Allocation control algorithms design and comparison based on distributed drive electric vehicles

For a distributed drive electric vehicle (DDEV) which is equipped with redundant actuators, allocation control is a key technique. Three different allocation control algorithms are designated with fixed efficiency matrix, dynamic efficiency matrix, and direct yaw moment distribution, respectively. All these algorithms are applied in a vehicle stability control system with hierarchical control structure and evaluated from three aspects, namely, control precision, real-time characteristics, and control energy. Comparison results demonstrate that the algorithm with dynamic efficiency matrix has the best comprehensive performance, which is also validated in field tests based on a DDEV equipped with four motors.     

Nonlinear feedforward–feedback control of clutch-to-clutch shift technique

To improve the shift quality of the vehicle with clutch-to-clutch gear shifts, a nonlinear feedforward–feedback control scheme is proposed for clutch slip control during the shift inertia phase. The feedforward control is designed based on flatness in consideration of the system nonlinearities, and the linear feedback control is given to accommodate the model errors and the disturbances. Lookup tables, which are widely used to represent complex nonlinear characteristics of powertrain systems, appear in their original form in the designed feedforward controller, while the linear feedback controller is calculated through linear matrix inequalities such that the control system is robust against the parameter uncertainties. Finally, the designed controller is tested on an AMESim powertrain simulation model, which contains a time-variant model of clutch actuators.     

Emergency Braking Control with an Observer-based Dynamic Tire/Road Friction Model and Wheel Angular Velocity Measurement

Summary A control scheme for emergency braking of vehicles is designed. The tire/road friction is described by a LuGre dynamic friction model. The control system output is the pressure in the master cylinder of the brake system. The controller utilizes estimated states for a feedback control law that achieves a near maximum deceleration. The state observer is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. The analysis shows that using the wheel angular speed information exclusively is not sufficient to rapidly estimate the velocity and relative velocity, due to the fact that the dynamical system is almost unobservable with this measurement as output. Findings are confirmed by simulation results that show that the estimated vehicle velocity and relative velocity converge slowly to their true values, even though the internal friction state and friction parameters converge quickly. The proposed control system has two main advantages when compared with an antilock braking system (ABS): (1) it produces a source of a priori information regarding safe spacing between vehicles that can be used to increase safety levels in the highway; and (2) it achieves a near optimal braking strategy with less chattering.     

Emergency Braking Control with an Observer-based Dynamic Tire/Road Friction Model and Wheel Angular Velocity Measurement

Summary A control scheme for emergency braking of vehicles is designed. The tire/road friction is described by a LuGre dynamic friction model. The control system output is the pressure in the master cylinder of the brake system. The controller utilizes estimated states for a feedback control law that achieves a near maximum deceleration. The state observer is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. The analysis shows that using the wheel angular speed information exclusively is not sufficient to rapidly estimate the velocity and relative velocity, due to the fact that the dynamical system is almost unobservable with this measurement as output. Findings are confirmed by simulation results that show that the estimated vehicle velocity and relative velocity converge slowly to their true values, even though the internal friction state and friction parameters converge quickly. The proposed control system has two main advantages when compared with an antilock braking system (ABS): (1) it produces a source of a priori information regarding safe spacing between vehicles that can be used to increase safety levels in the highway; and (2) it achieves a near optimal braking strategy with less chattering.     

基于数据驱动的人机混驾多车协同控制算法

针对多车协同控制系统中，传统控制算法需要准确获取系统中与驾驶员驾驶行为相关的参数以及与车辆系统动力学相关参数等问题，提出基于数据驱动的自适应动态规划控制算法。以有人与无人驾驶车辆混行的多车协同控制系统为研究对象，通过分析系统的横纵向控制模型，推导出系统状态方程，采用递推数值方法在线逼近最优解，并通过对最优反馈控制矩阵进行优化求解，得到最优控制输入。该算法简化了系统的控制输入参数，仅仅利用V2X通信获得的车辆的前轮转角以及车辆期望的纵向加速度作为控制输入，即可实现无人驾驶车辆的优化控制。基于Carsim和Simulink进行联合仿真测试验证，结果表明，该算法控制参数简单、收敛速度快、控制精度高、适应性强，能够控制无人驾驶车辆在多车系统中保持期望的车速并且与前车保持期望的车间距，同时在任意曲率道路上行驶时与车道中心线之间的横向误差趋于0。      

