给水管网水力计算程序的实现

给合给水管网的实际，对其水力计算进行了理论分析和推导，提出一种管网水力计算方法，并用Ｐａｓｃａｌ编制了计算程序，对某管网进行了计算和分析。     

代数水锤法在复杂供水管网系统瞬态计算中的应用

管网水锤是复杂供水工程中常见的水力现象，具有极大的危害性，为此必须采用合适的水锤计算方法分析和计算管网瞬态水力问题，以便制定相应的防护措施，确保系统运行安全。本文引入了一种解算管网系统瞬变问题较经济的瞬态水力计算方法－－代数法，由于该法需事先存贮大量的控制标号以便索引数组的建立，而这些标号的确定又与管网稳态水力情况有关，因此本文还介绍了与代数水锤法相适应的稳态水力计算方法－节点水头法。最后本文结合实例并运用供数法对管网瞬态问题进行了论证。     

在役给水管道内涂覆的研究

分析生长环对给水管道的影响,寻求合理有效的方法抑制生长环的形成,能够有效地延长给水管道的寿命,提高管道性能。从改善管网水质、改善水力条件等几个方面,分析在役给水管道内涂覆技术的应用优势。总结了国内外多种在役给水管道内涂覆技术。     

降低给水管网的漏水量

从给水系统的设计压力、水管及附件的质量、管线接头和基础的施工以及锤等方面具体分析了我国给水管网漏水量比较大的原因,并提出了相应的防漏措施。对于已建管网,必须加强日常维护管理,采取有效的检漏和治漏措施减少管网的漏水量。     

武汉市供水管网水力计算模型的建立

从武汉市供水管网实际出发，介绍了建立管网水力工况分析中基础资料的收集处理及计算模型的校核，模型建立方法及使用效果，并对模型的局限性进提出了改进设想。     

滨南油田注水管网系统水力损失实验研究

结合实际情况,对注水管网系统中水力损失情况进行分析,并进行室内模拟实验,对现场生产提供理论依据,合理布置管网和确定管网中各管段的管径,做到既满足各注水井的压力和配注量要求,又不使某些配水间的系统压力损失过高。     

给水管道接口漏水分析及其维护

给出了给水管网的各种接口型式，并分析了接口漏水原因，举例介绍了给水管网的维护和接口堵漏的方法。     

城市给水管网腐蚀机理及防护措施

针对给水管道腐蚀的危害性,从给水管网腐蚀机理出发,提出可通过提高出厂水质、加强管网水质监测、采用非金属管材、管道涂衬、阴极保护、加缓蚀剂、高压水射流清洗等措施,控制给水管网的腐蚀,以提高给水管网的水质,防止管网水质的二次污染。     

完整性管理在城市燃气管网上的应用

结合国内城市燃气的发展情况,详细介绍了国外的油气管道完整性管理流程在我国城市燃气管网上的应用.该完整性管理流程是一个持续改进的过程,内容包括识别城市燃气管网的高后果区域,在风险评价的基础上对管网进行完整性评价,然后制定、实施预防和减缓措施,同时还要编制科学实用的应急救援预案系统,并对完整性管理方案进行绩效评定和再评价.应用此完整性管理流程可以有效地管理城市燃气管网,预防事故发生.     

船闸输水系统设计及运行管理分析

文章以贵港航运枢纽一线船闸为例,结合该船闸输水阀门及门槽损坏维修情况,分析了船闸输水系统阀门及门槽损坏的原因,阐明了船闸输水系统设计选型、定型原则和输水系统水力特性分析计算、水力模型试验的重要性,同时根据该船闸水力特性分析计算结果,提出了船闸输水系统设计、施工和运行管理中需要注意的事项,并介绍了该船闸阀门门槽维修加固的措施,对山区河段中高水头船闸输水系统设计、运行管理和维修养护提供参考。     

