Theoretical and experimental excitation force spectra for railway-induced ground vibration: vehicle–track–soil interaction,irregularities and soil measurements

Excitation force spectra are necessary for a realistic prediction of railway-induced ground vibration. The excitation forces cause the ground vibration and they are themselves a result of irregularities passed by the train. The methods of the related analyses – the wavenumber integration for the wave propagation in homogeneous or layered soils, the combined finite-element boundary-element method for the vehicle–track–soil interaction – have already been presented and are the base for the advanced topic of this contribution. This contribution determines excitation force spectra of railway traffic by two completely different methods. The forward analysis starts with vehicle, track and soil irregularities, which are taken from literature and axle-box measurements, calculates the vehicle–track interaction and gets theoretical force spectra as the result. The second method is a backward analysis from the measured ground vibration of railway traffic. A calculated or measured transfer function of the soil is used to determine the excitation force spectrum of the train. A number of measurements of different soils and different trains with different speeds are analysed in that way. Forward and backward analysis yield the same approximate force spectra with values around 1 kN for each axle and third of octave.     

On the interest of integrating vehicle dynamics for the ground propagation of vibrations: the case of urban railway traffic

This paper presents a complete numerical model for studying the vertical dynamics of the vehicle/track interaction and its impact on the surrounding soil, with the emphasis on vehicle modelling. A decoupling between the track and the soil is proposed, due to the difficulty of considering all the subsystem components. The train/track model is based on a multibody model (for the vehicle) and a finite element model (for the track). The soil is modelled using an infinite/finite element approach. Simulations of both models are carried out in the time domain, which is better able to simulate the propagation of the vibration waves and to take into account the possible nonlinearity of a component. The methodology is applied in the case of an urban tram track and validated with the available experimental data. Models for the tram, the track and the soil are described. Results from the complete model of the vehicle and a simple model, based on an axle load, are compared with experimental results and the benefits of a complete model in the simulation of the ground vibration propagation induced by railway vehicles are demonstrated. Moreover, a parametric study of the vehicle wheel type is conducted, which shows the advantage of a resilient wheel, for various rail defects.     

竖向荷载作用于半无限体内部时的粘弹性解

建筑物的持续沉降,特别是软土地区的建筑物基础沉降通常与地基土的流变性密切相关。考虑地基土的粘弹性特征,系统研究了空间半无限体内部作用集中力时的粘弹性解。研究假定半无限体为线性粘弹性介质,半无限体在内部集中力作用下的应力状态为三维应力状态,应力球张量和应变球张量之间符合弹性关系,而应力偏张量和应变偏张量之间符合Kevin固体粘弹性应力应变关系。利用半空间体内部受竖向集中力的Mindlin弹性解,根据准静态弹性-弹粘性对应原理,在相同荷载条件下,首先对弹性解进行Laplace变换,然后将弹性解中的物理参数用线性粘弹性理论中经过Laplace变换的物理参数来替代,最后再进行Laplace逆变换,求得位移、应力粘弹性解答。作为解答的应用,给出了粘弹性半无限空间体内部矩形面积上作用有竖向均布荷载、三角形分布荷载时的粘弹性沉降计算公式。解答的退化验证表明,该粘弹性解答是正确的,所得到的解答对工程实践具有一定的意义。     

