Motion cueing in high-performance vehicle simulators

The majority of motion cueing algorithms have been developed for passenger car applications, with correspondingly less research dedicated to race-car and high-performance vehicle simulators. In the high-performance context, the focus is on cueing the vehicle's behavioural and handling characteristics, particularly when driving near the limits of performance. In race-car simulators the cueing requirements are therefore quite different, with the problem made all the more challenging by the presence of large accelerations. To understand the drivers' cueing needs, the vehicle's stability and handling response characteristics must be examined near the performance boundary. Frozen-time eigenvalue analyses are used to determine stability and response characteristics across all vehicle operating conditions, including accelerating and braking under cornering, with the results used to determine motion cueing algorithm requirements. Lateral acceleration and yaw cueing filters are designed in order to retain information critical to understanding the vehicle's behaviour on its performance boundary. Cueing filters are then tested, with the help of a professional race-car driver, and are found to provide the cues necessary for the driver to control the vehicle on the limit of performance.     

Vehicle dynamics testing in motion based driving simulators

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the potential of a motion-based driving simulator in the field of vehicle dynamics testing, specifically for heavy vehicles. For this purpose, a case study was prepared embodying the nature of a truck dynamics test setup. The goal was to investigate if the drivers in the simulator could identify the handling differences owed to changes in vehicle parameters, while driving the simulated trucks. Results show that the drivers could clearly identify the differences in vehicle behaviour for most of the performed tests, which motivates further investigative work in this area and exposes the feasibility of heavy vehicle dynamics testing in simulators.     

智能汽车横纵向运动控制方法综述

在我国随着人民生活水平的提高,车辆保有量也在呈倍速增长,进而引起了大量的交通安全问题,其中由驾驶员操作不当引起的交通事故约占所有交通事故的75%。而汽车的智能化发展可以很好地解决此类交通安全问题。智能汽车的核心技术主要包括环境感知、行为决策及运动控制三方面。其中运动控制作为智能汽车核心技术之一,有着重要的研究意义。智能汽车的运动控制包括横向控制和纵向控制两部分,对汽车横、纵向运动控制中的多种方法进行了分析介绍,包括模型预测控制、模糊逻辑控制、神经网络的自适应滑膜控制、直接式控制和分层式控制;同时介绍了横纵向耦合实现运动控制的重要性,并分析了其研究现状;最后,对智能汽车运动控制的后续发展方向进行了展望,有助于智能汽车运动控制的进一步优化发展。     

面向性能的汽车运动动力学模型回顾

系统介绍了面向汽车性能而建立的、用于汽车运动动力学研究的专用模型.以模型发展历史为主线,从模型功用的角度,分析了建模的迁变动机.概括阐述经典的性能模型的建模方法及特点,并分析了性能模型在汽车工业中的应用价值.最后指出面向更高频率特性仿真的具有更精细动态品质的模型是汽车运动动力学模型的发展趋势之一.     

基于视频的单车道车辆逆行检测方法

针对城市单车道车辆逆行违章检测问题,研究了基于视频的单车道车辆逆行违章自动检测方法。使用背景差分法进行车辆检测;用 Harris角点特征补充Mean-shift算法的颜色特征,提高车辆跟踪精度,以此得出被跟踪车辆的运动轨迹;通过计算机对运动轨迹进行分析,自动地判断其是否为逆行。从逆行检测正确率和计算量两方面进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,该方法对车辆逆行检测效果良好。车辆平均逆行识别率达到约87.55%,与对比方法基本相当;在计算时间方面,文中方法平均每帧计算时间比对比方法少约1956ms,更具快速性。      

汽车运动状态在线测量及预报技术

为了有效地对汽车自身可能的运动状态进行预报,并对潜在的行车危险进行预警,开展了汽车运动状态在线测量及预报技术研究。设计了微惯性测量单元,实现汽车运动状态参数在线测量,介绍了汽车姿态解算及其速度积分算法;设计了Kalman滤波器,通过信号融合处理获取汽车运动状态参数的最优估计值;阐述了自回归建模预报方法,并开发了汽车运动状态在线测量及预报软件;最后搭建了车载试验平台并进行了实车道路试验。结果表明:汽车运动状态在线测量及预报技术具有很好的预报效果,为未来开发性能更可靠、效果更佳的汽车主动安全预警系统提供了一定的理论依据和技术途径。     

