machines that control vehicles manuevers. It is shown that it is possible to design control laws that keep the state of the platoons inside these safety regions. The results obtained allow one to decouple the controllers for the regulation of the manuevers and the finite state machines that determine their proper sequence in AHS architectures. The overall complexity of the design and verification of the AHS as an hybrid system is therefore greatly reduced.     

道路设计的三维可视化

实时三维交互式仿真技术是实现道路线路三维可视化设计的关键,本文应用约束Delaunay三角剖分原理建立道路三维整体模型,在此基础上,提出并实现了有效的道路三维模型的视相关简化方法,并结合真实感图形绘制技术开发了道路三维场景的实时动态浏览平台。最后将该平台与线路CAD系统集成,实现了线路设计过程和设计成果的可视化。     

Integrated Control Methodologies for Road Vehicles

Summary This paper considers the scope, methodologies and architectures for the design and development of interacting control systems in road vehicles. The increasing use of electronic controls leads inevitably to an increase in overall system complexity. Given the time and economic constraints of the modern automotive industry, it is not feasible to synthesise and validate the full set of vehicle controls in the form of a unified and centralized controller. On the other hand a fully decentralized approach to control system development and operation will induce performance limitations from un-modelled or unexpected interactions; at worst, such interactions can cause instability and loss of function. There is now increasing pressure to achieve control coordination whilst maintaining a modular approach to the overall system design. With this in mind, the paper provides a framework to review current practice in integrated vehicle control, assesses recent developments in control integration methodologies that are most relevant to the vehicle application, and formulates an enhanced multi-layer architecture that includes explicit coordination functionality. Overall emphasis is placed on the role of control system architecture, the resulting flow of control information and the implications for control system design. An example from handling dynamics is presented, demonstrating the viability of new and flexible approaches. In conclusion a number of outstanding research problems are highlighted.     

Bumper optimum design using the dynamically equivalent beam under various impact conditions

Nowadays it is required for the bumper system to meet the various impact conditions simultaneously; barrier impact, IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety) bumper impact and pedestrian impact. Firstly, dynamically equivalent bumper beam models were developed for each impact condition and its accuracy was verified by nonlinear finite element analysis result. Dynamically equivalent pedestrian impact beam model was developed by using the equivalent forces of bumper beam and stiffeners. Pedestrian bending angle was obtained by using this equivalent pedestrian beam model. By combining these equivalent beam models, bumper optimum design program was developed. In this optimum design program, direct search method was used for the optimization algorithm. To verify the accuracy of this optimum design program, a nonlinear finite element result was used. By using this optimum design program, it can be secured the bumper impact performances in an early design stage and it will be also contributed to reduce the design time and test costs.     

Integrated Control Methodologies for Road Vehicles

Summary This paper considers the scope, methodologies and architectures for the design and development of interacting control systems in road vehicles. The increasing use of electronic controls leads inevitably to an increase in overall system complexity. Given the time and economic constraints of the modern automotive industry, it is not feasible to synthesise and validate the full set of vehicle controls in the form of a unified and centralized controller. On the other hand a fully decentralized approach to control system development and operation will induce performance limitations from un-modelled or unexpected interactions; at worst, such interactions can cause instability and loss of function. There is now increasing pressure to achieve control coordination whilst maintaining a modular approach to the overall system design. With this in mind, the paper provides a framework to review current practice in integrated vehicle control, assesses recent developments in control integration methodologies that are most relevant to the vehicle application, and formulates an enhanced multi-layer architecture that includes explicit coordination functionality. Overall emphasis is placed on the role of control system architecture, the resulting flow of control information and the implications for control system design. An example from handling dynamics is presented, demonstrating the viability of new and flexible approaches. In conclusion a number of outstanding research problems are highlighted.     

A closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles with active trailer steering systems

This paper presents a closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) with active trailer steering (ATS) systems. AHVs have poor manoeuvrability at low speeds and exhibit low lateral stability at high speeds. From the design point of view, there exists a trade-off relationship between AHVs’ manoeuvrability and stability. For example, fewer articulation points and longer wheelbases will improve high-speed lateral stability, but they will degrade low-speed manoeuvrability. To tackle this conflicting design problem, a systematic method is proposed for the design of AHVs with ATS systems. In order to evaluate vehicle performance measures under a well-defined testing manoeuvre, a driver model is introduced and it ‘drivers’ the vehicle model to follow a prescribed route at a given speed. Considering the interactions between the mechanical trailer and the ATS system, the proposed design method simultaneously optimises the active design variables of the controllers and passive design variables of the trailer in a single design loop (SDL). Through the design optimisation of an ATS system for an AHV with a truck and a drawbar trailer combination, this SDL method is compared against a published two design loop method. The benchmark investigation shows that the former can determine better trade-off design solutions than those derived by the latter. This SDL method provides an effective approach to automatically implement the design synthesis of AHVs with ATS systems.     

基于分级模型的电动汽车高压电气策略研究

高压电气策略相当于电动汽车的思维逻辑,包括驱动控制、充电管理、高压安全、能源控制等高压电气策略正在发生快速迭代。本文对纯电动汽车的功能需求进行研究,建立分级功能模型,便于策略的架构及逻辑设计。基于分级模型,建立驱动控制、绝缘保护的高压电气策略。对设计的策略进行实车搭载验证,数据显示:当有挡位及制动踏板信号时,电机存在相应的输出扭矩。主动在电路中接入低电阻时,低阻值会立刻被检测到,同时有绝缘报警并断开了高压回路,设计策略得到有效执行。     

基于Pro/E的自卸车货箱参数化设计

根据常规自卸车货箱的特点,同一种结构,不同长度、高度及底边板厚度的自卸车货箱其组成零部件大多数是完全一致的,少数零部件仅仅在长度、高度或者厚度上有所区别。根据这一特点,结合Pro/E的声明布局命令,使得与货箱主参数相关的零件与布局文件关联,即可实现更改布局文件中的参数值就能轻松完成不同尺寸自卸车货箱三维模型的快速建立,并可根据模型快速计算货箱的重量。这种方法极大地缩短了模型设计、装配的时间,提高了设计的准确率。     

汽车电子电气架构设计与优化

阐述汽车电子电气架构技术与发展趋势,设计与优化的指导思想、需求信息、所用工具和工作流程,以及两个标准的系统级电子电气架构。介绍汽车电子电气架构设计与优化的优点,对我国汽车行业研发该项技术提出建议。     

多车道高速公路安全和服务新型关键技术集成应用于广东佛开高速公路典型示范工程

依托广东佛开高速公路（谢边～三堡段）改扩建工程,集成应用＂十一五＂国家科技支撑计划项目课题科研成果与新型设计理念,从本质安全、防护安全以及运营安全和服务方面,开展新一代智能化的高速公路安全管理、控制与服务系统示范,有力提升佛开高速安全信息服务和管理水平,为我国下一阶段高速公路新建及改扩建工程建立示范样板。     

凸轮靠模动态补偿设计法的研究

Ｍ８３２５凸轮轴仿形磨床为对象，从非平稳机过程的时间序入手，建立了以凸轮靠模升程作作为输入、工件升程作为输出的磨床加工系统二阶定常线性自回归数学模型。基于此数学模型，提出了动态设计凸轮靠模型的方法，并按此法进行了凸轮靠模的动态的设计。     

轻量化技术在机床设计中的应用

在机床设计发展的过程中,设计人员选择的设计理念较为传统,工作人员会对影响机床工作过程中的各种因素,如压力、材料硬度以及刚度等进行简单的分析后展开机床设计,虽然这种设计方式的效率较快,但是较为刻板,会让设计过程中的成本增加,给企业带来较大的经济负担。同时,机床设计过程中十分重要的一个环节就是机床的精度问题,如果运用传统设计方式,那么就只能借助原材料将机床结构进行加厚,然后实现机床精度的提升,这就会导致机床变得更加臃肿厚重,毕竟很大一部分的结构都是无用的,功能模块较少。因此,本文将对于如何在机床设计中应用轻量化技术进行分析、探究,希望能够为相关工作人员提供思路,推动我国机床设计水平的整体提高,为国家经济发展贡献一份力量。     