分层圆弧峡谷SV波地震差动模拟理论与桥梁破坏模式

为了探究局部地形及场地分层因素对地下多点地震动的影响，建立了分层圆弧峡谷模型，并进行了目标场地多点地震动模拟程序的开发和验证。在此基础上，对一跨越该场地的刚构桥进行了考虑多点激励作用下的地震反应分析。具体内容包括：首先，在推导得到SV波入射层状圆弧峡谷地震反应频域解基础上，依据规范谱确定矩阵的峡谷各位置自谱（绝对值），联合自谱和峡谷相干函数得到互谱，进而与自谱共同构造出功率谱矩阵。由此同时体现了峡谷局部场地三大典型物理效应：散射、相干和分层效应，奠定了SV波入射下层状峡谷多点地震动模拟的基础，填补了由于竖向边界条件难以满足而大多受限于SH波入射理论解研究的空白。其次，基于上述结果，编制代码和可视化开发，实现理论方法程序化，并验证其可行性和可靠性。最后，为研究SV波输入下分层和峡谷效应多点激励对结构的影响，针对一峡谷桥梁进行模型建立、修正、多点地震反应计算以及分析比较。结果表明：①分层效应对结构反应影响明显，传统均匀介质的假定所带来的影响不容忽视；②采用传统适用于平整场地多点地震动作为激励，会导致与峡谷地形多点地震反应差别明显，且会低估结构反应；③SV波斜入射多点激励下所产生地震动的空间变异性，会使得地震反应计算结果幅值出现明显增大现象。该理论方法、程序开发可供类似工程场地分析参考。     

Influence of some vehicle and track parameters on the environmental vibrations induced by railway traffic

A study is performed on the influence of some typical railway vehicle and track parameters on the level of ground vibrations induced in the neighbourhood. The results are obtained from a previously validated simulation framework considering in a first step the vehicle/track subsystem and, in a second step, the response of the soil to the forces resulting from the first analysis. The vehicle is reduced to a simple vertical 3-dof model, corresponding to the superposition of the wheelset, the bogie and the car body. The rail is modelled as a succession of beam elements elastically supported by the sleepers, lying themselves on a flexible foundation representing the ballast and the subgrade. The connection between the wheels and the rails is realised through a non-linear Hertzian contact. The soil motion is obtained from a finite/infinite element model. The investigated vehicle parameters are its type (urban, high speed, freight, etc.) and its speed. For the track, the rail flexural stiffness, the railpad stiffness, the spacing between sleepers and the rail and sleeper masses are considered. In all cases, the parameter value range is defined from a bibliographic browsing. At the end, the paper proposes a table summarising the influence of each studied parameter on three indicators: the vehicle acceleration, the rail velocity and the soil velocity. It namely turns out that the vehicle has a serious influence on the vibration level and should be considered in prediction models.     

Railway ground vibrations induced by wheel and rail singular defects

Railway local irregularities are a growing source of ground-borne vibration and can cause negative environmental impacts, particularly in urban areas. Therefore, this paper analyses the effect of railway track singular defects (discontinuities) on ground vibration generation and propagation. A vehicle/track/soil numerical railway model is presented, capable of accurately predicting vibration levels. The prediction model is composed of a multibody vehicle model, a flexible track model and a finite/infinite element soil model. Firstly, analysis is undertaken to assess the ability of wheel/rail contact models to accurately simulate the force generation at the wheel/rail contact, in the presence of a singular defect. It is found that, although linear contact models are sufficient for modelling ground vibration on smooth tracks, when singular defects are present higher accuracy wheel/rail models are required. Furthermore, it is found that the variation in wheel/rail force during the singular defect contact depends on the track flexibility, and thus requires a fully coupled vehicle/track/foundation model. Next, a parametric study of ground vibrations generated by singular rail and wheel defects is undertaken. Six shapes of discontinuity are modelled, representing various defect types such as transition zones, switches, crossings, rail joints and wheel flats. The vehicle is modelled as an AM96 train set and it is found that ground vibration levels are highly sensitive to defect height, length and shape.     

变径搅拌桩处理成层软弱地基的现场试验

为了经济、有效地处理软土层位于中间的成层软弱地基,提出了变径搅拌桩加固方法,在高压缩性土层中采用较高的桩体面积置换率,在中等压缩性土层中采用较低的桩体面积置换率,从而形成桩体面积置换率随土层性质变化的成层复合地基。在同一场地建立了变径搅拌桩和常规搅拌桩处理区,通过现场试验对比分析了路堤荷载作用下变径搅拌桩和常规搅拌桩复合地基的工作性状,包括桩土应力、超静孔隙水压力、地表沉降和坡脚深层水平位移。现场试验结果表明:在处理区面积和填土高度相近的情况下,变径搅拌桩处理区比常规搅拌桩处理区节省了14.6%的水泥用量,并取得了与常规搅拌桩处理区相同的加固效果,具有更好的经济效益。     

