Improved method for non-linear FE analysis of polar class ship primary structures

In the IACS Polar Class Rules, primary structures are required to be assessed with direct calculation methods, which in most cases is either linear or non-linear finite element analysis. For linear analysis a clear set of requirements and acceptance criteria are provided in the rules. This approach is currently the most widely used assessment method although non-linear analysis would provide better insight into the behavior of the structure, giving designers tools to reduce weight and/or improve safety. The current rule requirements for non-linear analysis are high-level in nature and not easily applicable to practical design work. In order to implement non-linear analysis practically, a simple-to-use acceptance criteria is be needed. In this paper, a robust and simple-to-use assessment methodology and acceptance criteria is proposed. The proposed method provides means to ensure proper structural hierarchy. Appropriate safety margins are described through the plastic response of the local frame and the primary structural member. Allowable plastic deformation caused by the design ice load is determined by relating the permanent set of the structure to newbuild vessel production tolerances. An example analysis comparing the proposed method to existing linear and non-linear methods is presented. The proposed method ensures that the structure remains serviceable throughout the lifetime of the vessel.     

Controls on stratification in the Rhine ROFI system

Stratification in the Rhine ROFI is very variable; the mean water column stability is controlled by the combined effect of tidal, wind and wave stirring which, at times, brings about complete vertical homogeneity. Control by the mixing variables has been elucidated by a regression analysis of mean stratification on the components of the windstress and significant wave height. There is strong partial correlation with all three variables which explains between 56% and 65% of the variance in two time series of observations in October 1990 and September 1992, respectively. During periods of low stirring the water column was observed to re-stratify over the whole inshore region through the relaxation of the horizontal gradients under gravity and with the influence of rotation. Superimposed on the mean stratification there is strong semi-diurnal variation, occurring throughout the stratified region at times of reduced mixing. The amplitude of this semi-diurnal variation is of the same order as the mean stability and frequently results in conditions being mixed or nearly mixed once per tide. This semi-diurnal variation results primarily from cross-shore tidal straining which interacts with the main density gradient to induce stratification. The hypothesis that water column stability is controlled by the combination of these processes has been tested using a reduced physics model which has been successful in reproducing the main features of both the mean and semi-diurnal components of stratification.     

Analysis of velocity fluctuations and their intermittency properties in the surf zone using empirical mode decomposition

We consider here surf zone turbulence measurements, recorded in the Eastern English Channel using a sonic anemometer. In order to characterize the intermittent properties of their fluctuations at many time scales, we analyze the experimental time series using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. The series is decomposed into a sum of modes, each one narrow-banded, and we show that some modes are associated with the energy containing wave breaking scales, and other modes are associated with small-scale intermittent fluctuations. We use the EMD approach in association with a newly developed method based on Hilbert spectral analysis, representing the probability density function in an amplitude–frequency space. We then characterize the fluctuations in a stochastic framework using a cumulant generating function for all scales, and compare the results obtained from direct and classical structure function analysis, to EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis results, showing that the former method saturates at large scales, whereas the latter method is more precise in its scale approach. These results show the strength of the new EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis method for data presenting a strong forcing such as found in shallow water, wave dominated situations.     

结构可靠度分析中随机变量间相关系数的特性

在结构可靠度分析中,经常要把随机变量通过当量正态化变换为标准正态随机变量.随机变量的变换过程,包括线性函数变换和非线性函数变换.为了研究随机变量间相关系数的变化规律,利用概率论的基本思想分析得出,经过线性变换后变量之间相关系数保持绝对值不变,非线性变换后保持随机变量之间相关系数近似不变.因此在结构可靠度分析中,变量之间相关系数近似保持相等,其误差随变换的非线性程度增高而增大.     

