Expanding transmission capacity of can systems using dual communication channels with kalman prediction

The controller area network (CAN) protocol is widely used for in-vehicle network (IVN) systems, and many automotive companies also use the CAN in chassis network systems. However, the increasing number of electronic control units (ECUs) dictated by the need for more intelligent and fuel-efficient functions requires an IVN system with a greater transmission capacity and less network delay. Automotive companies have tried several approaches such as segmenting CAN systems and developing time-triggered protocols. This paper presents a practical method for increasing the transmission capacity and reducing the network delay in CAN systems using dual communication channels with a traffic-balancing algorithm based on Kalman prediction to forecast the traffic on each channel and allocate frames to the one that is most appropriate. An experimental testbed using commercial microcontrollers with two or more CAN protocol controllers was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the Kalman traffic-balancing algorithm. Experimental results show that the traffic-balancing CAN system with Kalman prediction reduced the transmission delay of all priority messages compared to that of a simple method, such as a channel-switching CAN, without sacrificing the performance for high-priority messages.     

Approximate optimal AUTOSAR software components deploying approach for automotive E/E system

The AUTOSAR has been developed as the worldwide standard for automotive E/E software systems, making the electronic components of different suppliers to be employed universally. However, as the number of component-based applications in modern automotive embedded systems grows rapidly and the hardware topology becomes increasingly complex, deploying such large number of components in automotive distributed system in manual way is over-dependent on experience of engineers which in turn is time consuming. Furthermore, the resource limitation and scheduling analysis make the problems more complex for developers to find out an approximate optimal deploying approach in system integration. In this paper, we propose a novel method to deploy the AUTOSAR components onto ECUs with the following features. First, a clustering algorithm is designed for deploying components automatically within relatively low time complexity. Second, a fitness function is designed to balance the ECUs load. The goal of our approach is to minimize the communication cost over all the runnable entities while meeting all corresponding timing constraints and balancing all the ECUs load. The experiment results show that our approach is efficient and has well performance by comparing with other existing methods in specific and synthetic data set.     

Mixed Harmonic Runnable Scheduling for Automotive Software on Multi-Core Processors

The performance of automotive electronic control units (ECUs) has improved following the development of multi-core processors. These processors facilitate fast computing performance without increasing clock speed. System developers partition automotive application runnables to have parallelizability and avoid interference between various software modules. To improve the performance of such systems, an efficient scheduler is necessary. In this regard, for multi-core ECUs, the automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR) suggests partitioned static priority scheduling for parallelized software. In the AUTOSAR approach, clustering and partitioning of runnables for specific cores becomes difficult, but there is no exact criterion followed for partitioning the runnables. Consequently, cores are not balanced against loads, and under contingency conditions, there is a chance that tasks will miss deadlines. In this study, we address this problem by exploring a mixed harmonic runnable scheduling algorithm that includes partitioned scheduling. We tested this algorithm using high load conditions under contingency consequences, and we evaluated it using models of periodic runnables, periodic interrupts, and event-triggered interrupts. The performance parameters considered in this paper are balancing performance and the deadline missing rate. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm can contribute toward improving the functional safety of vehicles.     

Schedule construction under precedence constraints in flexray in-vehicle networks

As embedded time-triggered applications have widely replaced mechanical systems in modern automobiles, holistic scheduling of tasks and messages of such applications on in-vehicle networks has become a critical issue. For offering QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees, the holistic schedule must satisfy numerous constraints such as protocol specifications, delay constraints and precedence constraints between tasks schedules and messages transmissions. Existing approaches to this problem search through a vast design space of all possible joint task and message schedules. This leads to a high complexity and limits the scalability of such approaches for scheduling the large scale systems. To cope with this problem, we propose an approach that divides the holistic scheduling problem to two sub-problems: the sub-problem of message scheduling and the sub-problem of task scheduling, while precedence relations and end-to-end information passing between task instances and messages are preserved and the end-to-end deadlines are guaranteed. This helps to reduce the workload on the problem solvers and improves efficiency and scalability. In the first sub-problem, our approach optimizes scheduling the set of messages and allocates time windows for scheduling each task with respect to precedence constraints, end-to-end deadlines and FlexRay protocol specifications. The length of each time window helps to preserve the respective tasks schedulability and to provide flexibility for both task and message scheduling. The objective is defined with respect to extensibility issues. In the second sub-problem, our approach optimizes schedule of the set of tasks with respect to their allocated time windows and timing constraints. The objective is defined with respect to latency issues. We optimize the solution to each sub-problem using Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization framework. Performance evaluations show that, compared with existing holistic scheduling approaches, our approach is more scalable and obtains better solutions in a reasonable amount of time.     