信号交叉口自动驾驶左转车辆类人化全局运动轨迹规划

为了提高信号交叉口自动驾驶车辆左转运动规划的适应性、鲁棒性与类人化程度，提出一种考虑多目标需求的自动驾驶类人化全局运动规划方法。首先，基于西安市北大街信号交叉口规格构建结构化场景，结合车辆运动学模型与道路几何规格定义自动驾驶车辆规范化行驶安全域和车辆运动参数约束条件；其次，根据信号灯状态、道路限速与车辆性能约束制定上游阶段车辆不停车通行规则，以行驶安全、燃油消耗、通行效率与驾驶舒适度作为目标性能函数，构建类人化全局多目标优化模型，通过人类驾驶的车辆预转弯行为耦合上游阶段与转弯阶段；再次，针对非线性运动规划模型变量与约束规模化问题，采用粒子群算法与全联立正交配置有限元方法求解不同阶段车辆运动轨迹的最优解；最后，试验建立Prescan与MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真平台，从多目标性能、适应性以及合理性方面验证该模型的综合性能。结果表明：在以信号灯状态和车辆初速度为变量建立的12种工况下，该模型与人类驾驶车辆、混合运动规划模型相比，平均可分别节省燃油消耗63.7%和29.5%，平均通行延时分别降低3、0.9 s，且轨迹曲率更平缓，最大横向加速度与方向盘转角平方和的平均值最小，证明该模型的多目标性能更好；在以路缘石半径与车道数目为变量建立的7种交叉口规格工况下，所提出模型的车辆轨迹平滑，轨迹安全域边界距离始终大于1.4 m，曲率变化符合期望且峰值小于0.22 m^-1，说明该模型具有较好的适应性；在自由/固定终端时刻条件下，该模型规划的车辆空间路径、速度、曲率及航向角的变化与目标权重变化保持一致，验证了模型的合理性。     

Optimisation of nonlinear motion cueing algorithm based on genetic algorithm

Motion cueing algorithms (MCAs) are playing a significant role in driving simulators, aiming to deliver the most accurate human sensation to the simulator drivers compared with a real vehicle driver, without exceeding the physical limitations of the simulator. This paper provides the optimisation design of an MCA for a vehicle simulator, in order to find the most suitable washout algorithm parameters, while respecting all motion platform physical limitations, and minimising human perception error between real and simulator driver. One of the main limitations of the classical washout filters is that it is attuned by the worst-case scenario tuning method. This is based on trial and error, and is effected by driving and programmers experience, making this the most significant obstacle to full motion platform utilisation. This leads to inflexibility of the structure, production of false cues and makes the resulting simulator fail to suit all circumstances. In addition, the classical method does not take minimisation of human perception error and physical constraints into account. Production of motion cues and the impact of different parameters of classical washout filters on motion cues remain inaccessible for designers for this reason. The aim of this paper is to provide an optimisation method for tuning the MCA parameters, based on nonlinear filtering and genetic algorithms. This is done by taking vestibular sensation error into account between real and simulated cases, as well as main dynamic limitations, tilt coordination and correlation coefficient. Three additional compensatory linear blocks are integrated into the MCA, to be tuned in order to modify the performance of the filters successfully. The proposed optimised MCA is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink software packages. The results generated using the proposed method show increased performance in terms of human sensation, reference shape tracking and exploiting the platform more efficiently without reaching the motion limitations.     

A theoretical justification of the sine with dwell manoeuvre

The sine with dwell (SWD) manoeuvre has received much attention within the context of vehicle stability testing. This manoeuvre is used in a test developed by the NHTSA, designed to certificate electronic stability control systems in light vehicles. The test is used in legislations as well as in consumer tests all over the globe. The SWD manoeuvre was designed using test vehicles on a test track and experimentally validated. The paper at hand uses optimal control theory to theoretically justify the use of the SWD manoeuvre to produce a severe lateral motion and over-steering based on steering input. It is shown that a manoeuvre similar to the SWD manoeuvre can be obtained from an optimal control problem using simple vehicle dynamics models. The optimal control method is further used to analyse the manoeuvre's robustness with respect to vehicle dimensions and tyre properties. It is shown that the manoeuvre is robust in dimensions, which theoretically motivates its application for various sizes of vehicles.     