减低交通荷载引起地面振动的三维数值分析

针对高速铁路和高等级公路的运行产生振动波可能带来严重的噪音和地面振动等环境问题,运用LS-DYNA软件,选用更适合岩土介质的弹塑性模型,对高速列车作用下地面振动及连续墙挡板的防护能力进行三维数值模拟分析。研究了5～20 Hz荷载下混凝土桩组成的不同尺寸挡板的减振效果,并与日本某现场试验结果比较。结果表明,尽管无填充壕沟的防护效果最佳,但钢筋混凝土桩墙更具可操作性,稳定性,且混凝土桩减振挡板可以显著减低地面的振动加速度幅值,与波长有关。挡板长度和深度直接影响混凝土减振挡板的防护效果和防护范围,挡板深度对防护效果的影响更为明显,挡板宽度的尺寸主要影响防护范围。     

层状地基中锚杆拉拔荷载传递非线性分析

为了研究层状地基中锚杆拉拔受力的非线性特征，引入锚固界面剪切滑移的双指数曲线模型，基于荷载传递法基本原理，建立层状地基中锚杆荷载传递的非线性微分方程，推导锚杆轴向位移、轴力和界面剪应力的解析解，并给出层状地基中锚杆拉拔受力特性的计算方法与求解步骤。在此基础上，分析拉拔荷载作用下层状地基中锚杆的荷载-位移曲线特征、轴力与界面剪应力分布特征以及锚固体埋入位置对锚杆受力特征的影响，并以工程实例检验该方法的可行性。研究结果表明：作用荷载较小时，层状地基中锚杆的轴力和界面剪应力分布特征与均质地基中锚杆的轴力和界面剪应力分布特征基本一致；作用荷载较大时，地基土层状分布特征对锚杆拉拔受力特性具有显著的影响，锚杆轴力和界面剪应力在土层分界面处具有明显的界面效应，即二者在土层分界面处分别存在明显的转折点和跳跃点；锚固体埋入密实地基层中的范围越大，锚杆的极限抗拔荷载也越大，延性也越好，实际工程中应将锚固体尽可能地埋置于硬土层之中；在锚固界面弹性黏结、塑性变形（局部软化）以及滑移破坏的整个全历程阶段，所提方法的计算结果与工程实测的锚杆荷载-位移曲线均吻合较好，反映了锚固界面剪切滑移与锚杆受力变形的非线性特征。     

瘦西湖超大直径盾构隧道施工对周边环境影响分析

大直径曲线盾构隧道中,盾构掘进时盾构对其两侧和拱顶上方的土体作用不同,不同位置土体表现出不同的变形规律。为了保证曲线盾构隧道施工安全进行,并针对变形的差异性提出相应的解决方案,采用现场监测和FLAC 3D数值模拟相结合的方法,对超大直径曲线盾构隧道施工中周边土体变形进行分析,监测项目包括地表沉降、分层沉降、土体深层水平位移。研究结果表明:1)随着隧道掘进,地表沉降呈现反"S"形变形趋势,与3个变形阶段对应,即盾构切口到达时缓慢隆沉,盾构通过时沉降较快,盾尾脱出时沉降趋于稳定;2)横向沉降槽曲线中,掘进时隧道掘进方向曲线内侧沉降量比外侧对称位置沉降更大;3)土体水平位移在隧道掘进方向曲线内侧变形量小于外侧变形量。     