Resource-aware integration of AUTOSAR-compliant ECUs with an empirical wcet prediction model

This paper presents an integration method of AUTOSAR-compliant ECUs which can evaluate resource constraints in an early-stage of development. There are three types of resources for an ECU (timing, memory, and interface) which should be carefully managed for successful ECU integration. The proposed method consists of three steps: measurement, prediction, and evaluation. In the first step, a method to measure resource factors for AUTOSAR-compliant software architecture is introduced. Based on the method, a worst-case execution cycle of a runnable, memory section usages of a software component, and interface of legacy ECUs can be obtained. In the second step, the obtained factors are quantitatively predicted according to the architectural designs of the integration ECU. In the case of the timing resource, the worst-case execution time of the integration ECU can be precisely predicted by a proposed empirical model. In the last step, the resource constraints such as CPU, memory, network utilizations can be evaluated with predicted resource factors before implementation. The proposed method was applied to the integration of an in-house engine management system composed of two ECUs. The method successfully provided quantitative measures to evaluate architectural designs of three different integration scenarios.     

基于CCP协议汽车电控单元标定系统的设计

介绍了CCP协议的基本原理、通信方式以及用于ECU标定的各种工作模式,讨论了一种基于该协议的汽车电控单元标定系统的设计方法。实际应用结果表明,该标定系统可以有效地实现对多个汽车电控单元进行在线标定,并可以针对不同用户需求提供不同的定制功能,在汽车电子控制系统开发中将能得到较好的应用。     

Traffic-balancing algorithm for can systems with dual communication channels to enhance the network capacity

The controller area network (CAN) is the dominant protocol for in-vehicle network (IVN) systems because it provides bounded transmission delay among electronic control units (ECUs) at data rates between 100 Kbps and 1 Mbps. Many automotive companies have chosen the CAN protocol for their chassis network system of intelligent vehicles. However, the increasing number of ECUs in intelligent vehicles and the need for more intelligent functions require a network system with more network capacity and real-time capability. As one approach to enhance the network capacity of a CAN system, this paper introduces a CAN system with dual communication channels. This paper also presents a traffic-balancing algorithm that predicts the traffic of each channel and allocates frames to the most appropriate channel. An experimental testbed using commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers with two CAN controllers was used to demonstrate the feasibility of the traffic-balancing algorithm.     

考虑冲突规避的自动化集装箱码头AGV优化调度方法

合理调度自动化导引车（AGV）对于降低自动化集装箱码头的作业成本具有重要意义。针对AGV调度中的任务分配和路径规划问题,考虑AGV电量和多载等因素,结合自动化码头布局特点,以AGV作业总时间最小和多AGV作业路径无冲突分别为第一阶段和第二阶段的优化目标建立两阶段模型。设计改进模拟退火算法求解第一阶段模型,为了加速算法收敛并保证解的质量,解的改进优先考虑任务的时间成本和AGV数量;设计基于时空网络的路径规划算法求解第二阶段模型,将作业区域离散成网格网络后添加时间信息构建可更新的时空网络,在时空网络上运用最短路径算法规划路径并规避冲突。对于任务分配不均衡导致的路径规划无可行解的拥堵情况,在冲突规避基础上重新计算AGV执行任务的成本并再次进行任务分配,不断迭代直到生成多AGV间路径无冲突的调度方案。以洋山四期自动化集装箱码头为例进行仿真实验与对比分析,结果表明:与使用传统路径规划和避障策略的AGV调度方法对比,所提方法下的总作业时间平均降低了7.31%,AGV冲突数量降低为0,任务总延期时间最大降低2 895 s,最大降低路网拥堵度10.79%,验证了提出方法解决冲突规避和拥堵问题的有效性。      

