Liner costs and pricing polices: a reconsideration of regulatory issues

A number of shipping analysts have adopted as a convenient approximations, the assumption that linear costa are homogeneous per unit of cargo. The paper points to recent evidence suggesting that considerable differences exist in the estimates of implicit marginal cost for various types of cargo, and re-evaluates the regulatory arguments which are based on the assumption of homogeneity of costs.     

Uncertainties estimates of hull girder still water loads of bulk and dry cargo ships through Monte Carlo simulations

This paper deals with the estimate of uncertainties affecting still water hull girder loads of bulk and dry cargo ships. In strength assessment of ships, two main categories of acting loads are considered: still water loads and wave induced ones. While the latter are generally defined bearing in mind their stochastic nature, this is not the case for still water loads, which are basically deterministically considered. The underlying assumption is that there is an overall control of the operational profile during the service of a ship. However, this is not the case in actual fact, especially for general dry cargo ships and bulk carriers, since the loading/unloading process cannot be fully controlled by the crew, often resulting into loading conditions rather different from those planned by the designer. Based on an earlier work, where loading conditions of the above-mentioned ship types were statistically analyzed, in the present paper Monte Carlo simulations are used to estimate the uncertainties affecting the hull girder still water loads of ships in service, showing that their allowable values can be exceeded due to inaccuracies in ship and cargo management.     

Meta-frontier function approach to operational efficiency for shipping companies

ABSTRACT

This study uses a meta-frontier function approach to estimate operational efficiency and technology gaps for shipping companies. Researchers have evaluated the relative efficiency of shipping firms with the assumption that shipping firms operate under one frontier technology. However, the assumption of one frontier technology is being argued by efficiency literature. Therefore, this study estimates relative efficiency of shipping firms in different market segments (dry bulk, liquid bulk, and containerized cargo), possibly operating with different technologies and, hence, under different frontiers. This study uses a meta-frontier function approach that allows us to distinguish separate frontiers for different groups and decompose efficiency scores relative to the meta-frontier. Data used in this study is collected from Thomson One Banker from 2001-2013 in the form of unbalanced panel data. Empirical results suggest that dry bulk firms’ production technology is more advanced than others and the production frontier is the closest to that of the meta-frontier. In addition, efficiency scores are all low, but containerized cargo firms achieve higher technological efficiency than the other two groups. It is also suggested that containerized cargo and liquid bulk firms should prioritize improvements in their production technology and dry bulk firms should prioritize improving group efficiency.     

A simulation study on the design of flexible cargo holds in small-sized bulk ships

A simulation study on the design of flexible cargo holds in small-sized bulk ships is presented. The ships considered are equipped with moveable bulkheads which can be placed in a given number of positions in the cargo hold. In this way the ships' cargo holds can be partitioned into several smaller holds with flexible sizes, and several cargoes can be lifted simultaneously by the same ship. The simulation study deals with designing an optimal cargo hold 'configuration' which gives the best flexibility when cargo quantities vary. The results show that there are significant potential savings by finding an optimal cargo hold configuration.     

件杂货码头货场装卸作业运行分析

货场作业是件杂货装卸作业的关键环节。为了提高装卸作业效率,结合件杂货码头货场装卸作业数据,对件杂货货场作业的货物种类、转场作业以及货物堆存期等进行分析和研究。分析结果显示,件杂货装卸作业中转场作业次数过多,货物堆存期过长,直接影响着件杂货装卸作业效率。提出相应的措施。     

Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers

This article concerns thermal radiation hazards associated with unconfined liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills on water. Consequence assessment methods were compared to clarify their model characteristics in large-scale LNG spills from an LNG carrier (LNGC). The consequences of LNG release, pool spread, and pool fire hazards were estimated using the following practical methods: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) method, the Sandia National Laboratories’ method, and the Fay method. The sensitivity of consequence analysis results to the breach size of a tank was examined under the assumption that LNG is released from a common type LNGC of 125000 m³ cargo capacity. Consequently, it was found that the FERC method is useful from the practical viewpoint of being applicable to any breach size. Finally, thermal radiation hazards from pool fires involving spills from one of the latest and largest LNGCs (250 000 m³ cargo capacity), which are currently considered for construction, were investigated using the recommended FERC method, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for common type LNGCs. As a result, it was found that the maximum thermal hazard distance is longer by only about 24% compared with the common type LNGC, whereas the spill volume is twice as much.     