考虑船舶影响的升船机结构动力特性

运用ANSYS有限元软件建立了包含塔柱、承船厢、水体、船舶、提升系统等构件的大型垂直升船机整体模型,计算分析了升船机结构的动力特性。计算结果表明:横荡、扭转、纵荡是承船厢结构低阶主要振型。厢内有船会降低承船厢系统的自振频率,其有船与无船工况下横荡自振频率分别为0. 130 9 Hz和0. 280 5 Hz;升船机整体结构低阶特征振型主要包括整体系统的横向摆动、绕竖向的扭转、纵向摆动。承船厢内有无船舶计算得到的同种振型下升船机整体结构的自振频率相差很小,表明船舶对升船机整体结构自振特性的影响不大;承船厢位置的升高会使得升船机整体结构的自振频率降低;承船厢位置的变化对升船机低阶振型影响较大,对高阶振型的影响较小。     

波浪入射角度对立柱周围波面扰动特性的影响研究

基于N-S方程和连续性方程建立了三维数值波浪水池,并在该水池内对固定直立柱在不同浪向下的波浪爬升和绕射问题进行了数值模拟。为了验证数值计算的准确性,对立柱近壁面处的波浪爬升效应展开了模型试验研究,计算值与试验值吻合较好,证明了该方法的可行性。研究了入射角度的变化对立柱周围波浪爬升幅度和非线性特征的影响,同时从垂直浪向的投影面积和相对浪向的投影面形状这两个因素出发,探讨了不同浪向角下立柱周围的波浪叠加、波面放大率以及二次波峰效应,并对自由面漩涡生成特性进行了较为深入的机理性研究,可为今后进一步研究不同的入射角度下,复杂的海洋结构物周围的波浪非线性效应提供有价值的参考。     

竖向均载下轻钢门式刚架极限承载力有限元分析

基于非线性板壳有限元结构分析方法，运用有限元分析软件ANSYS，对轻钢门式刚架考虑柱腹板屈曲，梁腹板不屈曲的极限承载力进行材料、几何双重非线性分析，研究了柱腹板高厚比、翼缘宽厚比、斜梁坡度、高跨比等几何参数的变化对刚架极限承载力的影响．计算结果表明：增加柱腹板厚度、柱腹板高度、翼缘厚度、斜梁坡度、高跨比可以提高刚架极限承载力；柱腹板高厚比在60～135范围内，翼缘宽厚比在9～15．43范围内变化时对承载力影响较大；而斜梁坡度在1／8～1／24范围内，高跨比在1／12—1／8范围内变化时对刚架极限承载力的影响较小，工程分析时可以忽略它们的影响．     

Vortex-induced vibration of a tension leg platform tendon: Multi-mode limit cycle oscillations

This paper studies the application of mathematical models to analyze the vortex-induced vibrations of the tendons of a given TLP along the Indian coastline, by using an analytical approach, analyzed using MATLAB. The tendon is subjected to a steady current load, which causes vortex-shedding downstream, leading to cross-flow vibrations. The magnitude of the excitation (lift and drag coefficients) depends on the vortex-shedding frequency. The resulting vibration is studied for possible resonant behavior. The excitation force is quantified empirically, the added mass by potential flow hydrodynamics, and the vibration by normal mode summation method. Non-linear viscous damping of the water is considered. The non-linear oscillations are studied by the phase-plane method, investigating the limit-cycle oscillations. The stable/unstable regions of the dynamic behavior are demarcated. The modal contribution to the total deflection is studied to establish the possibility of resonance of one of the wet modes with the vortex-shedding frequency.     

高扬程升船机多子结构耦合系统动力特性

采用有限元软件ABAQUS构建了高扬程升船机整体有限元模型,包括地基、塔柱、承船厢、厢内水体、钢丝绳、滑轮组、平衡重和纵横导向机构。通过数值模拟,对升船机整体系统进行了动力特性分析,探讨了地基刚度及承船厢竖向位置对升船机整体结构耦合振动特性的影响。计算结果表明:不考虑地基情况下,结构的振型更为密集,低阶模态中出现了频率为零的振型,运行系统可能发生动力失稳;升船机系统出现的以承船厢为主体的绕轴翻转振型和竖向升降振型将对安全机构的强度和系统的稳定性造成不利影响;承船厢竖向位置由低到高变化时,升船机结构各阶主振型对应频率值呈递减趋势。     

基于二阶Stokes波理论的随机波浪力谱表示法研究

目前,采用随机性分析方法计算不规则波对海洋结构物作用时一般均采用Airy波理论,并未考虑波浪非线性的影响。本文基于二阶Stokes非线性波浪理论探讨了采用非线性波浪理论时随机波浪力谱的计算方法,并用一典型算例,对本文公式的计算结果与线性波理论的计算结果进行比较。计算结果表明,在水深较深时不能忽略波浪非线性的影响。     