线控转向系统故障检测及容错控制协同设计

为解决线控转向系统故障可能导致车辆失控的问题,提出一种故障检测及容错控制协同设计方法。首先,建立了包含线控转向系统加性故障的车辆动力学模型;其次,联合车辆动力学模型及故障检测/容错控制器,建立跟踪误差闭环控制系统;然后,求解满足闭环系统H∞性能的线性矩阵不等式,得到故障检测/容错控制器参数;最后,基于dSPACE Full-Size HIL进行硬件在环仿真测试。结果表明,该方法可快速检测出转向系统故障,同时实现了车辆的容错控制。     

Robust Stability Analysis of LQG-Controlled Active Suspension with Model Uncertainty Using Structured Singular Value, μ, Method

This paper presents a systematic approach toward robust stability analysis of LQG-con trolled active suspension systems. To perform this task, the paper starts with a brief background information on LQG control, its relation to H₂ method, and showing how H₂ could be formulated to become the frequency domain equivalent of LQG. Then unstructured and structured uncertainties of active suspension are formulated. The paper continues with the definition of maximum singular values and structured singular values of a transfer function matrix. Using these definitions, the robust stability of an active suspension system in the presence of assumed parameter variations are analyzed. These steps are illustrated by means of a numerical example of an active suspension system.     

A curving ACC system with coordination control of longitudinal car-following and lateral stability

The paper presents a curving adaptive cruise control (ACC) system that is coordinated with a direct yaw-moment control (DYC) system and gives consideration to both longitudinal car-following capability and lateral stability on curved roads. A model including vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics is built first, which is as discrete as the predictive model of the system controller. Then, a cost function is determined to reflect the contradictions between vehicle longitudinal and lateral dynamics. Meanwhile, some I/O constraints are formulated with a driver permissible longitudinal car-following range and the road adhesion condition. After that, desired longitudinal acceleration and desired yaw moment are obtained by a linear matrix inequality based robust constrained state feedback method. Finally, driver-in-the-loop tests on a driving simulator are conducted and the results show that the developed control system provides significant benefits in weakening the impact of DYC on ACC longitudinal car-following capability while also improving lateral stability.     

公路隧道施工中的安全风险评估及防范对策

隧道工程具有施工难度大、隐蔽性、复杂性和不确定性因素多等特点,施工过程中存在巨大的安全风险。按照风险源辨识、风险分析、风险估测和风险控制的流程,以建设中的寨仔山隧道为对象,采用指标体系法进行安全风险总体评估与专项评估。在确定重大风险源后,以矩阵法对重大风险源进行动态估测,并提出风险防范对策,其可为隧道工程安全风险评估与控制提供良好的借鉴。     

RMS Values for Force, Stroke and Deflection in a Quarter-car Model Active Suspension with Preview

Summary In the case of a quarter-car vehicle model incorporating an active suspension, the addition of preview to the system necessitates finding new techniques for the direct computation of rms values for control force, suspension stroke and tyre deflection on a random road. Here we obtain these rms values from the performance index components as derived analytically by means of matrix operations requiring the solution of Lyapunov equations and the use of similarity transformations. Some numerical examples and MATLAB programs are included.     

Human driving data-based design of a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm

This paper presents a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm design with human factors considerations. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems should be acceptable to drivers. In order to be acceptable to drivers, the ACC systems need to be designed based on the analysis of human driver driving behaviour. Manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. The goal of the control algorithm is to achieve naturalistic behaviour of the controlled vehicle that would feel natural to the human driver in normal driving situations and to achieve safe vehicle behaviour in severe braking situations in which large decelerations are necessary. A non-dimensional warning index and inverse time-to-collision are used to evaluate driving situations. A confusion matrix method based on natural driving data sets was used to tune control parameters in the proposed ACC system. Using a simulation and a validated vehicle simulator, vehicle following characteristics of the controlled vehicle are compared with real-world manual driving radar sensor data. It is shown that the proposed control strategy can provide with natural following performance similar to human manual driving in both high speed driving and low speed stop-and-go situations and can prevent the vehicle-to-vehicle distance from dropping to an unsafe level in a variety of driving conditions.     

