Vibration control in train–bridge–track systems

To study the problems associated with vibration control of train–bridge–track systems a mathematical model with the capability of representing supplementary vibrational control devices is proposed. The train system is assumed as rigid bodies supported on double-deck suspension mechanism with semi-active features. The bridge system is modeled using the modal approach. Vibration control for bridge responses is provided by tuned mass dampers. A non-classical incremental Eigen analysis is proposed to trace the system characteristics across the time. In an example, the capability of the proposed model in investigating the vibration control prospects of a bridge–train system is shown. The results indicate the effectiveness of active suspension mechanism in reducing train's body movements, particularly the pitching angle and the vertical accelerations. Accordingly, the results also verify the potential of TMD devices in reducing the bridge responses at resonance motions.     

中央扣对悬索桥动力特性及短吊索车载激励响应的影响

为实现运营阶段中央扣对悬索桥动力特性及车载激励下短吊索响应影响的量化分析,进而为悬索桥设计及维养策略提供参考,基于已编制的车-桥耦合分析系统,引入制动惯性力及俯仰力矩模拟车辆制动力,建立了考虑车辆制动过程的车-桥耦合分析系统;以一座单跨地锚式悬索桥为工程背景,建立无、有中央扣2种缆梁连接体系的全桥空间有限元模型,研究中央扣对悬索桥动力特性及行车激励下短吊索缆梁相对位移响应的影响;采用建立的分析系统,考虑不同制动位置、初速度及减速度研究中央扣对短吊索制动激励响应的控制作用;考虑短吊索因缆梁相对错动产生的弯曲应力,建立车流激励下短吊索疲劳损伤的分析流程,研究中央扣对短吊索的等效疲劳应力幅值及疲劳损伤度的影响。分析结果表明：中央扣提高了悬索桥的纵飘及扭转刚度,改变了缆梁间的相对运动特性,减小了缆梁错动循环次数及位移幅值,可有效控制行车激励下60.3%以上的短吊索缆梁相对位移响应;考虑不同制动位置、初速度及减速度的取值,中央扣对短吊索缆梁相对位移幅值的减弱率可分别达92.9%、85.1%及85%以上,有效降低了短吊索制动激励响应对3个制动参数的敏感性;中央扣对随机车载下短吊索轴向应力幅值的影响较小,而对因缆梁相对错动产生的弯曲应力幅值影响较大,减弱了短吊索的等效疲劳应力幅值及疲劳损伤度,尤其是距中央扣位置最近的短吊索,疲劳损伤度降低了近71.4%;因此,中央扣可有效控制运营阶段悬索桥短吊索的车载激励响应。     

Semi-active control of tracked vehicle suspension incorporating magnetorheological dampers

In past years, the application of magnetorheological (MR) and electrorheological dampers in vehicle suspension has been widely studied, mainly for the purpose of vibration control. This paper presents theoretical study to identify an appropriate semi-active control method for MR-tracked vehicle suspension. Three representative control algorithms are simulated including the skyhook, hybrid and fuzzy-hybrid controllers. A seven degrees-of-freedom tracked vehicle suspension model incorporating MR dampers has been adopted for comparison between the performance of the three controllers. The model differential equations are derived based on Newton's second law of motion and the proposed control methods are developed. The performance of each control method under bump and sinusoidal road profiles for different vehicle speeds is simulated and compared with the performance of the conventional suspension system in time and frequency domains. The results show that the performance of tracked vehicle suspension with MR dampers is substantially improved. Moreover, the fuzzy-hybrid controller offers an excellent integrated performance in reducing the body accelerations as well as wheel bounce responses compared with the classical skyhook and hybrid controllers.     

Modelling and characteristic analysis of tri-axle trucks with hydraulically interconnected suspensions

In this paper, a new hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system is proposed for the implementation of a resistance control for the pitch and bounce modes of tri-axle heavy trucks. A lumped-mass half-truck model is established using the free-body diagram method. The equations of motion of a mechanical and hydraulic coupled system are developed by incorporating the hydraulic strut forces into the mechanical subsystem as externally applied forces. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is used to evaluate the impedance matrix of the hydraulic subsystem consisting of models of fluid pipes, damper valves, accumulators, and three-way junctions. The TMM is further applied to find the quantitative relationships between the hydraulic strut forces and boundary flow of the mechanical–fluid interactive subsystem. The modal analysis method is employed to perform the vibration analysis between the trucks with the conventional suspension and the proposed HIS. Comparison analysis focuses on free vibration with identified eigenvalues and eigenvectors, isolation vibration capacity, and force vibration in terms of the power spectrum density responses. The obtained results show the effectiveness of the proposed HIS system in reducing the pitch motion of sprung mass and simultaneously maintaining the ride comfort. The pitch stiffness is increased while the bounce stiffness is slightly softened. The peak values of sprung mass and wheel hop motions are greatly reduced, and the vibration decay rate of sprung mass is also significantly increased.     