Modeling and validation of turbocharged diesel engine airpath and combustion systems

The ultimate aim of this study is the development of an engine modeling approach that would facilitate the design of model-based control techniques for diesel engines. This will allow for the development of more generalized, modular control strategies for different engine types and sizes as opposed to the commonly practiced map-based engine control strategies that depend on maps and feedforward control and require lengthy modifications every time a change is made. Also, most engine modeling studies focus on either airpath or combustion systems, treating these models and their validation individually, and not as an integrated system as is actually the case. To address the need for more realistic models suitable for model-based control design, this study develops a combined airpath and combustion model for the engine, using analytical models wherever possible and derives a model with appropriate control inputs and outputs that could be used in a control scheme. The inclusion of the actuator dynamics of the Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), variable geometry turbine (VGT), and Throttle (THR) valves in the airpath model and the consideration of nonlinearities in the combustion model allow for the development of a more thorough engine model, as well as the validation of subsystems and the whole integrated engine model using a complete World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC). This test cycle finds limited use due to its challenging transients, and yet, is the demanded test cycle for emission regulations nowadays. These are unique aspects of this modeling study, the results of which indicate that the developed engine model could be used in control design and hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) based engine control prototyping.     

基于Pro／ENGINEER的机盖锁运动仿真与应力分析

CAD与CAE一体的设计方法进行产品设计，这种设计方法可减少实物模型和样机的投入，避免设计缺陷，缩短产品开发周期和降低产品成本。文章在发动机盖锁相关零件三维模型已建立的基础上，尝试利用Pro／ENGINEER的机构模块进行发动机盖锁的运动仿真，利用Pro／ENGINEER的有限元分析模块Pro／MECHANICA进行发动机盖锁的强度和刚度校核，表明零件在危险截面区的最大应力小于许用应力，满足强度要求，底板满足刚度要求，提高了设计的可靠性。     

山地城市控制性详细规划编制模式的创新与实践探索

山地城市由于地形起伏较大,工程地质复杂,增加了城市规划中道路交通规划的难度。该文通过重庆市蔡家组团的控制性详细规划(以下简称控规)的编制,探索出一种新的控规编制模式,即引入专业的道路设计单位,采用道路工程设计的手段和方法,完成道路交通专项规划编制。采用新模式提高了道路交通规划编制的深度,确保城市规划的可实施性和经济性,提升了控规编制的质量,明显减少了城市建设阶段对控规的调整工作。     

基于鸿城软件平台的 BIM 模型的集成展示应用

通过对比传统汇报方式与BIM模型整合的新型汇报方式,分别从展示效果、资源投入、成果重复利用率等方面讨论其优缺点。在此基础上介绍了基于BIM模型整合的新型汇报方式具有可集成数据多、展示效果满足深度和广度要求、投入资源少、模型可重复利用、云端共享等特点,指出各设计院可借此契机构建在不同区域市场的三维模型库与交通路网分析库。在后续项目竞争与承接中,基于BIM模型整合的新型汇报方式将成为设计院核心竞争力的一部分。     

一种组合式衡重挡土墙设计方法

衡重式挡土墙在道路工程建设中占有较大比例,但墙高时,存在截面大、圬工量大、施工进度慢等缺陷,因此对其进行优化设计具有重要的工程意义。针对上述问题,提出了一种钢筋混凝土与砌体组合的衡重式挡土墙设计方法,给出了相应的计算模型及构造措施,通过理正岩土的挡土墙设计计算论证了方案的可行性。并结合边坡治理工程实例,进行了方案对比,结果表明本设计方法在经济性和环境效益等方面取得了良好的效果。因此组合式衡重挡土墙设计方法在岩土工程中有广阔的市场前景,也为类似工程提供了借鉴意义。