Virtual Development of Ride and Handling Characteristics for Advanced Passenger Cars

Summary Advanced requirements for quality and functions, reduced development time, and increasing international competition motivate fundamental changes of the development processes. This puts much attention on the potentials of numerical simulation, i.e. experiments on the virtual product, while experiments on real prototypes will always remain an important part of the development process, for example to fulfill legal requirements, to achieve parameters for the simulation work, and to validate intermediate results and of course the final tuning. One step towards the virtual development of ride and handling characteristics of passenger cars is to achieve accuracy of simulation results which can be compared to what can be achieved with carefully selected experiments. This paper will present the state-of-the-art of current simulation technologies, their already available potentials and some remarks on current limitations. With this type of advanced simulation technologies, engineers are enabled to develop complex mechatronic chassis systems like active suspensions or stability control systems in relatively short periods of time to a high degree of maturity. A second use of these virtual prototypes is for extensive parameter studies or even optimizations, which will also give more insight in the complex nonlinear interactions of the chassis systems. This can even yield to a complete change of development processes from an analytical incremental setup to more target driven work.     

军用8×8二类底盘承载能力的提升

本文对已定型的军用标准宽度(宽度≤2500mm)的8×8底盘(4038A)公路承载能力不足30吨为切入点进行车辆设计工作,围绕着以提升底盘承载能力为的目的,对各项技术指标进行总体设计、分系统设计,经过试验验证,设计完成的5038A进型号底盘符合设计要求。     

基于UG的客车底盘三维参数化总布置设计系统

介绍了在建立零部件图形库，底盘参数数据库，底盘设计标准库的基础上，通过UG软件进行二次开发建立的集成于UG环境下的客车底盘参数化三维总布置设计系统，该系统的研制在一定程度上实现了客车底盘的虚拟设计与虚拟开发，详细阐述了系统开发的基本原理和主要方法。     

Durability prediction for automobile aluminum front subframe using nonlinear models in virtual test simulations

This research work presents fatigue life evaluation techniques for an automotive vehicle aluminum front subframe using virtual test simulation technology with nonlinear suspension components model. The technology was used for improving the accuracy of the polynomial model used in conventional analysis. The proposed nonlinear suspension components models were developed using direct approach. The effects of the nonlinear elements on the prediction of the fatigue life were also analyzed. Actual aluminum front subframe was tested using half-car road test simulator to verify the accuracy of the models. It was found that the proposed nonlinear models yield more accurate results than conventional polynomial models. The proposed virtual test simulation technology with nonlinear suspension components model can be used to predict fatigue life for vehicle chassis structures more accurately.     

10.5米纯电动低地板城市客车底盘设计

介绍了10.5米纯电动低地板城市客车底盘开发的设计要求,重点阐述了主要总成的匹配选型、布置及设计要点。基于Cruise软件对动力系统进行了仿真分析,并通过相关试验对仿真结果进行验证。     

整合的虚拟产品开发技术应用研究

针对车辆这样复杂系统的开发工作,构建一个整合的虚拟产品开发技术框架,并成功地将其应用于某轻型客车的前悬架改型设计之中。本文建立了整车刚弹耦合动力学分析模型,采用动力学分析软件ADAMS对整车进行了动力学性能分析,确定了改型设计的实施方案,并输出了后续有限元分析工作所需的动载荷;利用数字化模型技术,依据原有的零部件模型,通过修改模型特定数字特征来完成零部件的改型设计;使用有限元分析软件NASTRAN对改型零部件的静、动强度进行了分析,提出改进方案,确保改型设计方案的可靠、可行。整合的方法有效综合了各种开发手段的优势,减少了重复设计时间,避免了在产品开发后期阶段的返工,并增强了物理样机与实际产品性能之间的相似性。     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

Intelligent Electronic Systems in Commercial Vehicles for Enhanced Traffic Safety

Looking at the future trends of the road traffic, one will recognize that the commercial vehicle participation will not decrease, although it is required from the environmental and social viewpoints. The reason is that the other means of freight transport (water, railway, air) do not provide the same flexibility as the road transport, and direct business interest of those companies, who are using this transport form is larger than the eventual loss caused by the penalties to be paid (taxes, compensation of higher axle load). This conflict is hard to solve, but the effect can be minimized. The commercial vehicle industry attempts to introduce systems to the vehicles, which are targeting on reduction of the environmental impacts caused by heavy vehicles. These systems, which are named generally as “intelligent chassis systems”, electronically control the operation of the chassis subsystems (engine, transmission, brake, suspension) and co-ordinate their operation on a higher level (vehicle controller, intelligent control systems, such as adaptive cruise control, video camera based lane change recognition system, etc.). This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the commercial vehicle chassis systems, and tries to project their future development.     