基于T-S模型的主动悬架保性能控制研究

建立了1/2车4自由度主动悬架的T-S模糊模型,提出了基于该模型的模糊保性能控制方案,并且针对含有参数不确定性的主动悬架系统进行了仿真。结果表明该方法能够取得较满意的控制效果,也证明了主动悬架系统在减少振动、提高汽车平顺性方面要优于被动悬架。     

基于预紧弹簧系统的桥梁挠度冲击系数量测方法

为了提高桥梁挠度及冲击系数测试的稳定性,在传统悬锤法基础上,基于弹簧预紧效应,提出了预紧弹簧法。首先依据车-桥耦合振动理论,以简支梁桥为对象推导了车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动方程,进行了室内试验和系统数值验证;在此基础上分别建立了车辆-桥梁-悬锤系统和车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧系统的有限元模型,利用数值解法分析了横向风荷载对悬锤法和预紧弹簧法测量主梁挠度及冲击系数的影响;根据建立的车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动系统,研究了影响该方法精度的关键性因素,并给出系统参数选型优化经验公式。最后,以一座30 m预制装配式简支箱梁桥为例,在随机车载激励下,进行支架法、悬锤法和预紧弹簧法3种方法的对比试验。研究结果表明：预紧弹簧法与传统悬锤法相比,冲击系数受风荷载影响较小;无风环境下,预紧弹簧法易受铁丝抗拉刚度、弹簧刚度和悬挂长度的影响,而与初始预紧力值无关;通过合理选用参数,预紧弹簧法能够实现主梁与系统同相位振动;工程实例表明该方法与支架法挠度冲击系数平均误差为6.1%,精度高于悬锤法测量结果,该方法也可为桥梁结构静动载大位移测试提供借鉴。     

Enhancing grey prediction fuzzy controller for active suspension systems

A grey prediction fuzzy controller (GPFC) was proposed to control an active suspension system and evaluate its control performance. The GPFC employed the grey prediction algorithm to predict the position output error of the sprung mass and the error change as input variables of the traditional fuzzy controller (TFC) in controlling the suspension system to suppress the vibration and the acceleration amplitudes of the sprung mass for improving the ride comfort of the TFC used; however, the TFC or GPFC was employed to control the suspension system, resulting in a large tire deflection so that the road-holding ability in the vehicle becomes worse than with the original passive control strategy. To overcome the problem, this work developed an enhancing grey prediction fuzzy controller (EGPFC) that not only had the original GPFC property but also introduced the tire dynamic effect into the controller design, also using the grey prediction algorithm to predict the next tire deflection error and the error change as input variables of another TFC, to control the suspension system for enhancing the road-holding capability of the vehicle. The EGPFC has better control performances in suppressing the vibration and the acceleration amplitudes of the sprung mass to improve the ride quality and in reducing the tire deflection to enhance the road-holding ability of the vehicle, than both TFC and GPFC, as confirmed by experimental results.     

Enhancing grey prediction fuzzy controller for active suspension systems

A grey prediction fuzzy controller (GPFC) was proposed to control an active suspension system and evaluate its control performance. The GPFC employed the grey prediction algorithm to predict the position output error of the sprung mass and the error change as input variables of the traditional fuzzy controller (TFC) in controlling the suspension system to suppress the vibration and the acceleration amplitudes of the sprung mass for improving the ride comfort of the TFC used; however, the TFC or GPFC was employed to control the suspension system, resulting in a large tire deflection so that the road-holding ability in the vehicle becomes worse than with the original passive control strategy. To overcome the problem, this work developed an enhancing grey prediction fuzzy controller (EGPFC) that not only had the original GPFC property but also introduced the tire dynamic effect into the controller design, also using the grey prediction algorithm to predict the next tire deflection error and the error change as input variables of another TFC, to control the suspension system for enhancing the road-holding capability of the vehicle. The EGPFC has better control performances in suppressing the vibration and the acceleration amplitudes of the sprung mass to improve the ride quality and in reducing the tire deflection to enhance the road-holding ability of the vehicle, than both TFC and GPFC, as confirmed by experimental results.     