考虑道路因素的智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制研究

针对智能车辆纵向运动时的交通道路适应性问题,考虑路面附着系数和前车运动速度等因素,研究了智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制方法。论文研究了基于车头时距的纵向运动决策方法并建立不同驾驶行为的目标车速模型,运用变论域模糊推理算法设计了目标加速度模型。基于纵向动力学模型,运用自适应反演滑模控制算法建立了驱动控制器和制动控制器。对高附着系数路面和低附着系数路面的行驶工况进行仿真试验验证,结果表明,在不同的附着系数路面和前车变速行驶条件下,智能车辆能实时、合理地决策目标车速、目标加速度,实现安全、高效、稳定的跟驰。     

Fidelity of using scaled vehicles for chassis dynamic studies

There are many situations where physical testing of a vehicle or vehicle controller is necessary, yet use of a full-size vehicle is not practical. Some situations include implementation testing of novel actuation strategies, analysing the behaviour of chassis feedback control under system faults, or near-unstable situations such as limit handling under driver-assist feedback control. Historically, many have advocated the use of scale vehicles as surrogates for larger vehicles. This article presents analysis and experimental testing that examines the fidelity of using scaled vehicles for vehicle chassis dynamics and control studies. In support of this effort, this work introduces an experimental system called the Pennsylvania State University Rolling Roadway Simulator (the PURRS). In the PURRS, a custom-built scale-sized vehicle is freely driven on a moving roadway surface. While others have used scale-vehicle rolling roadway simulators in the past, this work is the first to attempt to directly match the planar dynamic performance of the scale-sized vehicle to a specific full-sized vehicle by careful design of the scale vehicle. This article explains details of this effort including vehicle dynamic modelling, detailed measurement of model parameters, conditions for dynamic similitude, validation of the resulting experimental vehicle in the time, frequency, and dimensionless domains. The results of the dynamic comparisons between scale- and full-sized vehicles clearly illustrate operational regimes where agreement is quite good, and other regimes where agreement is quite poor. Both are useful to understand the applicability of scale-vehicle results to full-size vehicle analysis.     

汽车驾驶模拟器在交通安全中的应用综述

汽车驾驶模拟器是1种研究“人‐车‐路‐环境”交通特性的重要工具,由于具有重现性好、安全性高、成本低等优势,被广泛应用于交通研究方面,尤其因其能够在危险场景中采集多种车辆数据,近年来汽车驾驶模拟器在交通安全方面的研究进展飞速。文中简要介绍了汽车驾驶模拟器的国内外发展历史,从驾驶分心、道路设计、交通设计、交通事故和驾驶疲劳5个方面梳理出汽车驾驶模拟器在交通安全领域的应用研究,并分析了这5个方面研究领域中驾驶模拟器实验的其中利弊,探讨了汽车驾驶模拟器在中国交通安全研究中的应用前景及存在的问题。      

主被动式网络化汽车驾驶模拟器的研究及应用

本文介绍主、被动式网络化的汽车驾驶模拟器。该模拟器除采用了先进的计算机虚拟现实技术和汽车动力学模型外，还具有模拟器间的网络交互、主被动驾驶模式、运动约束、语音提示、驾驶评价等方面的特点，在应用上具有显著的特色。     

基于预期偏移距离的人机权值分配策略研究

针对智能车辆横向运动控制中驾驶员和辅助系统的控制权限冲突问题,本文中提出一种人机权值分配策略。采用车辆在预瞄点处的预期偏移距离(PDLC)衡量车道偏离危险度,预期偏移距离通过对预瞄偏差修正获取。权值分配函数设计时以PDLC为自变量,以保证驾驶员的权值为优先控制目标,以一定的横向运动控制精度为先决条件。在CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和CarSim/Labview RT硬件在环实验台上对提出的控制策略进行了实验验证和数据分析。结果表明,采用权值分配策略协调驾驶员和辅助系统的控制,可在有效跟踪理想道路中心线的前提下保证驾驶员的控制权值,降低其工作负荷以及纠正驾驶员的误操作行为。     

Generalised multi-axle vehicle handling

The familiar two-axle bicycle model and associated basic concepts of vehicle handling are reviewed and used to introduce minor changes in convention from the literature. The two-axle model is extended to a three-axle vehicle to illustrate the effectiveness of the notation combined with a simplifying mathematical identity found in the two-axle vehicle literature. A generalised model is then developed that produces dynamic equations of motion by inspection for a vehicle with an arbitrary number of steerable and non-steerable axles. Furthermore, the vehicle dynamic concepts of understeer and wheelbase are generalised and can be directly computed for various arbitrary vehicle configurations.     