拱北隧道管幕冷冻施工中的冻胀控制技术研究

以港珠澳大桥珠海连接线拱北隧道为工程实例,研究管幕冷冻法工艺中地层的冻胀控制原理和技术。基于热力耦合原理,采用有限元预测人工冷冻过程中的土体温度变化及地表冻胀位移,比较和分析管幕周围土体预注浆和采用限位管模式对地表冻胀的控制效果。结果表明： 管幕周围土体的预注浆降低了土体的渗透系数及冻胀率,抑制了土中水分迁移,是冻胀控制技术的主体;限位管有效地降低了冻土的发展速率,加强了冻胀控制效果,是冻胀控制技术的有效补充。通过对现场地表冻胀实测数据与有限元模拟结果的比较分析,从地层温度和地表位移分布规律说明了冻胀控制技术的工作原理。研究结果为拱北隧道的顺利实施提供了技术保障,提高了我国复杂条件下超大断面隧道建造的总体技术,还可为类似人工冷冻法隧道施工提供技术参考。     

成层土中基于虚土桩模型的桩基纵向振动响应

基于虚土桩模型,对成层广义Voigt地基中桩基纵向振动响应进行研究。将桩截面面积范围内有限层桩端土模拟为与桩完全接触的虚土桩,桩侧土采用广义Voigt模型,结合Laplace变换求得了瞬态半正弦脉冲荷载作用下桩顶频域响应的解析解及时域响应的半解析解;同时采用参数研究方法讨论了单层桩端土和双层桩端土情况下,土层参数对桩顶振动响应的影响,并将虚土桩模型与其他桩端土支承模型进行了对比;最后将理论结果与实际工程桩实测曲线进行了拟合对比。结果表明：该虚土桩模型较为合理,能够较真实地反映桩土相互作用机理。     

板式无砟轨道交通引起的环境振动数值分析

利用已研究出的高速铁路动荷载,采用粘弹性边界,运用有限元法建立轨道-路基-大地二维动力分析模型,分析板式无砟轨道交通引起的振动在大地中的传播特性。计算分析表明:地表的振动强度随着离轨道中心线的距离增加而逐渐衰减。离轨道中心线近处,地表振动较强,而且加速度主要频段在20 Hz以上;离轨道中心线较远处,振动较小,加速度主要频段在10 Hz以下。随着离轨道中心距离的增加,加速度幅值随之减小,而且地表20 Hz以上的振动衰减得较快,10 Hz以下的振动衰减得较慢。     

分层真空预压提高吹填土地基固结效率的模型试验研究

采用真空预压法处理吹填土地基是目前较为常见的一种方法,由于吹填土地基吹填厚度较大、真空度向下传递过程中衰减较快、孔隙水压力消散过慢等原因,导致地基深部位置的土体固结效果差、预压工期较长、施工成本较高等问题出现。针对以上问题,结合吹填土地基施工的特殊性,对分层真空预压进行探讨。通过建立相关室内模型试验,对比了分层真空预压与普通真空预压在土体沉降速率、真空度的传递衰减、土体的抗剪强度等参数,进而探究了分层真空预压对吹填土地基进行处理的效果,并且分析了影响处理效果的因素。     

Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution,theoretical results and their experimental verification

A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle–track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train–track–soil interaction. A clear vehicle–track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced.     

浅层治滑植物护坡技术研究

边坡表面经常受到波浪冲击、地表水径流和地下水渗流等因素作用,形成表面侵蚀和浅层滑坡现象。植物根系减小边坡表面水流冲刷和地下水渗流、增加土体强度,具有明显浅层护坡效果。随着植物根系含量增大,根系土强度增大。植物根系土边坡的稳定性分析可采用类似加筋土边坡的分析方法。     

The effect of worn profile on wear progress of rail vehicle steel wheels over curved tracks