刚性索自锚式悬索桥动力性能分析

平顶山市建设路立交桥主桥为刚性索自锚式悬索桥,运用MIDAS Civil有限元程序建立该桥的空间有限元计算模型,对其动力性能进行计算与分析。计算结果表明:该刚性索自锚式悬索桥的自振频率较大,竖向频率比横向和扭转频率小;桥塔的横向振型出现较早;主缆与吊杆刚性化能够有效提高桥梁结构的频率,特别是提高桥梁结构横向振动频率,控制索面的横向摆动;刚性索自锚式悬索桥与相同结构的柔性索自锚式悬索桥计算得到的桥梁振型基本一致,刚性索自锚式悬索桥振动频率比柔性索自锚式悬索桥频率有所提高。     

Influence of long-wavelength track irregularities on the motion of a high-speed train

Vertical track irregularities over viaducts in high-speed rail systems could be possibly caused by concrete creep if pre-stressed concrete bridges are used. For bridge spans that are almost uniformly distributed, track irregularity exhibits a near-regular wave profile that excites car bodies as a high-speed train moves over the bridge system. A long-wavelength irregularity induces low-frequency excitation that may be close to the natural frequencies of the train suspension system, thereby causing significant vibration of the car body. This paper investigates the relationship between the levels of car vibration, bridge vibration, track irregularity, and the train speed. First, this study investigates the vibration levels of a high-speed train and bridge system using 3D finite-element (FE) transient dynamic analysis, before and after adjustment of vertical track irregularities by means of installing shimming plates under rail pads. The analysis models are validated by in situ measurements and on-board measurement. Parametric studies of car body vibration and bridge vibration under three different levels of track irregularity at five train speeds and over two bridge span lengths are conducted using the FE model. Finally, a discontinuous shimming pattern is proposed to avoid vehicle suspension resonance.     

圆筒型缓冲装置设计方法研究

梁间碰撞是桥梁在地震中破坏的主要因素之一。随着抗震研究的进展,限位装置在桥梁中的应用研究也越来越多,但是以往的研究多局限于普通限位缓冲装置使用效果的定性研究,没有考虑具有耗能性能的装置的缓冲效果。该研究在试验的基础上提出了基于反应谱方法的具有耗能性能的圆筒型限位缓冲装置计算模型和设计方法,并采用动力时程分析方法对设计效果进行验证。研究表明圆筒型缓冲装置具有明显的缓冲效果,本设计方法是可行的,与普通缓冲装置相比,梁体与挡块之间的最大相对位移以及桥墩的塑性变形均有不同程度的减小。     

基于环境激励测试值的润扬悬索桥动力特性分析

桥梁结构自振特性分析是进行地震反应分析及风振分析的理论基础,系统而深入的认识桥梁结构的动力特性是十分重要的。通过以润扬南汊悬索桥为研究对象,分析了对其实施环境随机测试的过程及结果,并根据润扬南汊悬索桥的设计图纸用大型商业有限元软件ANSYS建立了悬索桥的三维有限元模型,对成桥后的动力特性进行计算,并与实测值进行了对比分析,结果比较吻合,为该桥进一步动力分析提供了理论基础。     

汽车非线性半主动悬架的模糊神经网络控制

考虑磁流变减振器阻尼力和悬架弹性元件非线性特性，建立车辆6自由度的半主动悬架非线性动力学模型。提出了一种基于模糊神经网络系统结构的模型参考自适应控制方法来研究汽车半主动悬架的非线性控制问题，并考虑半车模型前后悬架的输入时滞，对其进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明：运用模糊神经网络非线性控制方法能够使人体和车身垂直加速度、俯仰角加速度都得到很大的衰减，证实这种模糊神经网络控制方法可大大减少路面对车身的振动冲击，提高汽车行驶平顺性。     

基于微分几何理论的汽车半主动悬架非线性振动控制

针对汽车悬架系统的非线性特性,采用1／4汽车二自由度悬架模型分析半主动悬架控制。应用微分几何理论得到输出-干扰解耦方法,再经适当的坐标变换将该模型由非线性系统简化成一线性系统,并对此系统进行最优控制,然后通过非线性状态反馈实现对原系统的半主动控制。与被动悬架的仿真结果进行了比较,表明这种针对具有非线性特征的半主动悬架的非线性控制方法是可行的。通过功率谱分析,控制后系统的能量比被动悬架更趋于平均,悬架动态性能更稳定。     