Closed-loop Inventory Routing Problem for returnable transport items

Increasing concerns on supply chain sustainability have given birth to the concept of closed-loop supply chain. Closed-loop supply chains include the return processes besides forward flows to recover the value from the customers or end-users. Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) systems ensure collaborative relationships between a vendor and a set of customers. In such systems, the vendor takes on the responsibility of product deliveries and inventory management at customers. Product deliveries also include reverse flows of returnable transport items. The execution of the VMI policy requires vendor to deal with a Closed-loop Inventory Routing Problem (CIRP) consisting of its own forward and backward routing decisions, and inventory decisions of customers. In CIRP literature, traditional assumptions of disregarding reverse logistic operations, knowing beforehand distribution costs between nodes and customers demand, and managing single product restrict the usage of the proposed models in current food logistics systems. From this point of view, the aim of this research is to enhance the traditional models for the CIRP to make them more useful for the decision makers in closed-loop supply chains. Therefore, we propose a probabilistic mixed-integer linear programming model for the CIRP that accounts for forward and reverse logistics operations, explicit fuel consumption, demand uncertainty and multiple products. A case study on the distribution operations of a soft drink company shows the applicability of the model to a real-life problem. The results suggest that the proposed model can achieve significant savings in total cost and thus offers better support to decision makers.     

Total water requirements of passenger transport modes

With a growing urban population, it is crucial to maintain and develop environmentally friendly transport modes. However, while one of the most important indicators of environmental performance is water use, very few studies have quantified the total water requirements associated with different transport modes.This study uses input-output analysis to quantify the total water requirements of different passenger-transport modes in Melbourne, Australia, including the direct and indirect water requirements of petrol cars, regional diesel trains and electric metropolitan trains.Results show that urban electric trains are the least water intensive transport mode (3.4 L/pkm) followed by regional diesel trains (5.2 L/pkm) and petrol cars (6.4 L/pkm). These intensities result in average daily per capita transport-related water use that can be greater than residential water use. Findings also show that occupancy rates greatly affect the water intensity of transport modes and that when occupied by five passengers, cars are the least water intensive transport mode. Finally, this study shows that water use associated with transport depends on a range of factors across the supply chain and that indirect requirements associated with operations, including administration, advertisement, servicing and others, can represent a significant share of the total. Reducing the total water requirements of transport modes is therefore a shared responsibility between all the actors involved and integrated action plans are needed in order to reduce water use associated with transport.     

Approximate queueing models for analyzing harbor terminal operations

The purpose of this paper is to present approximate queueing models to help assess the impacts of tug services on congested harbor terminals. The models are intended for harbors in which tug shortages are rare. A congested harbor terminal is modelled as a queueing system with m identical tugs (servers) and n identical berths (customers), and with general probability distributions of tug service time and berth cargo-handling time. The distribution of the number of berths in the system, a basic element to analyze the system performance, was established for two cases. For large m, the distribution was approximated by a binomial model and the respective accuracy tested. For small m, an approximate model for this distribution was developed. Particular emphasis was given to developing explicitly the probability of having one berth in queue and establishing the remaining probabilities of the distribution approximately. The model for small m was validated by means of simulation for various cases of harbor terminal operations exhibiting different ranges of the coefficient of variation of tug service time. The models were found to be reasonably accurate within a certain range covering situations in which tug shortages are in the order of 10% of the time or less.     

Short-term shift setting and manpower supplying under stochastic demands for air cargo terminals

A good air cargo terminal manpower supply plan helps terminals deal efficiently with their cargos and reduces their operating costs. To design a good air cargo terminal manpower supply plan, a terminal has to consider not only its operating costs, but also the uncertainty of the manpower demand in actual operations. However, most air cargo terminals in Taiwan currently depend on staff experience with a fixed demand when establishing the manpower supply plan, which is neither effective nor efficient. We have developed two stochastic-demand manpower supply plan models for air cargo terminals that can resolve stochastic demands occurring in practice. The objectives of both models are to minimize the total man-hour cost, subject to the related operating constraints. The models are formulated as integer/mixed integer linear programs. To evaluate the two stochastic-demand models under stochastic demands, we have also developed two deterministic-demand manpower supply plan models, by suitably modifying two stochastic-demand models, respectively, and an evaluation method. Here, we perform a case study using real operating data from a Taiwan air cargo terminal. The preliminary results are good, showing that the models could be useful for planning air cargo terminal manpower supply.

