沥青混凝土摊铺机刮板停转故障分析

以VOGELE S1800型摊铺机为例，分析了刮板停转故障的原因，并由此提出了进口摊铺机正常使用中液压系统应注意的几个重要问题。     

Observer Design for Electronic Suspension Applications*

SUMMARY

This paper proposes a new methodology for designing observers for automotive suspensions. Automotive suspensions are disturbance-affected dynamic systems. Semi-active suspensions are bilinear while active suspensions with hydraulic actuators are nonlinear. The proposed methodology guarantees exponentially convergent state estimation for both these systems. It uses easily accessible and inexpensive measurements. The fact that sprung mass absolute velocity of the suspension cannot be estimated in an exponentially stable manner with such measurements is also demonstrated.

Controllers using estimated states are implemented experimentally on the Berkeley Active Suspension Test Rig. Experimental results for two cases are presented : use of observer states to improve ride quality in an active suspension and use of observer states to reduce dynamic tire loading in a semi-active heavy vehicle suspension.     

Kurshaltungskennwerte und ihre Abhangigkeit von Fahrzeugdaten*

Vehicle Handling Characteristics and Their Relationship to Vehicle Design Parameters

This paper reviews currently used test procedures for the determination of vehicle handling characteristics in the time and frequency domain. Driver subjective opinions lead to preferred tendencies or ranges of these quantities. The results of closed-loop tests show the adaptability of drivers to the dynamic characteristics of vehicles. The relationship between handling characteristics and design parameters is obtained from the analysis of a simple vehicle model. Comparison of these results with the prefered ranges found in closed-loop tests yields aids for the design of vehicles.     

Wheel/Rail Contact: Geometrical Study*

Before trying to ascertain the precise nature of the Wheel-Rail contact (internal stresses and strains, wear and friction, security against a derailment, dynamic behaviour of the vehicle, etc.) the geometrical problem must necessarily be solved. That is, for each position of the wheelset (this is defined by 6 parameters, of which only 4 are independent) the two dependent parameters and the coordinates of the points of contact of each wheel, and rail must be obtained. A new method is proposed of obtaining the spatial position of a wheelset with reference to the rails, from the most general point of view.     

Achievable Dynamic Response for Automotive Active Suspensions *

A complete set of constraints is derived for the road disturbance transfer functions in a quarter car model of an automotive active suspension, for typical choices of measured outputs. It is shown that any road disturbance responses which are achievable using “full state feedback” can be achieved, to within an arbitrary small tolerance, using a dynamic compensator measuring suspension deflection only. Also considered are the disturbance responses to loads acting on the sprung mass, and a complete set of constraints is derived for these. It is shown that road disturbance and load disturbance responses can be determined independently if suspension deflection and sprung mass velocity are measured. Indeed, any responses achievable separately with “full measurements” can be approximated together to an arbitrary small tolerance. Certain integral relationships are shown to follow from the derived transfer function constraints. These relationships imply fundamental limitations for certain responses (e.g. tyre deflection) no matter what measurements are available for feedback.     

Approximate Dynamic Shimmy Response of Pneumatic Tires*

An improved approximation of the theory of the dynamic frequency response of side force and aligning torque acting upon the rolling wheel when the latter is moved laterally and swivelled about the vertical axis, is presented. The method is particularly suitable for application in vibration problems of steering and suspension systems of automobiles and aircraft where relatively high speed and high frequency phenomena play a role. The theoretical results show satisfactory agreement with experimental data. Calculations indicate that the inertia of the tire decreases the tendency to shimmy at higher frequencies and speeds of travel. For castered wheels however, tire inertia may have an adverse effect due to its unfavorable influence upon the side force response to swivel motions.     