Optimal Preview Control of a Two-dof Vehicle Model Using Stochastic Optimal Control Theory

An optimal preview control algorithm is applied to a two degree of freedom(dof) vehicle model travelling with constant velocity on a randomly profiled road. The road roughness is modelled as a homogeneous random process being the output of a linear first order filter to white noise. The input from the road irregularity is assumed to be measured at some distance in front of the vehicle and this measured infonnation is utilized by the active controller to prepare the system for the ensuing input. The preview control algorithm is obtained by minimizing a quadratic performance index and by describing the average behaviour of the system by the covariance matrix of the vehicle response state vector. Results are presented for full state feedback and significant improvements in sprung mass acceleration, suspension working space and road holding are observed.     

Motorcycle suspension design using matrix inequalities and passivity constraints

This paper presents a design methodology for the suspension system of a novel aerodynamically efficient motorcycle. Since the machine’s layout and the rider’s seating position are unconventional, several aspects of the machine design, including the suspension, must be reviewed afresh. The design process is based on matrix inequalities that are used to optimise a road-grip objective function – others could be used equally well. The design problem is cast as the minimisation of an H ₂ cost with passivity constraints imposed on the suspension transference. The resulting bilinear matrix inequality problem is solved using a locally optimal iterative algorithm. The matrix inequality-type characterisation of positive real functions permits the optimisation of the suspension system over an entire class of passive admittances. Torsional springs, dampers and inerters are then used to construct networks corresponding to the optimal (positive real) admittances. Networks of first, second, third and fourth orders are considered, and an argument based on the compromise between complexity and improved grip is made for the most suitable suspension configuration. Finally, the effects of improved road grip on the stability of the vehicle’s lateral dynamics are analysed.     

Pole location control design of an active suspension system with uncertain parameters

This paper addresses the problem of robust control design for an active suspension quarter-car model by means of state feedback gains. Specifically, the design of controllers that assure robust pole location of the closed-loop system inside a circular region on the left-hand side of complex plane is investigated. Three sufficient conditions for the existence of a robust stabilizing state feedback gain are presented as linear matrix inequalities: (i) the quadratic stability based gain; (ii) a recently published condition that uses an augmented space and has been here modified to cope with the pole location specification; (iii) a condition that uses an extended number of equations and yields a parameter-dependent state feedback gain. Unlike other parameter-dependent strategies, neither extensive gridding nor approximations are needed. In the suspension model, the sprung mass, the damper coefficient and the spring constant are considered as uncertain parameters belonging to a known interval (polytope type uncertainty). It is shown that the parameter-dependent gain proposed allows one to impose the closed-loop system pole locations that in some situations cannot be obtained with constant feedback gains.     

Pole location control design of an active suspension system with uncertain parameters

This paper addresses the problem of robust control design for an active suspension quarter-car model by means of state feedback gains. Specifically, the design of controllers that assure robust pole location of the closed-loop system inside a circular region on the left-hand side of complex plane is investigated. Three sufficient conditions for the existence of a robust stabilizing state feedback gain are presented as linear matrix inequalities: (i) the quadratic stability based gain; (ii) a recently published condition that uses an augmented space and has been here modified to cope with the pole location specification; (iii) a condition that uses an extended number of equations and yields a parameter-dependent state feedback gain. Unlike other parameter-dependent strategies, neither extensive gridding nor approximations are needed. In the suspension model, the sprung mass, the damper coefficient and the spring constant are considered as uncertain parameters belonging to a known interval (polytope type uncertainty). It is shown that the parameter-dependent gain proposed allows one to impose the closed-loop system pole locations that in some situations cannot be obtained with constant feedback gains.     

