Developing a conceptual model for sharing container terminal resources: a case study of the Gamman container terminal

It is an important matter closely connected with saving logistics costs, as well as encouraging national competitive power, to improve the productivity of container terminals by efficient utilization of container terminal resources. In this respect, this paper tries to suggest a conceptual model for sharing container terminal resources, taking as a case study the Gamman Container Terminal (GCT) in the port of Pusan. In so doing, it identifies what kinds of resources can be systematically shared from the viewpoint of their common use and draws some problems resulting from terminal operation by four operators at GCT. The model does not imply the conception that each terminal has its own resources individually, but recommends that tentatively-called Container Terminal Resource Management Center (CTRMC) should be established and operated in order to save operation and investment costs and improve operational efficiency. In addition, the continuous acquisition and life-cycle support (CALS) concept is imbedded in the model so that it can control the supply and demand of resources efficiently by sharing the database, through which the CTRMC can automatically identify the status of the excess or deficit of a certain resource in each berth at GCT.     

A simulation model proposal to improve the productivity of container terminal operations through investment alternatives

Development of a container terminal (CT) closely deals with the efficiency of operating systems. This paper proposed a model to decide optimum investment alternatives to improve CT productivity. The proposed approach incorporates the parameters such as number of quay cranes, total length of a quay, yard trucks and yard cranes. The objectives of the model are minimizing the average ship turnaround time while maximizing the container throughput generated by the terminal. The methodology behind the model includes Discrete Event Simulation Model, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and cost-efficiency analysis. Considering container ship visits to Container Terminal Alpha (CT-A), the proposed model is demonstrated with 16 different investment scenario along with 10-months recorded operational data. The results addressed the Scenario LENG-2 (extent current total length of quays from 1.560 meters to 2.000 meters) as the optimal feasible solution for an investment in existing conditions. The model is also considered to besides contributions to investment decisions in CT, the developed framework might be extended to other transportation infrastructures.     

集卡调度方式对集装箱港区碳排放的影响

集卡已成为集装箱港区内的主要碳排放源,尤其两艘大型集装箱船舶同时作业时,港区内集卡碳排放问题严重。针对该情况下集卡调度模式的特征,基于智能体仿真技术构建集装箱码头生产作业微观仿真模型,定量分析传统先卸后装、双船一装一卸、同贝同步装卸工艺下集卡调度方式与集卡配置数量对船舶在港时间、集卡碳排放量的影响。实例表明,采用同贝同步装卸作业方案可保证装卸效率,并有效减少集卡碳排放,而集卡配置数量只对集卡怠速行驶产生的碳排产生影响。     

3E集装箱船系泊缆绳布置模式优化

结合阿布扎比哈里发港二期工程,针对3E集装箱船展开集装箱码头作业效率研究,提出4种缆绳布置模式。基于系泊模拟分析研究,得到较优的缆绳布置模式L3,并给出其生存工况、作业工况下的风速分别为13.8 m s和10.1 m s。     

Simulation-based severe weather-induced container terminal economic loss estimation

Container terminals play a critical role in maritime supply chains. However, they show vulnerabilities to severe weather events due to the sea–land interface locations. Previous severe weather risk analysis focused more on larger assessment units, such as regions and cities. Limited studies assessed severe weather risks on a smaller scale of seaports. This paper aims to propose a severe weather-induced container terminal loss estimation framework. Based on a container terminal operation simulation model, monthly average loss and single event-induced loss are obtained by using historical hazard records and terminal operation records as model inputs. By studying the Port of Shenzhen as the case study, we find that the fog events in March lead to the longest monthly port downtime and the highest monthly severe weather-induced economic losses in the studied port. The monthly average loss is estimated to be 30 million USD, accounting for 20% of the intact income. The worst-case scenario is found to be a red-signal typhoon attack which results in nearly 20% decrease in the month’s income. The results provide useful references for various container terminal stakeholders in severe weather risk management.     

集装箱智能码头系统设计

针对劳动力成本增加、集装箱船舶大型化、装卸设备自动化的现状,以及集装箱码头高效、智能、安全、绿色的发展需求,基于工艺规范化、可视化、物联化、协同化、智云化策略,梳理集装箱码头软、硬件系统关键技术,并对目标码头进行智能化系统架构、功能和工艺流程设计。本设计规避了现有研究在整个码头系统设计时只针对某一作业环节、缺乏各子系统间相互影响考量的问题,旨在解决码头子系统作业解耦问题,对集装箱智能码头系统建设具有指导意义。     

