对新能源汽车发展的几点思考

为了研究新能源汽车发展，通过对传统能源和传统动力汽车现状的阐述，分析了新能源汽车发展的可能性。，在进行各国对新能源汽车政策分析的基础上，结合现阶段电动汽车动力电池的现状，对新能源汽车将来的发展趋势做了预测，在研究分析的基础上，对中国汽车工业的发展提出了建议，为研究新能源汽车发展的方向和汽车企业制定战略计划提供参考：     

Literature review and fundamental approaches for vehicle and tire state estimation*

ABSTRACT

Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, real-time estimates of the vehicle dynamic states and tire-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production vehicles are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g. a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors), which when used in conjunction with certain model-based or kinematics-based observers can be used to identify relevant tire and vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. Vehicle state estimation is becoming ever more relevant with the increased sophistication of chassis control systems. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in the field of vehicle and tire state estimation. It is expected to serve as a resource for researchers interested in developing vehicle state estimation algorithms for usage in advanced vehicle control and safety systems.     

Dual extended Kalman filter for vehicle state and parameter estimation

The article demonstrates the implementation of a model-based vehicle estimator, which can be used for combined estimation of vehicle states and parameters. The estimator is realised using the dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) technique, which makes use of two Kalman filters running in parallel, thus 'splitting' the state and parameter estimation problems. Note that the two problems cannot be entirely separated due to their inherent interdependencies. This technique provides several advantages, such as the possibility to switch off the parameter estimator, once a sufficiently good set of estimates has been obtained. The estimator is based on a four-wheel vehicle model with four degrees of freedom, which accommodates the dominant modes only, and is designed to make use of several interchangeable tyre models. The paper demonstrates the appropriateness of the DEKF. Results to date indicate that this is an effective approach, which is considered to be of potential benefit to the automotive industry.     

Identification of linear handling models for road vehicles

This study reports the identification of linear handling models for road vehicles starting from structural identifiability analysis, continuing with the experiments to acquire data on a vehicle equipped with a sensor set and data acquisition system, and ending with the estimation of parameters using the collected data. The model structure originates from the well-known linear bicycle model that is frequently used in handling analysis of road vehicles. Physical parameters of the bicycle model structure are selected as the unknown parameter set that is to be identified. Global identifiability of the model structure is analysed, in detail, and concluded according to various available sensor sets. Physical parameters of the bicycle model structure are estimated using prediction error estimation method. Genetic algorithms are used in the optimisation phase of the identification algorithm to overcome the difficulty in the selection of initial values for parameter estimates. Validation analysis of the identified model is also presented. The identified model is shown to track the system response successfully.     

Sideslip estimation for articulated heavy vehicles at the limits of adhesion*

Various active safety systems proposed for articulated heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) require an accurate estimate of vehicle sideslip angle. However in contrast to passenger cars, there has been minimal published research on sideslip estimation for articulated HGVs. State-of-the-art observers, which rely on linear vehicle models, perform poorly when manoeuvring near the limits of tyre adhesion. This paper investigates three nonlinear Kalman filters (KFs) for estimating the tractor sideslip angle of a tractor–semitrailer. These are compared to the current state-of-the-art, through computer simulations and vehicle test data. An unscented KF using a 5 degrees-of-freedom single-track vehicle model with linear adaptive tyres is found to substantially outperform the state-of-the-art linear KF across a range of test manoeuvres on different surfaces, both at constant speed and during emergency braking. Robustness of the observer to parameter uncertainty is also demonstrated.     

Effects of Model Complexity on the Performance of Automated Vehicle Steering Controllers: Controller Development and Evaluation

SUMMARY

Due to increased traffic congestion and travel times, research in Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) has focused on automated lateral and headway control. Automated vehicles are seen as a way to increase freeway capacity and vehicle speeds while reducing accidents due to human error. Recent research in automated lateral control has focused on vehicle control during low-g maneuvers. To increase safety, automated lateral controllers will need to recognize and react to emergency situations.

This paper investigates the effects of vehicle and tire model order on the response of automated vehicles to an emergency step lane change using a controller based on linear vehicle and tire models. From these studies it is concluded that control strategies based solely on linear vehicle and tire models are inadequate for emergency vehicle maneuvers.

A strategy is then proposed to automatically control vehicles through emergency maneuvers. Here the response of a nonlinear vehicle model is used with a linear state model to optimize controller gains for nonlinear maneuvers. An emergency step lane change is used as a preliminary test of the method.     