汽车转向控制

本文研究侧偏角有约束条件下，汽车四轮转向控制系统的设计问题。根据汽车转向动力学的特点，建立了具有不确定的汽车转向模型，给出了车体质心处侧偏角有约束条件下，二自由度鲁棒四轮转向控制器的设计方法，最后基于ＬＭＩＴｏｏｌ给出了控制器的迭代算法，并给出了仿真计算实例。     

基于直驱阀的快速响应线控制动系统液压力精确控制

为突破响应时间与控制精度的性能瓶颈，提出一种基于直驱阀的快速响应线控制动系统，通过基于Halbach永磁阵列的电磁直线执行器直接驱动阀芯，实现制动轮缸液压力的迅速调节。建立线控制动系统电磁、机械和液压子系统模型，设计基于逻辑门限的线控制动系统液压力-直驱阀位置切换控制架构。压力环采用滑模变结构控制，使轮缸液压力迅速逼近目标液压力值；设计结合摩擦补偿自适应控制律、稳定反馈和鲁棒控制的自适应鲁棒控制方法的直驱阀位置环，使直驱阀芯能够迅速通过阀死区；基于李雅普诺夫函数方法证明算法的稳定性。以线控制动系统的响应时间、控制精度等性能参数作为目标函数，通过相关矩阵分析控制参数对性能的影响规律，并通过多目标粒子群算法优化控制器参数。研究结果表明：提出的切换控制方法与PID控制和滑模控制相比，目标压力10 MPa的阶跃响应时间为0.05 s，稳态误差不超过2％；ARTEMIS欧洲循环工况下的均方根误差为0.33 MPa；设计的直驱阀结构与控制方法有利于提高制动系统的响应速度和控制精度。     

车用发动机串并联分支结构进排气系统消声特性的研究

本文描述车用发动机进排气系统的声学模拟和分析过程,尤其对串并联分支管道系统和消声器进行了较为系统的声学研究。使用声学传递矩阵分析方法和声波有限元分析方法,将多输入输出的分支管道系统表示为相互连接的离散声学单元组合形式,离散声学单元两端的声压和声体积速度由传递矩阵唯一地联系起来。实际车用发动机复杂的串并联分支结构进排气系统都能用此方法进行模拟和分析,理论计算和实测结果表明:试验和理论具有良好的相关性和一致性。     

Robust Stability Analysis of LQG-Controlled Active Suspension with Model Uncertainty Using Structured Singular Value, μ, Method

SUMMARY

This paper presents a systematic approach toward robust stability analysis of LQG-con trolled active suspension systems. To perform this task, the paper starts with a brief background information on LQG control, its relation to H ₂ method, and showing how H ₂ could be formulated to become the frequency domain equivalent of LQG. Then unstructured and structured uncertainties of active suspension are formulated. The paper continues with the definition of maximum singular values and structured singular values of a transfer function matrix. Using these definitions, the robust stability of an active suspension system in the presence of assumed parameter variations are analyzed. These steps are illustrated by means of a numerical example of an active suspension system.     

Velocity control with disturbance observer for pedal-assisted electric bikes

This paper proposes a velocity control approach for light electric bicycles with human power assistance. A disturbance observer mechanism is used to estimate the sum of the human torque and resistance torques. The resulting vehicle velocity control provides better battery energy efficiency by knowledge of the instantaneous human torque assistance and better speed control by knowledge of the instantaneous resistive torque. The disturbance observer is tuned in terms of the DC gain of a low-passed Q-filter for both open-loop and closed-loop schemes. Assuming that the slow varying nature of the disturbance has been properly estimated and compensated, the torque control law is designed via an optimal control approach to achieve multi-objective performances regarding the external disturbance input, control signal magnitude, and velocity tracking error. The three main parameters of the electric bike, including the moment of inertia, the radius of tyre and the vehicle weight are allowed to be variational. Specifically, the deviation of the inertia moment and deviation of the tyre radius are addressed during the controller design in terms of linear matrix inequalities. On the other hand, the effect of vehicle weight deviation on the system behaviour is evaluated when the vehicle is implemented with the constructed control law. Based on the parameters and specifications of the EL-168 electric bike produced by KENTFA Advanced Technology, Taiwan, the design results are verified through time–response simulations.