Assessment of schedule-based and frequency-based assignment models for strategic and operational planning of high-speed rail services

Despite some substantial limitations in the simulation of low-frequency scheduled services, frequency-based (FB) assignment models are by far the most widely used in practice. They are less expensive to build and less demanding from the computational viewpoint with respect to schedule-based (SB) models, as they require neither explicit simulation of the timetable (on the supply side), nor segmentation of OD matrices by desired departure/arrival time (on the demand side).The objective of this paper is to assess to what extent the lack of modeling capabilities of FB models is acceptable, and, on the other hand, the cases in which such approximations are substantial and more detailed SB models are needed. This is a first attempt to shed light on the trade-off between (frequency-based) model inaccuracy and (scheduled-based) model development costs in the field of long-distance (e.g. High-speed Rail, HSR) service modeling.To this aim, we considered two modeling specifications estimated using mixed Revealed Preferences (RP) and Stated Preferences (SP) surveys and validated with respect to the same case study. Starting from an observed (baseline) scenario, we artificially altered the demand distributions (uniform vs. time-varying demand) and the supply configuration (i.e. train departure times), and analyzed the differences in modal split estimates and flows on individual trains, using the two different model specifications.It resulted that when the demand distribution is uniform within the period of analysis, such differences are significant only when departure times of trains are strongly unevenly spaced in time. In such cases, the difference in modal shares, using FB w.r.t. SB, is in the range of [0%, +5%] meaning that FB models tend to overestimate HSR modal shares. When the demand distribution is not uniform, the difference in modal shares, using FB w.r.t. SB, is in the range of [−10%, +10%] meaning that FB models can overestimate or underestimate HSR modal shares, depending on timetable settings with respect to travelers’ desired departure times. The differences in on-board train flow estimates are more substantial in both cases of uniform and not uniform demand distribution.     

Modeling transit vehicle repair duration and active service time

Abstract

The need for dependable and flexible models of transit vehicle maintenance has been well established in the literature as a means for improving daily operations, capital planning and service quality. Stemming from the practical need to predict the duration of maintenance activities and active service time for buses, this paper uses the principles of duration modeling to address two important questions: what is the duration of vehicle maintenance activities and, given that a bus is in active service, how long will it take? We extend previous work by including exogenous factors directly affecting maintenance duration and active service time in fully parametric duration models and examine such activities for the transit system in Athens (Greece). Results indicate that vehicle age, kilometers travelled and repair type are amongst the most important determinants of maintenance duration.     

Online calibration of an integrated framework for information‐based evacuation operations

This study seeks to online calibrate the parameters of aggregate evacuee behavior models used in a behavior‐consistent information‐based control module for determining information strategies for real‐time evacuation operations. It enables the deployment of an operational framework for mass evacuation that integrates three aspects underlying an evacuation operation: demand (evacuee behavior), supply (network management), and disaster characteristics. To attain behavior‐consistency, the control module factors evacuees' likely responses to the disseminated information in determining information‐based control strategies. Hence, the ability of the behavior models to predict evacuees' likely responses is critical to the effectiveness of traffic routing by information strategies. The mixed logit structure is used for the aggregate behavior models to accommodate the behavioral heterogeneity across the population. An online calibration problem is proposed to calibrate the random parameters in the behavior models by using the least square estimator to minimize the gap between the predicted network flows and unfolding traffic dynamics. Background traffic, an important but rarely studied issue for modeling evacuation traffic, is also accounted for in the proposed problem. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the importance of the calibration problem for addressing the system consistency issues and integrating the demand, supply, and disaster characteristics for more efficient evacuation operations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An empirical study of simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment procedures

