Experimental study on the liquid slug of cryogenic slug flow in inclined tubes

An experimental study was carried out to understand the phenomena of the boiling flow of liquid nitrogen in inclined tubes with closed bottom by using a high speed motion analyzer.The experimental tubes are 0.018 and 0.014 m inner diameter(ID) and 1.0 m in length.The range of the inclination angle is 45°-90° from the horizontal.The experimental observation on the liquid slug was carried out along the tubes.Statistical method was employed to analyze the experimental data.The experiment analyzed the influences of the inclination angle and the tube diameter on the liquid slug length and velocity.The results show the liquid slug propagation velocity increases with the decrease of inclination angle θ.For all cases,the maximum values of the mean liquid slug lengths were obtained at θ = 60°.The mean liquid slug lengths were greater for large tube at higher tube position.These conclusions provide a basis for further study liquid slug of cryogenic two-phase undeveloped slug flow.     

Bond behavior of corroded reinforcement in concrete wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymer under cyclic loading

Bond behavior of corroded reinforcement in concrete wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under cyclic loading is experimentally investigated. An electrolyte corrosion technique is used to accelerate the corrosion of the steel bar in cylindrical concrete specimens. Wrapped specimens are strengthened with one layer of CFRP after the reinforcements are corroded. The experimental parameters investigated include: corrosion level, CFRP wrapped and number of loading cycles. Test results indicate that bond strength and area of hysteretic curve of CFRP wrapped specimens are larger than those of the unwrapped specimens. With increasing the number of loading cycles, the bond strength and area of hysteretic curve decrease gradually, especially at the 1st cyclic loading. The CFRP wrapping reduces the bond degradation rate effectively and prevents the bond-splitting failure of the corroded concrete specimens.     

Dynamic recrystallization behavior and microstructural evolution in SPHC steel

The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) behaviors in SPHC steel were investigated with hot compression tests at deformation temperatures of 950-1 150,strain rates of 0.1-15 s-1,and initial austenite grain sizes of 86-232 μm.The effects of deformation temperature,strain,strain rate and the initial austenite grain size on the microstructural evolution during DRX were studied in detail.The results show that DRX is observed under the condition of the Zener-Hollomon parameter being less than 1.07×10 13 s-1.The deformation activation energy for SPHC steel is calculated to be 299.4 kJ/mol by regression analysis.Austenite grain size of DRX is refined with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate under steady state conditions,but it is not influenced by the initial grain size.The mathematical equation of DRX grain size of SPHC steel is obtained.     

轴压作用下CFRP加固圆钢管短柱的静力承载力分析

为了研究轴压作用下碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon fibre-reinforced polymer,CFRP）加固圆形空心截面（circular hollow section,CHS）钢管短柱的极限承载力,对轴压作用下CFRP加固CHS钢管短柱进行了理论和数值分析. 理论分析中,利用等效截面法推导了两种不同粘贴方式（全环向粘贴以及环向和纵向交替粘贴）的CFRP加固圆钢管短柱在轴压作用下静力承载力的理论计算公式;数值分析中,将特征值屈曲与Riks法相结合建立了轴压作用下CFRP加固圆钢管短柱的非线性有限元分析模型. 对该模型中的环向和纵向CFRP进行应力分析后发现,环向CFRP处于拉伸状态,约束钢管的径向变形;纵向CFRP会承担轴压荷载中的部分压力,限制钢管的变形. 最后,将所建立的有限元分析模型结果和所推导的理论公式结果与已有文献的试验结果进行对比,发现三者之间的最大误差不超过2%,验证了建立的有限元模型和所推导的理论公式分析结果的准确性.      

Mechanical behavior of tubular T-joint after fire

This paper presents experimental results of the post-fire behavior of tubular T-joints. The research aims at the failure modes and the residual strengths of the T-joints after fire. Three tests of full-scale tubular T-joints are conducted. The first one is carried out to study the mechanical behavior of T-joints under ambient temperature. The other two tests are performed to study the influence of pre-load, heating and cooling phase on residual load-bearing capacity of the tubular T-joints. The test results show that the sustained axial load on the brace has remarkable influence on the residual deflection of the T-joints which is cooled down to room temperature. The results of the experiments also indicate that the axial load level and heating and cooling history have more significant effects on the compressive stiffness of the T-joints than the residual strength. In the numerical study, the result of finite element model agrees well with the test result. The work in this paper provides a basis for further parametric analysis and theoretical study on the structural evaluation after fire.     