Dynamic performance, safety and maintenance costs of railway vehicles strongly depend on wheelset dynamics and particularly on the design of wheelset profile. This paper considers the effect of worn wheel profile on vehicle dynamics and the trend of wear in the wheels as a result of the vehicle movements. ADAMS/RAIL is used to build a multi-body system model of the vehicle. The track model is also configured as an elastic body. Measured new and worn wheel profiles are used to provide boundary conditions for the wheel/rail contacts. The fleet velocity profile taken during its normal braking is also used for the simulation. Wear numbers are calculated for different sets of wheels and the results compared with each other. Outcome of this research can be used for modifying dynamic performance of the vehicle, improving its suspension elements and increasing ride quality. It can also be further processed to reach to a modified wheel profile suitable for the fleet/track combination and for improved maintenance of the wheels. A major advantage of the computer models in this paper is the insertion of the wheel surface properties into the boundary conditions for dynamic modelling of the fleet. This is performed by regularly measuring the worn wheel profiles during their service life and by the calculation of the wear rate for individual wheels.     

基于RS-SVR的上软下硬地层盾构施工地表沉降预测

为了提高由盾构施工引起的软硬不均地层地表沉降预测的准确性,建立基于粗糙集-支持向量回归（RS-SVR）的地表沉降预测模型,并将该模型应用于实际地铁隧道工程的地表沉降预测中。首先,根据特定地质条件,从几何因素、地层因素和盾构施工因素选取影响地表沉降的条件属性,采用粗糙集理论的Pawlak属性重要度方法删除冗余数据,获取影响地表沉降的最优条件属性集。在此基础上,基于支持向量回归（SVR）建立RS-SVR地表沉降预测模型,并与没有经过属性约简的SVR模型进行对比分析。为了比较不同核函数对SVR模型的影响,RS-SVR和SVR模型分别选取径向基函数（RBF）、Sigmoid函数、Polynomial函数作为核函数对训练样本及测试样本进行回归预测。最后,利用佛山地铁2号线南湖区间上软下硬地层的20组地表沉降监测数据,对该模型予以试算。研究结果表明：将选取的影响地表沉降的12项条件属性约简为包含7项的最优条件属性集,分别为硬层比、黏聚力、内摩擦角、土仓压力、总推力、刀盘扭矩以及掘进时间,地表沉降分类结果与约简前保持一致;同类模型进行横向对比时,RBF作为核函数的RS-SVR模型和SVR模型预测误差分别为5.54%、13.10%,均低于以Sigmoid函数和Polynomial函数作为核函数时的预测误差;以同种核函数进行纵向对比时,RS-SVR模型预测误差分别为5.54%、11.48%、13.26%,均低于SVR模型预测误差的13.10%、15.71%、19.68%。     

砂土覆盖型岩溶地层盾构隧道施工地面注浆加固实例分析

隧道沿线溶洞的加固处理是岩溶地层中盾构隧道施工的关键。以广州地铁某区间盾构隧道施工为背景,论述砂土覆盖型岩溶地层中盾构隧道施工面临的主要工程地质风险;由溶洞处理流程入手,从溶洞处理判断标准、注浆填充方案、注浆材料选择以及注浆加固效果检验等方面详细介绍盾构隧道施工中通过地面注浆加固进行溶洞处理。同时,对监测区间内溶洞注浆加固效果以及隧道掘进引起的地面、房屋沉降情况进行监测分析。研究结果表明： 溶洞注浆加固效果良好,隧道掘进造成的地面房屋沉降变化平稳,地面注浆加固处理在砂土覆盖型岩溶地层盾构隧道施工中具备一定的工程适用性。     

路堤分级填筑条件下不排水端承桩复合地基固结分析

利用均质化技术将桩土复合地基均质化为均质土地基,考虑桩土相互作用,给出均质化后复合地基的等价压缩模量。在等应力假定基础上,建立了路堤分级填筑条件下不排水端承桩复合地基固结方程,给出复合地基固结的解析解,并与有限元法解答进行了对比;对不排水端承桩复合地基固结性状作了分析。研究发现,不排水端承桩复合地基固结速率远大于天然地基,在其他条件相同时,瞬时加荷情况下复合地基固结速率最大。复合地基固结速率随置换率、桩土模量比及加荷速率的增加而增大。复合地基置换率存在最佳值,超过最佳置换率后,复合地基固结速率随置换率增加增幅较小。