Abstract

Under Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), real-time operations of traffic management measures depend on long-term planning results, such as the origin–destination (OD) trip distribution; however, results from current planning procedures are unable to provide fundamental data for dynamic analysis. In order to capture dynamic traffic characteristics, transportation planning models should play an important role to integrate basic data with real-time traffic management and control. In this paper, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to establish the linkage between daily OD trips and dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) procedures; thus results from transportation planning projects, in terms of daily OD trips, can be extended to estimate time-dependent OD trips. Field data from Taiwan are collected and applied in the calibration and validation processes. Dynamic Network Assignment-Simulation Model for Advanced Road Telematics (DYNASMART-P), a simulation-based DTA model, is applied to generate time-dependent flows. The results from the validation process show high agreement between actual flows from vehicle detectors (VDs) and simulated flows from DYNAMSART-P.     

Multiple period optimization of bus transit systems

Analytic models are developed for optimizing bus services with time dependence and elasticity in their demand characteristics. Some supply parameters, i.e. vehicle operating costs and speeds are also allowed to vary over time. The multiple period models presented here allow some of the optimized system characteristics (e.g. route structure) to be fized at values representing the best compromise over different time periods, while other characteristics (e.g. service headways) may be optimized within each period. In a numerical example the demand is assumed to fluctuate over a daily cycle (e.g. peak, offpeak and night), although the same models can also be used for other cyclical or noncyclical demand variations over any number of periods. Models are formulated and compared for four types of conditions, which include steady fixed demand, cyclical fixed demand, steady equilibrium demand and cyclical equilibrium demand. When fixed demand is assumed, the optimization objective is minimum total system cost, including operator cost and user cost, while operator profit and social welfare are the objective functions maximized for equilibrium demand. The major results consist of closed form solutions for the route spacings, headways, fares and costs for optimized feeder bus services under various demand conditions. A comparison of the optimization results for the four cases is also presented. When demand and bus operating characteristics are allowed to vary over time, the optimal functions are quite similar to those for steady demand and supply conditions. The optimality of a constant ratio between the headway and route spacing, which is found at all demand densities if demand is steady, is also maintained with a multi-period adjustment factor in cyclical demand cases, either exactly or with a relatively negligible approximation. These models may be used to analyze and optimize fairly complex feeder or radial bus systems whose demand and supply characteristics may vary arbitrarily over time.     

Behavior-consistent information-based network traffic control for evacuation operations

The evacuation operations problem aims to avoid or mitigate the potential loss of life in a region threatened or affected by a disaster. It is shaped to a large extent by the evolution of evacuation traffic resulting from the demand–supply interactions of the associated transportation network. Information-based control is a strategic tool for evacuation traffic operations as it can enable greater access to the affected population and more effective response. However, comparatively few studies have focused on the implementation of information-based control in evacuation operations. This study develops a control module for evacuation operations centered on addressing the demand–supply interactions by using behavior-consistent information strategies. These strategies incorporate the likely responses of evacuees to the information provided in the determination of route guidance information. The control module works as an iterative computational process involving an evacuee route choice model and a control model of information strategies to determine the route guidance information to direct evacuation traffic so as to approach a desired network traffic flow pattern. The problem is formulated as a fuzzy logic based optimization framework to explicitly incorporate practical concerns related to information dissemination characteristics and social equity in evacuation operations. Numerical experiments highlight the importance of accounting for the demand–supply interactions, as the use of behavior-consistent information strategies can lead evacuee route choices to approach the operator-desired proportions corresponding to the desired traffic pattern. The results also indicate that while a behavior-consistent information strategy can be effective, gaps with the desired route proportions can exist due to the discrete nature of the linguistic messages and the real-world difficulty in accurately modeling evacuees’ actual route choice behavior.