Nonlinear tire-road friction control based on tire model parameter identification

A hierarchical control structure is a more suitable structural scheme for integrated chassis control. Generally, this type of structure has two main functions. The upper layer manages global control and force allocation, while the bottom layer allocates realized forces with 4 independent local tire controllers. The way to properly allocate these target forces poses a difficult task for the bottom layer. There are two key problems that require attention: obtaining the nonlinear time-varying coefficient of friction between the tire and different road surfaces and accurately tracking the desired forces from the upper layer. This paper mainly focuses on longitudinal tire-road friction allocation and control strategies that are based on the antilock braking system (ABS). Although it is difficult to precisely measure longitudinal tire-road friction forces for frequently changing road surface conditions, they can be estimated with a real-time measurement of brake force and angular acceleration at the wheels. The Magic Formula model is proposed as the reference model, and its key parameters are identified online using a constrained hybrid genetic algorithm to describe the evolution of tire-road friction with respect to the wheel slip. The desired wheel slip, with respect to the reference tire-road friction force from the top layer, is estimated with the inverse quadratic interpolation method. The tire-road friction controller of the extended anti-lock braking system (Ext-ABS) is designed through use of the nonlinear sliding mode control method. Simulation results indicate that acceptable modifications to changes in road surface conditions and adequate stability can be expected from the proposed control strategy.     

Design framework for FlexRay network parameter optimization

Because the FlexRay protocol has more than 70 configuration parameters and these parameters correlate with each other, designing a FlexRay network is a complex and difficult task. In this study, we propose a design framework that optimizes the two main FlexRay network parameters that are highly relevant to the application algorithm. The design process is composed of two steps for optimizing parameters. In the first step, the static slot length is optimized using a frame-packing algorithm. This algorithm binds network signals into static frames based on their periods and signal groups. In the second step, the communication cycle length is optimally designed with frame-scheduling algorithm and worst-case reponse time analysis. Based on the frame-scheduling algorithm, the response times are analyzed. The proposed design framework was applied to a unified chassis control system as a case study, and the analytical results were verified.     

A novel integrated chassis controller for full drive-by-wire vehicles

In this paper, a systematic design with multiple hierarchical layers is adopted in the integrated chassis controller for full drive-by-wire vehicles. A reference model and the optimal preview acceleration driver model are utilised in the driver control layer to describe and realise the driver's anticipation of the vehicle's handling characteristics, respectively. Both the sliding mode control and terminal sliding mode control techniques are employed in the vehicle motion control (MC) layer to determine the MC efforts such that better tracking performance can be attained. In the tyre force allocation layer, a polygonal simplification method is proposed to deal with the constraints of the tyre adhesive limits efficiently and effectively, whereby the load transfer due to both roll and pitch is also taken into account which directly affects the constraints. By calculating the motor torque and steering angle of each wheel in the executive layer, the total workload of four wheels is minimised during normal driving, whereas the MC efforts are maximised in extreme handling conditions. The proposed controller is validated through simulation to improve vehicle stability and handling performance in both open- and closed-loop manoeuvres.     

典型车载网络总线技术特点、应用和展望

随着汽车舒适性和智能程度的提高,越来越多的电子控制单元被添加到车辆架构中。汽车总线技术是电子控制单元实现高级功能的基础。本文分别介绍了现有车载网络中典型总线技术的原理、特点和车上应用场景,总结了现有总线技术存在的问题,分析了未来车载网络的发展趋势。     

Node-based scheduling method for easy migration from CAN to FlexRay in in-vehicle networking systems

As vehicles become more intelligent, in-vehicle networking (IVN) systems such as controller area network (CAN) are essential for the convenience and safety of drivers. To expand the applicability of IVN systems, attention is currently being focused on chassis networking systems that require increased network capacity and real-time capabilities. FlexRay was developed to replace CAN protocol in chassis networking systems, to remedy the shortage of transmission capacity and unsatisfactory real-time transmission delay of conventional CAN. However, FlexRay network systems require a complex scheduling method, which is a barrier to their implementation as chassis networking systems. In particular, if we want to migrate from a CAN network to a FlexRay network using the well-defined CAN message database, which has been specifically constructed for chassis networking systems by automotive vendors, a new type of scheduling method is necessary to reduce scheduling efforts during the software development process. This paper presents a node-based scheduling method for easy migration from a CAN network to a FlexRay network system. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, its performance is evaluated in terms of various software complexity indices.     