基于场景的自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试研究进展

随着自动驾驶等级的提高,面向传统汽车的测试工具与测试方法已不能满足自动驾驶汽车测试的需要。基于场景的虚拟测试方法在测试效率、测试成本等方面具有巨大的技术优势,是未来自动驾驶汽车测试验证的重要手段,已成为当前的研究热点。通过对大量相关文献的系统梳理,综述了基于场景的自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试研究进展。对比分析了自动驾驶测试场景的不同定义方式,明确了测试场景的内涵,归纳了测试场景的要素种类,概述了测试场景的数据来源,总结了场景数据的处理方法。在此基础上,对自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试方法进行了总结,分析了典型的测试方式、测试平台和虚拟测试的技术要点,梳理了软件在环、硬件在环和车辆在环测试方案及其关键技术。针对自动驾驶汽车测试效率问题,研究了基于场景的加速测试技术,概述了典型的测试场景随机生成方法和危险场景强化生成方法。最后,对基于场景的自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试所面临的问题及未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。研究结果表明：基于场景的虚拟测试是推动自动驾驶技术发展和产业落地的必由之路,未来研究应着力突破基于解构与自动重构的测试场景数据库、人-车-环境系统一体化高置信度建模、自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试标准工具链、不同自动驾驶汽车渗透率下的混合交通模拟与测试、测试案例动态自适应随机生成机制等核心共性技术,建立自动驾驶汽车虚拟测试标准体系。     

虚拟试车场技术预报载货汽车底盘耐久性研究

针对载货汽车开发过程中传统耐久性试验周期长、费用高的缺点,以某耐久性试车场道路为输入条件,应用虚拟试车场技术(VPG)建立了整车虚拟仿真模型.模拟分析载货汽车底盘动应力响应,并与相同路况下的实车试验测试结果进行了对比研究.结果表明,测试结果与VPG模拟结果在时域与频域上的趋势基本一致.在此基础上,运用疲劳分析软件FEMFAT4.7实现了对载货汽车底盘耐久性的有效预报.     

新型卫生防疫车设计

新型卫生防疫车是一种以二类汽车底盘和车厢为载体,具有功能多样性和高工作效率的民用卫生防疫车.改车型主要围绕整车布局、主要部件选型设计和整车行驶稳定性校核进行设计,使之符合相关标准要求,各项技术指标能达到良好的预期效果.     

客车底盘平台化技术

客车行业以订单需求来驱动产品开发,产品种类多,集中度差,导致产品开发费用高、生产效率低。文章介绍客车底盘平台化的理念及技术,以提升客车底盘的可靠性,缩短产品研发周期,降低研发费用,提高研发效率,快速响应市场。     

Analysis and optimization of air suspension system with independent height and stiffness tuning

Suspensions play a crucial role in vehicle comfort and handling. Different types of suspensions have been proposed to address essential comfort and handling requirements of vehicles. The conventional air suspension systems use a single flexible rubber airbag to transfer the chassis load to the wheels. In this type of air suspensions, the chassis height can be controlled by further inflating the airbag; however, the suspension stiffness is not controllable, and it depends on the airbag volume and chassis load. A recent development in a new air suspension includes two air chambers (rubber airbags), allowing independent ride height and stiffness tuning. In this air suspension system, stiffness and ride height of the vehicle can be simultaneously altered for different driving conditions by controlling the air pressure in the two air chambers. This allows the vehicle’s natural frequency and height to be adjusted according to the load and road conditions. This article discusses optimization of an air suspension design with ride height and stiffness tuning. An analytical formulation is developed to yield the optimum design of the new air suspension system. Experimental results verify the mathematical modeling and show the advantages of the new air suspension system.     

Design and simuation of a vehicle test bed based on intelligent transport systems

As growing demand of vehicle safety system, especially regarding intelligent transport systems (ITS), automotive manufacturers are focusing more on driving safety and efficient transportation for vehicle users. Many safety systems have been launched in the market recently so, it is important to evaluate the vehicle safety systems and ITS. The ITS based intelligent vehicle test bed was constructed to meet the growing demand of test and verification for such ADAS and ITS systems. First, this paper describes in detail concept of the test-bed. This test-bed is carefully designed to meet the requirements of ISO/TC204 standards. In order to verify the design of the test-bed, virtual test with driving siulator was processed on a virtual test tracks. This test-bed will be used to conduct testing on various ITS and ADAS technologies, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), lane departure warning system (LDWS), cooperative intersection warning system as well as rollover stability control (RSC) and electronic stability control (ESC), etc.     