Wave responses of a coastal cargo ship consisting of unit modules

This article discusses the dynamic responses of a coastal cargo ship that consists of unit modules with advance forward speed in waves. We introduce a simple way of connecting the modules that has enough capability to link the modular parts of the ship as a unified whole. The flexible connection consists of male and female rubber fenders with additional pretensioned ropes. This kind of connection system is proposed for use in coastal regions with relatively calm waters wherein the modular ship can move at a moderate speed. The modules are assumed to be rigid compared to the connections. Computations were performed to investigate the vertical elastic responses of four modules connected end-to-end with the assumption that in the simple hinge, no gaps occur in the flexible rubber connections between adjacent modules. A simple method, which is an extension of the computational analysis we reported previously, is presented to study the hydroelasticity and rope tension forces of the modular ship with forward speed in waves. Experiments with a three-dimensional model at Froude numbers of 0 and 0.16 in head waves were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the calculation method. In the experiments, deflections for each part were measured using calibrated potentiometers. Force transducers were used to measure the rope tension force between the modules of the articulated cargo ship. Some slight differences were observed, but generally the calculated results showed the same trends as the experimental values.     

船级符号CCO在油船系统设计中的应用

入DNV级带有CCO船级符号的液货船,要求布置在货油区的货油系统、与货油相关的系统以及压载系统能集中管理。通过对CCO规范的研究,结合实船相关系统的设计,并与船级社审图人员深入沟通,提出满足CCO要求的设计方案,并最大限度节约船厂成本。     

30000方LNG船液货舱传热分析

针对国内第一艘在建中小型TYPE C型LNG船,提出了其货舱温度场的分析模型。基于工程传热学的原理,应用VBA计算程序,计算得到了各关键点的温度分布与热流密度,并与液货罐供应商TGE集团的报告对比。结果表明：若参数值相同,则计算值与报告值完全吻合。这说明,计算模型正确。这能够为TYPE C型液货舱的传热分析尤其是控制LNG蒸发率提供有力的指导。     

Research on probability distribution of port cargo throughput

In order to more accurately examine developing trends in gross cargo throughput, we have modeled the probability distribution of cargo throughput. Gross cargo throughput is determined by the time spent by cargo ships in the port and the operating efficiency of handling equipment. Gross cargo throughput is the sum of all compound variables determining each aspect of cargo throughput for every cargo ship arriving at the port. Probability distribution was determined using the Wald equation. The results show that the variability of gross cargo throughput primarily depends on the different times required by different cargo ships arriving at the port. This model overcomes the shortcoming of previous models： inability to accurately determine the probability of a specific value of future gross cargo throughput. Our proposed model of cargo throughput depends on the relationship between time required by a cargo ship arriving at the port and the operational capacity of handling equipment at the port. At the same time, key factors affecting gross cargo throughput are analyzed. In order to test the efficiency of the model, the cargo volume of a port in Shandong Province was used as an example. In the case study the actual results matched our theoretical analysis.     

水安全风险预警系统研究

从水安全风险的角度出发,系统分析了水安全方面存在不确定因素,建立了水安全风险预警指标体系,确定了风险指标及其相应的预警阀值和预警信号,并应用系统动力学方法建立了水安全风险预警模型。     