Outsourced probe data effectiveness on signalized arterials*

ABSTRACT

This paper presents results of an I-95 Corridor Coalition sponsored project to assess the ability of outsourced vehicle probe data to provide accurate travel time on signalized roadways for the purposes of real-time operations as well as performance measures. The quality of outsourced probe data on freeways has led many departments of transportation to consider such data for arterial performance monitoring. From April 2013 through June of 2014, the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Transportation Technology gathered travel times from several arterial corridors within the mid-Atlantic region using Bluetooth traffic monitoring (BTM) equipment, and compared these travel times with the data reported to the I95 Vehicle Probe Project (VPP) from an outsourced probe data vendor. The analysis consisted of several methodologies: (1) a traditional analysis that used precision and bias speed metrics; (2) a slowdown analysis that quantified the percentage of significant traffic disruptions accurately captured in the VPP data; (3) a sampled distribution method that uses overlay methods to enhance and analyze recurring congestion patterns. (4) Last, the BTM and VPP data from each 24-hour period of data collection were reviewed by the research team to assess the extent to which VPP captured the nature of the traffic flow. Based on the analysis, probe data is recommended only on arterial roadways with signal densities (measured in signals per mile) up to one, and it should be tested and used with caution for signal densities between one and two, and is not recommended when signal density exceeds two.     

Tractor-Semitrailer Dynamics: Design of the Fifth Wheel*

The nonlinear equations of motion are derived for a tractor-semitrailer truck where both the itractor and the semitrailer yaw, pitch, roll, and translate. Special emphasis is placed on the constraints imposed by the fifth wheel on the vehicle motion. In particular, the effects of two proposed fifth wheel design changes on the jackknifing behavior of a vehicle in a turning, braking maneuver are studied. The results demonstrate that the tendency of the vehicle to jackknife can be reduced with a geometric modification of the fifth wheel.     

Railway Vehicle Modelling by the Constraint Equation Method*

A method for the dynamic analysis of railway vehicles is proposed. The method is based on both the using of constraint equations, and on the building of the mathematical model by means of the initial data.

The calculation models are nonlinear, due both to the connecting elements, and to the wheel-rail contact modelling. Solving of differential equations is achieved by time step integration. The method has been applied to the analysis of a freight wagon and a train unit.     

The Development and Implementation of Adaptive Semi-Active Suspension Control*

SUMMARY

Using adjustable shock absorbers within vehicle suspension systems, it is possible to improve ride comfort significantly when a control strategy is applied based on the so-called skyhook principle. However, the drawback is a poorly damped wheel-hop mode which makes the road holding ability worse. Using adaptive semi-active suspension control based on the tire load variations as introduced in this paper, the trade-off between road holding and ride comfort can be relaxed. Implementation of adaptive skyhook control requires the determination of a number of important and difficult to measure states of the vehicle. This can either be accomplished by several sensors and filters or by a state estimator in combination with less sensors and an internal model of the vehicle. Both methods are discussed. Finally some preliminary test results are discussed.     

The Development and Implementation of Adaptive Semi-Active Suspension Control*

Using adjustable shock absorbers within vehicle suspension systems, it is possible to improve ride comfort significantly when a control strategy is applied based on the so-called skyhook principle. However, the drawback is a poorly damped wheel-hop mode which makes the road holding ability worse. Using adaptive semi-active suspension control based on the tire load variations as introduced in this paper, the trade-off between road holding and ride comfort can be relaxed. Implementation of adaptive skyhook control requires the determination of a number of important and difficult to measure states of the vehicle. This can either be accomplished by several sensors and filters or by a state estimator in combination with less sensors and an internal model of the vehicle. Both methods are discussed. Finally some preliminary test results are discussed.     

A Simplified Framework for String Stability Analysis of Automated Vehicles*

Automated vehicles traveling in platoons must exhibit stability both individually and as a group, a property referred to as “string stability”. We propose a new framework for evaluating the longitudinal string stability properties of platoons of automated vehicles. In this framework, the platoon is considered to be a mass-spring-damper system with linear characteristics. The resulting closed-loop representation yields transfer functions and impulse responses that can be analyzed to determine the string stability properties of the platoon. This framework facilitates qualitative comparisons of the effects of various controller characteristics, such as time headway and intervehicle communication, on string stability.     