Phase transitions relating to the pozzolanic activity of electrolytic manganese residue during calcination

Electrolytic manganese residue（EMR） is generated from electrolytic manganese metal（EMM） industry, and its disposal is currently a serious problem in China.The EMR were calcined in the interval 100—900℃to enhance their pozzolanic activity and characterized by the differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry（TGDTA）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）,infra-red（IR） and chemical analysis techniques with the aim to correlate phase transitions and structural features with the pozzolanic activity of calcined EMR.Prom the phase analysis and compressive strength results,it is found that the EMR calcined within 700—800℃had the best pozzolanic activity due to the decomposition of poorly-crystallized CaSO₄ under the reducing ambient created by the decomposition of（NH₄）₂SO₄.The appearance of reactive CaO mainly contributes to the good pozzolanic activity of EMR calcined within 700—800℃.The crystallinity of Mn₃CO₄ increases leading an unfavourable effect on the pozzolanic behaviour of EMR calcined at 900℃.The developed pozzolanic material containing 30%（mass fraction） EMR possesses compressive strength properties at a level similar to 42.5^# normal Portland cement,in the range of 41.5—50.5 MPa.Besides,leaching results show that EMR blend cement pastes have excellent effect on the solidification of heavy metals.     

框架式钢管混凝土桥墩非线性地震反应分析

以框架式钢管混凝土桥墩及钢筋混凝土空心薄壁墩为研究对象,采用纤维单元建立了框架式钢管混凝土桥墩及钢筋混凝土空心薄壁墩的非线性动力分析模型,输入3条地震波,计算得到了框架式钢管混凝土桥墩与钢筋混凝土空心薄壁墩的线性及非线性地震时程响应,比较了不同类型桥墩地震响应的差异,讨论了框架式钢管混凝土桥墩的地震反应特点。     

车辆侧向响应特性的多参数影响分析

建立了基于非线性轮胎侧偏特性的四轮车辆数值模型,考虑了轮胎垂直载荷的侧向转移,用该模型计算了车辆转向角阶跃输入下的侧向速度和横摆角速度响应,计算结果表明车辆质心纵向位置对车辆侧向响应特性具有较大的影响,而车辆转动惯量和轮间距对车辆侧向响应特性几乎没有影响.车辆响应特性随车辆质心纵向位置约呈指数关系变化,车辆质心越向前移,横摆角速度的响应也越快但超调量也随之增加.     

On the Existence of （v, 3 × 3,λ）-Splitting Balanced Incomplete Block Design with A between 2 to 9

Let (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting BIBD denote a (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting balanced incomplete block design of order υ with block size u × c and index λ. The necessary conditions for the existence of a (υ, u × c, λ)-splitting BIBD are υ ⩾ uc, λ(υ − 1) ≡ 0 0 mod (c(u − 1)) and λυ(υ − 1) ≡ 0 mod (c ² u(u − 1)). In this paper, for 2 ⩽ λ ⩽ 9 the necessary conditions for the existence of a (υ, 3 × 3, λ)-splitting BIBD are also sufficient with one possible exception for (υ, λ) = (39, 9). Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10771193); the Starter Foundation for the Doctors of Zhejiang Gongshang University (No. 1020XJ030517); the Natural Science Foundation of Universities of Jiangsu Province (No. 07KJB110090); the Starter Foundation for the Doctors of Nantong University (No. 07B12)     

碳纤维加固预应力钢筋混凝梁抗弯试验研究

为进一步了解加固预应力梁的受力性能,通过试验研究了碳纤维布加固预应力钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能,量测了各试验梁的钢筋、碳纤维和跨中截面混凝土表面的应变、梁的变形曲线、裂缝的形态和发展及正截面受弯破坏形态等;得出了试验梁的跨中荷载-挠度曲线,并且对试验结果进行了分析.试验结果表明,粘贴碳纤维布可以明显提高梁抗弯承载力,粘贴一、两层纤维布的完好梁承载力提高幅度分别为44.73%和55.81%;初始微裂缝对碳纤维布加固预应力混凝土梁的影响较小.     