Optimization and integration of ground vehicle systems

This article deals with the optimal design of ground vehicles and their subsystems, with particular reference to 'active' safety and comfort. A review of state-of-the-art optimization methods for solving vehicle system design problems, including the integration of electronic controls, is given, thus further encouraging the use of such methods as standard tools for automotive engineers. Particular attention is devoted to the class of methods pertaining to complex system design optimization, as well as approaches for the optimal design of complex systems under uncertainty. Some examples of design optimizations are given in the fields of vehicle system dynamics, powertrain/internal combustion engine design, active safety and ride comfort, vehicle system design and lightweight structures, advanced automotive electronics, and smart vehicles.     

混合动力电动汽车发展和应用现状

节能与环保已经成为汽车技术发展的2大主题。文章通过对丰田混合动力轿车的系统构成和工作原理的叙述,以及对于混合动力汽车发展现状及趋势的分析,说明了混合动力电动汽车在节能减排方面效果显著,克服了普通电动汽车行驶里程短及充放电技术落后等缺点。表明混合动力电动汽车将成为未来汽车产品的发展方向。     

我国新能源汽车产业的发展及其政策支持

2001年我国启动了＂863＂计划电动汽车重大专项,我国新能源汽车产业开局良好。自2004年起,在国家的长远规划和能源政策中,新能源汽车产业和技术的发展被多次强调。2009年是我国新能源汽车产业破局之年,诸多鼓励政策相继出台。2010年我国新能源汽车扶持新政策或将出台。最后提出以财税金融激励手段推进我国新能源汽车发展。     

汽车工业无损检测技术的发展

从汽车零部件的使用性能和商品性能方面论述了无损检测技术在汽车工业中的重要地位，它是现代汽车工业的基础。评述了国内外汽车工业无损检测技术的现状，并根据未来汽车发展方面分析了无损检测发展的趋势，以及我国汽车工业无损检测技术发展的策略。     

Lateral dynamics emulation via a four-wheel steering vehicle

In this paper, we examine the lateral dynamics emulation capabilities of an automotive vehicle equipped with four-wheel steering. We first demonstrate that the lateral dynamics of a wide range of vehicles can be emulated, either with little or with no modification on the test vehicle. Then we discuss a sliding mode controller for active front and rear wheel steering, in order to track some given yaw rate and side-slip angle. Analytically, it is shown that the proposed controller is robust to plant parameter variations by±10%, and is invariant to unmeasurable wind disturbance. The performance of the sliding mode controller is evaluated via computer simulations to verify its robustness to vehicle parameter variations and delay in the loop, and its insensitivity to wind disturbance. Finally, the emulation of a bus, a van, and two commercially available passenger vehicles is demonstrated in an advanced nonlinear simulator.     

SX5256DH434PHEV型混合动力环卫车动力系统浅谈

近年来,随着石油资源的消耗,人类生存环境的不断恶化,发展绿色能源交通已刻不容缓。节约能源,低排放甚至零排放的电动汽车成为解决问题的手段。而混合动力汽车作为传统汽车到纯电动汽车之间的过渡类型成为现阶段新能源汽车的主力军。混合动力汽车较传统汽车有着良好的燃油经济性,较低的油耗和良好的排放特性。本文从混合动力重型汽车工作原理出发,依据汽车设计原则,介绍了陕汽集团SX5256DH434PHEV型混合动力环卫车驱动模式,并在此基础上确定了整车底盘驱动动力分配机构,为我国混合动力汽车的发展提供借鉴。     

车用复合材料应用与开发关键浅析

随着我国新能源汽车销售量和保有量双双提升,先进复合材料作为轻量化效果最明显和可靠性最佳的轻量化材料之一,在新能源汽车轻量化进程中将扮演重要角色。汽车用复合材料随着汽车轻量化的推进和新能源汽车的迅猛发展得到了广泛的重视和应用,汽车用复合材料的开发和应用比例逐步提升,所以文章将结合车用复合材料的研究进展和情况,从整车开发和应用的角度探讨车用复合材料应用与开发关键。     

智能网联汽车制动系统关键性技术探究

随着汽车保有量的不断增加,环境污染、能源短缺、交通拥堵、事故频发等现象日益突出,成为汽车产业可持续健康发展的限制因素.智能网联汽车被看做是解决这些社会问题的有效方案,因此智能网联汽车受到了更多人的关注.我国智能网联汽车技术正处在不断研究发展的阶段,智能网联汽车的研究逐渐的专业化、产业化.制动系统对于智能网联汽车的发展有...     