自动化集装箱码头业务流程设计

针对目前自动化集装箱码头的设计中缺少业务流程的规范性和纲领性操作指引的问题,从自动化集装箱码头业务流程的基础框架、分类及层级设计原则、设计方法和步骤以及流程建模与验证等方面进行研究,并结合青岛港自动化集装箱码头进行业务流程设计。结果表明,使用本文方法设计的自动化集装箱码头业务流程能够提升决策和建设的效率,可为类似工程提供参考。     

自动化集装箱码头堆场策略

研究自动化集装箱码头中堆场管理策略的制定、应用和效果评估。自动化码头新的垂直堆场结构带来堆场使用方式、机械作业模式、交互方式、堆码方式、操作习惯及思维方式的变化,因此新的堆场管理方式及堆码策略随之孕育而生。通过对作业进行分类,结合码头内外部情况制定自动化码头堆场策略,提高堆场空间利用率及作业效率,降低作业成本,提升堆场综合能力。     

An ERP approach for container terminal operating systems

The major characteristics of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) are an enterprise-wide system that covers all the business functions and information resources, integrated database, built-in best industry practice, packaged software and open architecture. ERP enables reduction of system development time, flexibility, standardization of workflow and effective business planning capability. ERP is mainly for the manufacturing industry. However, the principles of ERP can also be applied to container terminal operating systems. This paper presents an ERP system approach for a container terminal. It has clustered the workflow of a container terminal and analysed the business process to generate the best workflows. The integrated database is designed to eliminate redundancy and keep integration. The core of ERP for container terminal is the planning facility such as berth planning and yard planning. The planning capability is very tightly coupled with data flow from client entities such as shipping companies. The ERP can handle the existing problems of container terminal operation that are mainly caused by lack of integration of a whole information resource in a container terminal, ad-hoc and poor planning capability, disconnected and incorrect data from client companies. The ERP approach can not only resolve the problems of container terminals but also promote adoption of information systems for container terminals in the world that have not yet implemented terminal operating systems.     

An ERP approach for container terminal operating systems

The major characteristics of ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) are an enterprise-wide system that covers all the business functions and information resources, integrated database, built-in best industry practice, packaged software and open architecture. ERP enables reduction of system development time, flexibility, standardization of workflow and effective business planning capability. ERP is mainly for the manufacturing industry. However, the principles of ERP can also be applied to container terminal operating systems. This paper presents an ERP system approach for a container terminal. It has clustered the workflow of a container terminal and analysed the business process to generate the best workflows. The integrated database is designed to eliminate redundancy and keep integration. The core of ERP for container terminal is the planning facility such as berth planning and yard planning. The planning capability is very tightly coupled with data flow from client entities such as shipping companies. The ERP can handle the existing problems of container terminal operation that are mainly caused by lack of integration of a whole information resource in a container terminal, ad-hoc and poor planning capability, disconnected and incorrect data from client companies. The ERP approach can not only resolve the problems of container terminals but also promote adoption of information systems for container terminals in the world that have not yet implemented terminal operating systems.     

An advanced risk analysis approach for container port safety evaluation

Risk analysis in seaports plays an increasingly important role in ensuring port operation reliability, maritime transportation safety and supply chain distribution resilience. However, the task is not straightforward given the challenges, including that port safety is affected by multiple factors related to design, installation, operation and maintenance and that traditional risk assessment methods such as quantitative risk analysis cannot sufficiently address uncertainty in failure data. This paper develops an advanced Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) approach through incorporating Fuzzy Rule-Based Bayesian Networks (FRBN) to evaluate the criticality of the hazardous events (HEs) in a container terminal. The rational use of the Degrees of Belief (DoB) in a fuzzy rule base (FRB) facilitates the implementation of the new method in Container Terminal Risk Evaluation (CTRE) in practice. Compared to conventional FMEA methods, the new approach integrates FRB and BN in a complementary manner, in which the former provides a realistic and flexible way to describe input failure information while the latter allows easy updating of risk estimation results and facilitates real-time safety evaluation and dynamic risk-based decision support in container terminals. The proposed approach can also be tailored for wider application in other engineering and management systems, especially when instant risk ranking is required by the stakeholders to measure, predict and improve their system safety and reliability performance.     

基于多智能体仿真的集装箱港口作业效率研究

集装箱港口生产作业系统是复杂的离散事件系统,数学建模方法难以构建针对整个系统的模型,而基于过程的仿真模型通常缺乏对设备调度的灵活性。为准确描述我国集装箱港口的作业流程,分析内卡配置数量对港口作业效率的影响,提出了基于事件驱动的集装箱港口多智能体(Multi-Agent)仿真模型。仿真结果表明:岸桥平均装卸效率(GCR)随着内卡数量的增加先急剧增加后缓慢增加,船舶平均等待时间(AWT)和平均在泊时间(AST)与岸桥平均装卸效率呈明显负相关关系。     