一种基于并发奖赏蚁群系统的A*算法

为优化出行者在动态路径诱导系统中进行路径选择,提出一种基于并发奖赏蚁群系统的A*算法,利用A*算法的成熟性和蚁群算法的动态性,用蚁群算法对A*算法估价函数f(x)=g(x)+h(x)中的h(x)进行研究,考虑了交通路况中的各种动态因素,使A*算法具有动态性;为了提高算法的效率,基于在最优路径附近往往存在更优路径这一原理...     

分布式车载导航系统路线优化有约束A*算法

针对目前车载导航系统实时动态信息匮乏，而静态信息难以反映拥挤路网通行时间随机性的问题，基于畅通可靠度分析，提出了可用于分布式车载导航系统中的延误风险规避的准动态有约束的A^＊路线优化算法，从而在没有实时信息的条件下，可进行考虑阻塞可能性最小及通行时间最短双目标的路线寻优。通过路径搜索过程中的启发式加权，并设计反向A^＊算法改善A^＊的启发式函数，有效提高了有约束最佳路线搜索的效率，最后给出实例验证了算法的合理性及有效性。     

基于改进RRT*算法的自动驾驶车辆路径规划研究

针对自动驾驶车辆,文章在交叉路口环境下提出了一种改进的快速搜索随机树(RRT*)路径规划算法。首先,对自动驾驶车辆的驾驶行为环境予以描述;其次,针对原始RRT*算法提出改进的目标偏向策略予以改善;进一步,对原始RRT*算法在交叉路口无效采样的问题,提出一种概率采样策略。基于Matlab/Simulink联合仿真平台构建相应环境使进行车辆直行驾驶,所规划路径长度为100.35m,仿真时长为5.71s。     

Literature review and fundamental approaches for vehicle and tire state estimation*

ABSTRACT

Most modern day automotive chassis control systems employ a feedback control structure. Therefore, real-time estimates of the vehicle dynamic states and tire-road contact parameters are invaluable for enhancing the performance of vehicle control systems, such as anti-lock brake system (ABS) and electronic stability program (ESP). Today's production vehicles are equipped with onboard sensors (e.g. a 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, steering wheel angle sensor, and wheel speed sensors), which when used in conjunction with certain model-based or kinematics-based observers can be used to identify relevant tire and vehicle states for optimal control of comfort, stability and handling. Vehicle state estimation is becoming ever more relevant with the increased sophistication of chassis control systems. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in the field of vehicle and tire state estimation. It is expected to serve as a resource for researchers interested in developing vehicle state estimation algorithms for usage in advanced vehicle control and safety systems.     

Sideslip estimation for articulated heavy vehicles at the limits of adhesion*

Various active safety systems proposed for articulated heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) require an accurate estimate of vehicle sideslip angle. However in contrast to passenger cars, there has been minimal published research on sideslip estimation for articulated HGVs. State-of-the-art observers, which rely on linear vehicle models, perform poorly when manoeuvring near the limits of tyre adhesion. This paper investigates three nonlinear Kalman filters (KFs) for estimating the tractor sideslip angle of a tractor–semitrailer. These are compared to the current state-of-the-art, through computer simulations and vehicle test data. An unscented KF using a 5 degrees-of-freedom single-track vehicle model with linear adaptive tyres is found to substantially outperform the state-of-the-art linear KF across a range of test manoeuvres on different surfaces, both at constant speed and during emergency braking. Robustness of the observer to parameter uncertainty is also demonstrated.     

基于可视图和A~＊算法的连续模型路径搜索

针对交通枢纽仿真领域中行人最短路径搜索环境建模难的问题,提出一种基于可视图的连续拓扑模型最短路径搜索策略,通过在连续模型下建立可视图并使用A*算法搜索出一条适合行人通行的最短路径,将改进的可视图算法和A*算法结合,降低连续模型中自动选择路径复杂度和扩展结点数目.将该算法应用于城市综合客运枢纽功能与结构数值实验系统对行人对象进行路径搜索导航,实验结果证明此算法可行且具有更高的效率和通用性.