汽车发动机原理课程虚拟仿真教学系统研究

汽车发动机原理课程中的发动机拆装实训作为一个方便学生了解发动机结构,运用发动机理论知识的具体途径对学生学习发动机原理而言是尤为重要的。文章在对传统的发动机拆装实训的不足之处进行论述的基础上,阐述了利用虚拟仿真教学系统进行发动机拆装的优势,另外还对虚拟仿真教学系统需要达到的功能以及要完成相应要求需具备的模块和系统进行研究,从而促进汽车发动机原理课程虚拟仿真教学的发展。     

商用车电子稳定性控制系统的标准发展及关键技术

介绍了商用车电子稳定性控制系统(ESC)的基本原理及其技术背景,阐述了系统标准的发展现状,并从系统功能定义、系统评价、系统的试验方法及仿真方法等方面,分析了标准的核心内容.简述了系统控制策略、车辆状态估计、执行器设计开发、系统评价体系、底盘综合控制等关键技术.     

Optimising a Car Chassis

This paper presents a method to optimise a car chassis fitted either with passive or active suspensions. Provided that a full vehicle model is available for accurate simulations of many different driving situations (J-turn, lane-change, power-on/power-off on even/rough, dry/wet roads), the method allows to tune the parameters of the chassis system (suspension elastokinematics, stiffnesses, dampings, actuator gains, tyre pressures...) in order to achieve the desired dynamic behaviour of the car in all of the considered driving situations. According with the Global Approximation approach, the original physical car model is substituted by another purely numerical mathematical model (backpropagating Artificial Neural Network). This reduces the simulation time dramatically and enables the optimisation process to come to successful results. The computation of the Pareto-optimal set is performed by using Genetic Algorithms. The method is validated by optimising the parameters of the suspension system of an actual car.     

Optimising a Car Chassis

This paper presents a method to optimise a car chassis fitted either with passive or active suspensions. Provided that a full vehicle model is available for accurate simulations of many different driving situations (J-turn, lane-change, power-on/power-off on even/rough, dry/wet roads), the method allows to tune the parameters of the chassis system (suspension elastokinematics, stiffnesses, dampings, actuator gains, tyre pressures...) in order to achieve the desired dynamic behaviour of the car in all of the considered driving situations. According with the Global Approximation approach, the original physical car model is substituted by another purely numerical mathematical model (backpropagating Artificial Neural Network). This reduces the simulation time dramatically and enables the optimisation process to come to successful results. The computation of the Pareto-optimal set is performed by using Genetic Algorithms. The method is validated by optimising the parameters of the suspension system of an actual car.     

公交车底盘集中润滑控制系统的研究

底盘集中润滑是一个能够实现定时、定量地给底盘各个摩擦副加注所需润滑脂的封闭系统。目前,汽车底盘集中润滑控制系统中,由于系统控制方法复杂,某些参数的选择具有局限性,与公交车的实际要求不相适应,且成本较高,不易在公交车上推广应用。文章根据公交车的运行特点,研究了公交车底盘集中润滑控制系统,采用C语言编写了相应的底盘集中润滑系统控制程序,并选用PHILIPS公司生产的P87LPC768单片机作为控制系统的核心器件,从而使底盘集中润滑系统在公交车上更加实用。     

基于Optistruct对某11m大型全承载式公路客车底架的模态分析

文章主要研究了某11m大型全承载式公路客车底架在Catia中从二维图纸结构到三维实体模型的建立,然后在三维实体模型的基础上在Hepermesh中建立二维板壳单元的有限元模型,再通过Optistruct有限元求解器对有限元模型进行自由模态求解,来对整个底架进行模态分析,并分析前6阶4自由模态来对底架的模态进行评价,以此分析结果来对底架的动态设计提供可靠的依据。通过有限元仿真分析的结果,来验证底架设计的合理性,大大地缩短设计周期,节省一大笔昂贵的实车试验费。因此,对底架进行3D建模以及有限元分析流程,会对底架的设计具有指导作用,即能保证整车设计的合理性,为企业省去大量的人力物力,节约高昂的实验成本,提高设计的工作效率,对企业以及对社会都会产生很好的效益。