集装箱平均货物重量的取值问题

集装箱平均货物重量是设计计算集装箱码头、铁路和公路集装箱场站拆装箱库容量的重要参数。本文介绍在制定《内河集装箱码头工艺设计规范》过程中 ,确定集装箱平均货物重量取值范围的方法。     

基于Flex Term软件的集装箱码头仿真试验

为提升集装箱码头装卸效率、降低码头运营成本,以国内某已建集装箱码头为研究对象,利用Flex Term软件,建立码头的仿真模型,实现了码头船舶调度、堆场分配、集卡进出闸口控制的仿真逻辑,并完成码头泊位计划、堆场计划、闸口计划的合理衔接。通过仿真数据统计与分析,对码头的通过能力、设备配置、道路交通状况进行评价,验证了码头设计的合理性。     

复合材料冷藏箱电源插座支架在自动化集装箱码头中的应用

针对集装箱码头传统冷藏箱钢结构电源插座支架易腐蚀、维护工作量大的特点,采用防腐性能优异的连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料代替传统钢结构制作冷藏箱支架。对复合材料冷藏箱电源插座支架的设计、计算、制造、安装进行研究,研究表明复合材料冷藏箱电源插座支架在整个生命周期维护需求小、综合成本低,对自动化集装箱堆场作业干扰小,适合自动化集装箱码头作业特点。     

集装箱堆场箱区长度对码头作业效率的影响

通过分析集装箱码头作业流程,提出通过合理布置堆场箱区长度来提高码头作业效率的思路。基于计算机仿真技术,构建集装箱码头生产作业系统仿真模型,并通过案例研究堆场箱区长度及装卸设备数量对码头作业效率的影响。仿真结果表明：装卸设备数量不同时,最高的码头作业效率对应的箱区长度不同;且利用构建的仿真模型可以定量分析箱区长度及装卸设备数量对码头作业效率的影响,为集装箱码头规划和运营管理提供技术支持。     

Incorporating container location dispersion into evaluating GCR performance at a transhipment terminal

The degree of container dispersion at a transhipment terminal is measured by an index termed container location dispersion, which represents the range, both horizontal and vertical, of all containers for ship loading that are scattered in the yard. First, this paper identifies the impacts of container location dispersion on loading performance with insufficient or sufficient equipment deployment in real-life settings at a terminal. Then, we investigate those scenarios with different levels of interference. This research aims to explore the relationship between the container location dispersion and Gross Crane Rate (GCR) stability at a transhipment terminal and proposes a discrete-event driven simulation model for this purpose. All data in our experiments are extracted from the terminal operation system at a real-life container terminal. It is concluded from a series of experiments that the container location dispersion well captures the overall performance of container terminal handling and can be used for yard template optimization and management. Implications of this investigation are discussed in the context of the yard template design and improvement in the overall performance of a container transhipment terminal.     

海外某集装箱码头冷藏箱管理系统解决方案

全球集装箱码头自动化发展趋势已日渐明显,将冷藏箱纳入码头自动化管理系统的需求必不可少。研究对冷藏箱进行监控、管理的方法,利用CAN总线将终端设备及控制器组网,实现对冷藏箱温度、工作状态及耗电量的7×24 h监控,并结合境外某集装箱码头,给出一种基于CAN总线及光缆组网方式的冷藏箱监控管理系统解决方案,以实现实时监管,降低人工操作成本,提高整个集装箱码头自动化管理效能。     

The container terminal community

Over the past 30 years, technological developments have not only affected the design and operation of the port function, but also the organizational and institutional relationships within the port community. Two inter-organizational interaction models are presented, drawing on the findings of over 200 in-depth interviews with senior managers representing terminal operators, shipping lines, feeder operators, ship agents, road hauliers, freight forwarders and shippers serving the UK?Far East trade. The first model represents a breakbulk berth of the 1960s and the second a modern container terminal community. In comparing the models, it is shown that containerization has transformed the fragmented breakbulk operation of the 1960s into the cohesive container terminal community that today facilitates port operations. The paper concludes by examining trends in key inter-organizational relationships in the community and the emergence of eBusiness.     

自动化集装箱码头AGV维修功能区布局新模式及其应用

目前国外已建成的全自动化集装箱码头大部分采用自动引导车（AGV）作为水平运输设备。AGV在实现集装箱码头水平运输机械全自动化的同时,改变了传统码头设备维修模式,对码头总平面布局中机械维修功能区布局产生较大的影响。如何科学合理布置自动化集装箱码头的AGV维修区,成为提高码头运行效率和充分利用土地资源的关键问题。在总结分析国外典型自动化集装箱码头AGV维修功能区实际案例布置基础上,结合目前技术发展及港口整体发展要求,提出了几种新的布置方案,并在我国大型全自动化集装箱码头——洋山四期工程得到实际应用。