谈减轻我国汽车发动机排气污染的实用技术

从我国的汽车保有状况、道路状况、汽车产品质量状况等方面，谈了治理汽车排气污染的迫切性。分别分析了汽油机、柴油机的排气污染物生成机理，分别从几个方面阐述减轻车用汽油机、柴油机排气污染的实用技术。     

新能源汽车技术专业“小课时、多门数”课程实施的探究

自我国实施新能源电动汽车战略以来,新能源汽车数量持续快速增加,新能源汽车市场对新能源汽车相关专业人才的需求也急剧加大。新能源汽车市场急需懂专业、有素养、技术水平高的高素质人才服务新能源汽车市场的维护、营销等需要。新能源汽车是在传统汽车的基础上发展起来的,采用了新技术、新方法,技术路线复杂,涉及到计算机编程、高压、电池、维护、充电、电机、发动机等各方面的知识。相比传统汽车专业,新能源汽车技术专业需要学生在有限的校园生涯内掌握更多、更复杂的知识,需要学生学习的知识范围更广。采用"小课时、多门数"的课程设置可通过凝炼课程内容、精减单门课的课程学时、增加课程门数、扩展学生学习知识的广度,有效解决学生在有限的校园生涯内学习更多知识的问题,满足新能源汽车市场对复合型人才的需要。     

后补贴时代新能源汽车换电模式发展趋势分析

在能源匮乏的背景下,新能源应用的范围越来越广,延伸至汽车领域,新能源汽车逐渐成为未来汽车领域的发展趋势.21世纪初,国外就开始尝试新能源汽车换电模式,但是受到各种外力因素的影响.随着新能源汽车换电技术的发展,换电站的建设成本越来越低,而且新能源汽车换电的标准越来越规范,我国汽车龙头企业逐渐开始研究和推广新能源汽车换电模...     

Probe vehicle lane identification for queue length estimation at intersections

Vehicles instrumented with Global Positioning Systems, also known as GPS probe vehicles, have become increasingly popular for collecting traffic flow data. Previous studies have explored the probe vehicle data for estimating speeds and travel time; however, there is very limited research on predicting queue dynamics from such data. In this research, a methodology was developed for identifying the lane position of the GPS-instrumented vehicles when they are standing in the queue at signalized intersections with multiple lanes, particularly in the case of unequal queue. Various supervised and unsupervised clustering methods were tested on data generated from a microsimulation model. Among the tested methods, the Optimal Bayes Rule that utilizes probability density functions estimated using bivariate statistical mixture models was found to be effective in identifying the lanes. The methodology for lane identification was tested for queue length estimation. This research confirms that the lane identification is an important step required prior to the queue length estimation. The accuracies of the models for lane identification and queue length estimation were evaluated at varying levels of demand and probe vehicle market penetrations. In general, as the market penetration increases, the accuracy improves as expected. The result shows that 40% market penetration rate is adequate to reach about 90% accuracy.     

The characteristic velocity stability indicator for passenger cars

Driver assistance systems have received increased attention as market demands have pushed for improved automotive safety. These systems are designed to aid the driver by preventing any unstable or unpredictable vehicle behaviour. One global indicator for stability and driving conditions could help to manage the control algorithms and driver warning subroutines. Another problem which could be solved by a precise driving situation indicator is evaluating new vehicles during test drives. After a short introduction to a linear lateral vehicle model, an analytical approach for an online calculation of different driving conditions (i.e., stability, understeering, oversteering, and neutralsteering) is given. A characteristic velocity stability indicator is defined, which allows online computation of the present driving condition. Results are then checked against real measurements of a test vehicle.     

基于中国人体驾乘姿态的汽车人机空间布置研究

合理的人机空间布置对汽车的舒适性与安全性至关重要,人体驾乘姿态是汽车人机空间布置的依据。文章设计试验,扫描得到500样本分别在8辆车中的驾乘姿态数据,对数据进行统计分析,建立驾驶员座椅适宜线方程与中国人体2D模板,基于标杆车进行验证,结果显示,方程及模板精度较高,符合中国人体驾乘特征。该研究为汽车人机空间布置提供理论依据,为研发适合中国人驾乘的车辆提供支撑,对建立中国汽车人机设计体系具有重要意义。