Selection of Actuator Combination in Integrated Chassis Control Using Taguchi Method

This paper presents a method to select the actuator combination in integrated chassis control using Taguchi method. Electronic stability control (ESC), active front and rear steering (AFS/ARS) are used as an actuator, which is needed to generate a control tire force. After computing the control yaw moment in the upper-level controller, it is distributed into the control tire forces, generated by ESC, AFS and ARS in the lower-level controller. In this paper, the weighted pseudo-inverse control allocation (WPCA) with variable weights is used to determine the control tire forces of each actuator. Taguchi method is adopted for sensitivity analysis on variable weights of WPCA in terms of the control performances such as the maneuverability and the lateral stability. For sensitivity analysis, simulation is performed on a vehicle simulation package, CarSim. From sensitivity analysis, the most effective actuator combination is selected.     

基于场景识别的电动汽车唤醒、休眠策略设计

为合理应用车载低压电能,文章设计了基于应用场景识别的一体化分层唤醒、休眠控制的策略。根据KL30下整车有效唤醒状态按需唤醒电控单元,并引入用车场景预测、提前唤醒电控单元,解决电控单元按需唤醒下用车场景快速切换带来的响应延迟问题;同时,通过场景识别进一步排查无法休眠的电控单元,进行防低压亏电控制。文章应用CANOE?工具仿真了用户遥控解充电枪锁操作及充电口单元无法休眠工况,结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够提高解充电枪锁响应速度,并能够识别出无法休眠电控单元进行防亏电控制。     

汽车底盘集成控制动力学模型的发展

汽车底盘的很多子系统都可通过电子控制技术来改善相应的局部性能,如ABS、TCS、ASS、4WS等。为了减少装车成本使各系统之间协调工作,整个底盘系统有集成化控制的趋势。集成控制的关键之一是动力学模型的建立。文章分析了汽车底盘各子系统之间的联系,分别介绍了目前汽车电子系统和集成系统的模型发展情况,提出了建立底盘集成控制动力学模型的发展趋势。     

商用车电子稳定性控制系统的标准发展及关键技术

介绍了商用车电子稳定性控制系统(ESC)的基本原理及其技术背景,阐述了系统标准的发展现状,并从系统功能定义、系统评价、系统的试验方法及仿真方法等方面,分析了标准的核心内容.简述了系统控制策略、车辆状态估计、执行器设计开发、系统评价体系、底盘综合控制等关键技术.     

混合动力汽车CAN网络通信协议的应用研究

针对混合动力汽车动力系统通信需求和控制策略,提出了基于CAN总线的控制系统拓扑结构,开发了该系统的CAN总线通信协议;研究了协议中优先级分配、单帧与多帧标识、数据长度与帧编号确定和重要报文应答机制等.应用CANoe软件对3种情况下的网络总线负载率进行仿真对比并通过RMA方法对网络实时性能进行测试.结果表明,该系统网络负...     

Coordinated control of ESC and AFS with adaptive algorithms

This paper presents a coordinated control of electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS) with adaptive algorithms for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control (ICC). In order to distribute a control yaw moment into control tire forcres of ESC and AFS, and to coordinate the relative usage of ESC to AFS, a LMS/Newton algorithm (LMSN) is adopted. To make the control tire forces zero in applying LMS and LMSN, the zero-attracting mechanism is adopted. Simulations on vehicle simulation software, CarSim®, show that the proposed algorithm is effective for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control.     

柴油机电控技术综合研究

对柴油机电控技术进行了比较全面的探讨，重点讨论了柴油机电控技术的研究思路和模块化开发各类电控单元的软硬件技术，提出了基于CAN总线的多电控单元同时优化的电控柴油机集成开发环境建设，为全面优化和监控柴油机的综合性能奠定了基础。最后给出了这些技术在电控VE泵开发和高压共轨电控喷油系统中的应用实例及结果。