最首尾货舱直接强度评估研究

针对CSR-H关于最首尾货舱有限元分析在实际评估中可能存在的技术问题进行研究分析。通过理论分析与数值试验相结合对最首尾货舱有限元评估方法中的边界条件、力学模型、模型范围进行合理性评估,通过已建造船数值试验对最首尾货舱开展有限元直接强度评估。数值分析结果表明两端简支的边界条件能较好的模拟翘曲效应,模型范围对强度评估结果有影响。最首货舱离边界很近会导致甲板、外板的屈曲强度不满足要求。而CSR-H针对最尾货舱有限元中的剪力调整方法仍基于货舱中段,仅以货舱前后端壁剪力为目标值进行调整,这种剪力调整方法不适用于最尾货舱。     

货舱内装载水冷箱的通风数值模拟分析

采用数值模拟分析的方法,以装载水冷式冷藏集装箱船的典型货舱为研究对象,对两种货舱通风模式进行模拟分析,并进一步计算分析4种不同风管布置方案的温度和速度分布情况,根据研究结果得出最佳的货舱通风方案,为装载水冷式冷藏集装箱船的货舱通风设计提供参考。     

The economics of conventional liner break-bulk cargo-handling efficiency

In this paper the authors, after examining the relationships between cargo handling performance of break-bulk cargo and ship and cargo related variables, demonstrate that systematic relationships exist in general cargo systems despite the many variables that affect handling operations.     

三峡库区大型散货出口码头结构型式和装卸工艺

三峡库区具有特殊的水文地质条件,散货出口码头结构型式和装卸工艺相对落后。文章结合重庆某专用矿石出口码头的建设,提出3种适用于大型散货出口码头的结构型式和相应的装卸工艺。研究认为架空直立墩式结构及相配套的装卸工艺具有占用岸线短、使用方便、装卸效率高和造价低等优点,适宜在三峡库区大型散货出口码头建设中推广应用。     

智能货运船舶研究现状与发展思考

智能货运船舶是涉及船舶设计、动力组成、状态感知、信息处理、通信控制、风险辨识、人工智能等多学科交叉的研究领域,其发展旨在使水路运输更安全、更环保、更经济.首先,分析货运船舶自主控制与决策的特点与难点,阐述国内外智能货运船舶的研究现状;然后,从智能航行、智能机舱和远程驾驶等技术方面,展望未来智能货运船舶的发展方向;最后,...     

智能船舶远程驾驶控制技术研究现状与趋势

阐述智能船舶及其远程驾驶的发展背景.基于目前大多数无人船艇远程控制存在的问题,在分析智能船舶远程驾驶需求和场景的基础上,提出基于人机共融理念的智能船舶远程驾驶框架.针对不同的远程驾驶模式,提出技术等级和相关的关键技术.通过借鉴交叉领域网络控制系统的发展成果,指出网络时延补偿、网络丢包补偿、安全应急、运动模型应用、运动控...     

The economics of conventional liner break-bulk cargo-handling efficiency

In this paper the authors, after examining the relationships between cargo handling performance of break-bulk cargo and ship and cargo related variables, demonstrate that systematic relationships exist in general cargo systems despite the many variables that affect handling operations.     

新条例实施后港口危险货物作业场所现状

为贯彻新修订的《危险化学品安全管理条例》,对港口危险货物作业场所现状进行分析.阐述危险货物相关概念.阐明危险货物、危险化学品的区别与联系.统计全国现有危险货物码头、库区及堆场,以及移交港口行政管理部门的储罐的数量,为港口行政管理部门进行安全监管提供理论依据.     

普通杂货船安全状况研究

为揭示普通杂货船安全事故的主要原因及规律,对近年来国际海事组织关于普通杂货船安全问题的提案进行了比较研究,同时也对欧盟海事局、国内相关的普通杂货船事故统计结果进行了分析比较。研究发现目前普通杂货船全损事故数占各类船舶全损事故总数的40%左右;1992年2月1日之前建造的多数普通杂货船不满足破损稳性要求;沉没、碰撞、火灾及搁浅是导致普通杂货船事故的主要原因;装卸超长、超重货物与普通杂货船沉没具有关联性。根据揭示的普通杂货船事故发生的主要原因和规律,针对海事主管机构、船级社和船公司提出了预防普通杂货船事故发生的管理措施。