预应力CFRP加固混凝土柱抗震性能的数值分析

采用预应力CFRP片材加固钢筋混凝土柱,可以提高柱的抗震性能．本文采用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对预应力CFRP片材加固钢筋混凝土柱的低周反复荷载试验过程进行了数值模拟分析,提出了分析同类问题的有限元算法,研究了预应力大小对预应力FRP片材加固钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能的影响,分析了预应力FRP片材加固钢筋混凝土柱的破坏机理．分析结果表明：随着FRP片材预应力度的增加,被加固柱的滞回曲线趋于饱满,滞回环的外包面积增大,延性增加,其耗能能力和抗震性能显著提高．     

圆管翼缘钢-混凝土新型组合梁极限抗弯承载力与延性

为研究圆管翼缘组合梁的抗弯性能, 进行了3根圆管翼缘组合梁静力加载抗弯破坏性试验, 分析了试验梁的抗弯破坏过程与破坏特征; 考虑混凝土损伤塑性本构及栓钉滑移与断裂, 建立了圆管翼缘组合梁非线性数值模型, 基于试验结果分析了数值模型的适用性; 以钢梁下翼缘宽度、混凝土翼板厚度与圆管管径为主要结构参数, 计算了48根正交设计的圆管翼缘数值模型组合梁的力学性能; 依据试验梁与数值模型梁的抗弯受力性能, 提出了基于简化塑性理论的圆管翼缘组合梁极限抗弯承载力计算公式; 应用数值模型梁位移延性系数计算结果, 回归得到了圆管翼缘组合梁位移延性系数计算公式。计算结果表明: 数值模型组合梁与试验梁承载力比值为0.99~1.03, 挠度比值为0.87~1.09, 因此, 弯矩-挠度计算曲线与试验曲线吻合良好, 可采用数值模型组合梁准确模拟圆管翼缘组合梁的抗弯全过程受力行为; 圆管翼缘组合梁极限抗弯承载力随钢梁下翼缘宽度、混凝土翼板厚度的增大而增大, 随圆管管径的改变变化较小, 位移延性系数随混凝土翼板厚度与圆管管径平方的增大呈线性增大, 随钢梁下翼缘宽度的增大呈线性减小; 不同塑性发展程度的各类模型梁位移延性系数为3.16~7.19, 体现了较好的延性; 采用极限抗弯承载力简化计算公式与圆管翼缘数值模型组合梁计算的极限抗弯承载力比值为0.91~1.09, 平均比值为0.98, 因此, 公式计算结果准确; 为使圆管翼缘组合梁具有一定延性, 建议位移延性系数大于3.5。      

Scale-invariant occupancy of phase space and additivity of nonextensive entropy <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">q</Emphasis></Subscript>

Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable binary subsystems which are correlated in a scale-invariant manner. In the paper, correlation coefficient and reduced probability are introduced to characterize the scale-invariant correlated binary subsystems. Probabilistic sets for the correlated binary subsystems satisfy Leibnitz triangle rule in the sense that the marginal probabilities of N-system are equal to the joint probabilities of the (N −1)-system. For entropic index q ≠ 1, nonextensive entropy S _q is shown to be additive in the scale-invariant occupation of phase space.     

Experimental Study on the Compressive Behavior of CFRP/ECCs

In this study, nine square concrete columns, including six CFRP/ECCs and three plain concrete control specimen columns, were prepared. The CFRP tubes with fibers oriented in the hoop direction were manufactured with 10, 20, or 40 mm rounded corner radii at vertical edges. A 100 mm overlap in the direction of fibers was provided to ensure a proper bond. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted to investigate the compressive behaviors including the axial strength, stress-strain response, and ductility. It is evident that the CFRP tube confinement can improve the compressive behavior of concrete core, in terms of axial compressive strength or axial deformability. Based on the experimental results and some existing test database attained by other researchers, a design-oriented model is developed. The predictions of the model for CFRP/ECCs show good agreement with test results.     

Analysis and calculation of axial stiffness of tubular X-joints under compression on braces

This paper introduces the influence factors of axial stiffness of tubular X-joints. The analysis model of tubular joints using plate and shell finite element method is also made. Systematic single-parameter analysis of tubular X-joints is performed using Ansys program. The influences of those factors, including ratio of brace diameter to chord diameter (β), ratio of chord diameter to twice chord thickness (γ), ratio of brace wall thickness to that of chord (τ), brace-to-chord intersection angle (θ), and chord stress ratio, ratio of another brace diameter to chord diameter, in-plane and out-of-plane moment of braces, etc., on stiffness of tubular X-joints are analyzed.Two non-dimensional parameters-joint axial stiffness factor ηN and axial force capacity factor ωN are proposed,and the relationship curve of the two factors is determined. Computational formulas of tubular X-joint axial stiffness are obtained by multi-element regression technology. The formulas can be used in design and analysis of steel tubular structures.     