基于前车轨迹预测的高速智能车运动规划

针对现有运动规划算法大多只考虑障碍车当前状态,本文中提出一种基于前车运动轨迹预测的高速车辆运动规划算法。首先,融合考虑驾驶意图与基于车辆运动模型的方法对前车轨迹进行预测;然后,采用贝塞尔曲线(Bezier)规划主车运动轨迹,结合避撞过程中与前车碰撞风险概率,高速避撞车辆速度变化特点以及车辆运动稳定性等因素建立目标函数,并考虑车辆动力学与运动学约束,使用序列二次规划(SQP)方法对Bezier曲线的控制点和主车运动目标点位置进行优化求解,得到最优避撞运动轨迹;最后,以前车直行和换道两种工况为例,对主车的避撞运动轨迹进行规划,分析不同工况下主车避撞过程中的运动状态变化以及与前车碰撞风险概率变化。结果表明,所提出的运动规划算法能够保证车辆的避撞安全性与运动稳定性。     

多媒体计算机序列图象运动分析系统的研究

随着计算机多媒体技术的发展，多媒体计算机序列图象运动分析系统已日趋成熟。它与摄影测量学理论相结合成为较完善的非接触动态测量系统。这种为一般工程技术人员在微机上即可进行运动过程定量分析的方法，在工程测量中具有广泛的应用前景。     

On model-based longitudinal feed-forward motion control for low velocities on known road profiles

ABSTRACT

So far, longitudinal motion control has focused on situations like highway driving, where disturbances of the road profile can be neglected. In this paper, we show how the Two Point Tire Model can be used to derive a novel feed-forward control law for a vehicle's longitudinal motion that considers the effects of the road profile and can complement existing control approaches. For this purpose, we recapitulate the basic model assumptions and equations and briefly discuss how it can be used on arbitrary road profiles. Two approaches for implementation in a real vehicle are presented. Comparisons of these approaches in simulation and to a human driver of an experimental vehicle show that the controller can deal with stepped obstacles of up to 14?cm in height. However, the control performance is essentially limited by the actuator delay and human drivers outperform the controller due to their ability of sensing subtle vehicle motions. The results indicate that the control performance can be further improved by using a preview on the necessary drive torque, which can be provided by the solution that we propose.     

Modelling and analysis of a gyrostat elastically attached to a vehicle

In recent studies, the dynamic response of a passenger car to a gyrostat was investigated for a series of driving manoeuvres, but the gyrostat was assumed to be rigidly supported, thus neglecting the effect of rotor precession. The aim of the present study is the modelling and investigation of the gyrostat-vehicle interaction for elastically mounted gyrostats. For this purpose, a general model describing the motion of a gyrostat elastically supported by a moving platform is derived. Emphasis is placed on the mathematical derivation, where all considerations that are necessary to arrive at the final result are included. Thus, the presented considerations and results can be easily adopted and are suitable to serve beyond their actual purpose as a reference work for other applications. The derived model is tested with the aid of vehicle dynamics simulations and the simulation results prove to be consistent with the results of the rigid attachment model, provided that the elastic approach is subjected to high-bearing stiffnesses. However, it is shown that at lower bearing stiffnesses the solutions are progressively different, since low-bearing stiffnesses enable the gyrostat to move, due to the compliance of the bearings itself, relative to the vehicle chassis with high-angular velocities.     

Emergency steering control of autonomous vehicle for collision avoidance and stabilisation

ABSTRACT

Collision avoidance and stabilisation are two of the most crucial concerns when an autonomous vehicle finds itself in emergency situations, which usually occur in a short time horizon and require large actuator inputs, together with highly nonlinear tyre cornering response. In order to avoid collision while stabilising autonomous vehicle under dynamic driving situations at handling limits, this paper proposes a novel emergency steering control strategy based on hierarchical control architecture consisting of decision-making layer and motion control layer. In decision-making layer, a dynamic threat assessment model continuously evaluates the risk associated with collision and destabilisation, and a path planner based on kinematics and dynamics of vehicle system determines a collision-free path when it suddenly encounters emergency scenarios. In motion control layer, a lateral motion controller considering nonlinearity of tyre cornering response and unknown external disturbance is designed using tyre lateral force estimation-based backstepping sliding-mode control to track a collision-free path, and to ensure the robustness and stability of the closed-loop system. Both simulation and experiment results show that the proposed control scheme can effectively perform an emergency collision avoidance manoeuvre while maintaining the stability of autonomous vehicle in different running conditions.