设柔性中央扣的特大跨度悬索桥纵向抗震体系研究

为针对设有柔性中央扣的特大跨度悬索桥选择合理的纵向抗震体系,以设有柔性中央扣的南京仙新路特大跨度悬索桥(主跨1760 m的双塔单跨地锚式悬索桥)为背景进行研究。采用SAP 2000软件,考虑柔性中央扣只能受拉不能受压的力学特性建立该桥非线性有限元模型,对柔性中央扣、粘滞阻尼器以及两者组合作用的减震效果进行对比分析,在此基础上提出合理的减震体系,并确定合理的体系参数。结果表明:粘滞阻尼器的减震效果远好于柔性中央扣;在设有柔性中央扣的特大跨度悬索桥中,由于柔性中央扣在地震作用下会被拉断而失效,因此建议将柔性中央扣的销钉设计为“熔断”部件,同时在塔、梁连接处设置粘滞阻尼器减小加劲梁地震位移;粘滞阻尼器的参数应综合考虑静力和地震响应优化确定。     

Roll and pitch independently tuned interconnected suspension: modelling and dynamic analysis

In this paper, a roll and pitch independently tuned hydraulically interconnected passive suspension is presented. Due to decoupling of vibration modes and the improved lateral and longitudinal stability, the stiffness of individual suspension spring can be reduced for improving ride comfort and road grip. A generalised 14 degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model with anti-roll bars is established to investigate the vehicle ride and handling dynamic responses. The nonlinear fluidic model of the hydraulically interconnected suspension is developed and integrated with the full vehicle model to investigate the anti-roll and anti-pitch characteristics. Time domain analysis of the vehicle model with the proposed suspension is conducted under different road excitations and steering/braking manoeuvres. The dynamic responses are compared with conventional suspensions to demonstrate the potential of enhanced ride and handling performance. The results illustrate the model-decoupling property of the hydraulically interconnected system. The anti-roll and anti-pitch performance could be tuned independently by the interconnected systems. With the improved anti-roll and anti-pitch characteristics, the bounce stiffness and ride damping can be optimised for better ride comfort and tyre grip.     

馈能型悬架的仿真与性能评价研究

为了回收悬架间被减振器消耗掉的振动能量,提出了一种集馈能与减振功能于一体的馈能型悬架。还研究了馈能型悬架的工作原理及其动力学模型,并对它进行了数值仿真。同时,利用熵值法建立一个悬架综合性能评价体系,对馈能型悬架和被动悬架的综合性能进行了对比评价,评价结果显示馈能型悬架的综合性能明显优于被动悬架的综合性能,说明使用馈能型悬架来提高汽车的行驶平顺性和燃油经济性在理论上是可行的。     

基于神经网络的半主动悬架自适应模糊控制

提出了基于神经网络的自适应模糊控制策略。模糊控制主要用来对付系统的非线性；神经网络根据振动响应的方差递推结果来辨识车体的振动情况实时调节模糊控制器的量化因子，使模糊控制器对路面的变化具有自适应的能力。在半主动悬挂1／4车非线性模型的基础上进行了仿真研究。     

悬索桥吊索高阶涡激振动及摆锤式MTMD减振技术研究

为了解大跨度悬索桥吊索出现的大幅高频振动现象,并进行减振,以国内某主跨1688 m的悬索桥为背景(最长吊索长184.6 m),基于理论方法和施工期吊索大幅高频振动实测结果,分析吊索的振动类型及参数(频率、阻尼比);提出一种摆锤式多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD,其由一定形状的锤头提供质量参数,由钢绞线提供刚度及阻尼参数),采用有限元和室内试验的方法,分析其振动特性,并进行实桥验证。结果表明:该桥吊索振动频率范围为5~25 Hz,阻尼比低,单个吊点的多根吊索易发生同相位的高阶涡激振动;摆锤式MTMD单个锤头具有2个控制主频,自身阻尼比约10%,具有位移放大作用,对高频振动的响应灵敏,在很宽的频率范围内具有很好的减振性能;摆锤式MTMD可有效增加吊索自身阻尼比,控制吊索高阶涡激振动,实测减振效果达到90%以上,具有很好的实用性。     

钢桁梁悬索桥抖振响应及其影响参数分析

钢桁梁是双层桥面悬索桥及峡谷地区悬索桥常用的加劲梁形式,该类加劲梁构件众多、阻风面积大,在脉动风荷载作用下的抖振响应非常显著。采用Davenport抖振频域方法对某钢桁梁悬索桥的顺风向、横风向及扭转方向的抖振响应进行分析。抖振有限元频域分析表明:抖振位移主要由加劲梁各方向的1阶振动模态控制,高阶模态的参与效应可以忽略;对于抖振加速度,高阶模态有较大贡献。进一步研究了定常及非定常自激气动力形式对气动阻尼的影响,结果表明准定常自激力描述竖向及侧向模态的气动阻尼具有足够的精度,但描述扭转模态的气动阻尼还存在很大的近似性。