湿热环境作用下CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯性能

为研究湿热环境下碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）加固钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性问题,采用6根湿热环境下CFRP加固的钢筋混凝土梁进行抗弯性能试验,研究在湿热环境下CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁的破坏形态、承载力、挠度和裂缝等;根据环氧树脂老化的化学反应微分方程和反应速度的指数定律,给出环氧树脂胶层弹性模量的衰减模型;从混凝土和环氧树脂胶层的力学性能出发,提出湿热环境下CFRP加固钢筋混凝土结构后CFRP剥离时的强度计算公式,推导湿热环境作用下CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁的抗弯承载力计算公式. 研究结果表明:随着湿热环境作用时间的增加,加固梁的抗弯承载力逐渐减小,CFRP剥离破坏由混凝土控制逐渐转换为由环氧树脂胶层控制;随着湿热环境作用的持续,混凝土裂缝数量减小、裂缝宽度增加但挠度减小,加固梁的损伤增大且脆性增加;加固梁的屈服曲率、极限曲率和曲率延性系数均减小,加固梁的延性变差且CFRP剥离破坏时的脆性和离散性增强;试验与理论计算的对比表明,在湿热环境作用下加固梁发生CFRP剥离破坏时,CFRP极限应变的理论值与试验值误差在20%以内,抗弯承载力的理论值与试验值误差在11%以内.      

A mechanical and experimental study on the heat loss of solar evacuated tube

The experimental system of heat loss of all-glass evacuated solar collector tubes (evacuated tube) is firstly designed and constructed, which uses electric heater as thermal resource. The equilibrium temperatures are less than ±1℃ during the test, and the temperature differences of up/middle/low node in the tube are less than 1 ℃, 3 ℃, and 7℃ respectively. The heat loss of evacuated tube increases about 2.7% with vacuum state of 0.01-1 mPa, and it has the best performance at tube temperature of 20-280℃. The invalidation tube (> 200 mPa) has the biggest heat loss that increases linearly with the tube temperature. The evacuated tubes with the vacuum of 0.01-1 mPa are suitable for most solar adsorption refrigeration.     

长期负载下CFRP约束混凝土圆柱轴压试验研究

为探讨长期负载下混凝土的收缩徐变和CFRP（碳纤维布）徐变对CFRP约束混凝土柱轴向受压性能的影响,在3种不同加载模式下对12个圆柱进行了长期负载轴压试验,研究了在不同加载模式和不同负载水平下试件的破坏特征及长期荷载对约束柱变形、峰值点应力和应变的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP包裹后的试件均是由于纤维环向拉断导致柱子最终丧失承载力,且CFRP拉断位置一般集中分布在试件的中部附近;在长期荷载作用下,CFRP包裹后的试件比未包裹试件的长期变形要小,并随负载水平的提高,试件的长期变形增大;在不同加载模式下,长期负载对峰值点应力、应变的影响各不相同;初始负载对峰值点应力、应变的影响随负载水平的提高而增大,在负载水平较高时,峰值点应力降低约13%,峰值点应变降低约6%。      

预应力CFRP板加固钢板受拉疲劳性能试验研究

为较好地预测预应力碳纤维材料(CFRP)板加固钢结构的疲劳性能,采用考虑有效应力强度因子幅的Pairs公式,分析了粘贴预应力CFRP板加固钢板的疲劳裂纹扩展行为.通过粘贴CFRP板的含中心孔的预制裂纹钢板的疲劳试验,分析了应力比、CFRP板刚度、预应力及粘结胶性能等因素对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响.试验结果表明:加固后结构的疲劳寿命提高16倍以上,疲劳寿命的理论分析结果偏于保守;预应力是疲劳寿命的主要影响因素,而CFRP板和粘结胶性能的影响有限;应力比埘疲劳寿命的影响很大,因此,对交通荷载的正确预估是加固能否取得成功的基础.     

超大跨径CFRP主缆悬索桥动力特性参数分析

为了研究超大跨径碳纤维（CFRP）主缆悬索桥的动力性能,以某海峡为工程背景,设计了主跨3 500 m的CFRP主缆悬索桥.基于ANSYS软件平台,分析了该CFRP主缆悬索桥的动力特性,探讨了矢跨比、主缆安全系数、加劲梁约束体系和桥塔刚度等主要结构参数对其动力特性的影响.研究结果表明:矢跨比越大,扭弯频率比越大;主缆安全系数对动力特性影响不大;随跨径增大,加劲梁约束体系对动力特性的影响减小;增大桥塔顺桥向弯曲刚度可以提高对称竖弯基频,增大桥塔抗扭刚度可提高扭转基频.