航行船舶的三维非线性水弹性分析

基于Wu提出的浮体二阶水弹性理论[1],研究大浪中航行船舶的非线性水弹性响应,给出了数值方法和计算结果.在二阶水弹性分析中,主要考虑了大角度刚体转动和瞬时湿表面变化引起的非线性水动力.根据三维线性水弹性理论[2],采用移动脉动源格林函数和Kelvin定常兴波假定,求解了对二阶水动力做主要贡献的一阶速度势及响应.最后以航行于不规则波中的小水线面双体船为例,讨论了航速和定常兴波流场对水弹性响应的影响,并对线性和非线性响应的预报结果进行了比较.     

Use of a probabilistic particle tracking model to simulate the Prestige oil spill

A probabilistic particle tracking model is used to simulate the oil dispersion after the Prestige wreckage. This oil spill constitutes a suitable benchmark to analyze the capabilities of a probabilistic model, since the time elapsed from wreckage to oil landing (12 days) is much longer than the reliability time associated with forecast winds, usually on the order of 3–4 days. The particle model can be run in two different modes: real time mode (when existing reliable wind fields for the event under scope) and in probabilistic mode (in absence of reliable wind fields but with historical fields corresponding to a similar period). The validity of the particle model is first evaluated in a hindcast way, running the Prestige case with the wind fields corresponding to the period November 19 to November 30, 2002, which were not available at the moment of the wreckage. Calculations show the accuracy of the model to provide the right impact point and timing. The probabilistic model is then used to simulate the same event by means of historical data. The region where the oil landed is shown to be the area with the highest probability to be impacted.     

Scattering of surface water waves involving semi-infinite floating elastic plates on water of finite depth

Two problems of scattering of surface water waves involving a semi-infinite elastic plate and a pair of semi-infinite elastic plates,separated by a gap of finite width,floating horizontally on water of finite depth,are investigated in the present work for a two-dimensional time-harmonic case.Within the frame of linear water wave theory,the solutions of the two boundary value problems under consideration have been represented in the forms of eigenfunction expansions.Approximate values of the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained by solving an over-determined system of linear algebraic equations in each problem.In both the problems,the method of least squares as well as the singular value decomposition have been employed and tables of numerical values of the reflection and transmission coefficients are presented for specific choices of the parameters for modelling the elastic plates.Our main aim is to check the energy balance relation in each problem which plays a very important role in the present approach of solutions of mixed boundary value problems involving Laplace equations.The main advantage of the present approach of solutions is that the results for the values of reflection and transmission coefficients obtained by using both the methods are found to satisfy the energy-balance relations associated with the respective scattering problems under consideration.The absolute values of the reflection and transmission coefficients are presented graphically against different values of the wave numbers.     

Local structural response to seakeeping and slamming loads

A common approach to investigate the response of a structural detail such as a hatch corner is to compute the seakeeping loads using a linear 3D Boundary Element Method (BEM) and transfer the seakeeping loads to a Finite Element (FE) model of the ship structure. This approach is suitable for computations of the fatigue loading of structural details near amidships because a majority of the fatigue loading will occur in mild sea-states where the loading may be assumed linear. However, the linear seakeeping model may not hold when one investigates the ultimate response of the local bow structure of a ship which is designed to remain operational in severe conditions, for example, a frigate. A linear seakeeping analysis will significantly underpredict the loading at the bow because both the impulsive slamming loads and the non-linearities in the non-impulsive wave loads will contribute significant to the structural loading.The non-linear loads require one to first derive a short-term distribution of the local structural response before the ultimate value of the response can be derived. A method to compute the short-term distribution of a structural detail is presented in this paper. The first step is to perform seakeeping analyses which includes slamming, non-linear Froude-Kryloff and hydrostatic loads. The short-term distribution of the total hydrodynamic loading at the structural detail is obtained by simulating the seakeeping response for several hours. The response of the local structure is computed for the most severe impacts found in the seakeeping simulation. The hydrodynamic loading, including the non-linear contributions, is transfer to the structural model and the structural response is computed using the FE-method. The results of the structural analyses allow one to transform the short-term distribution of the structural loading to a short-term distribution of the response of the structural detail. A designer can obtain the ultimate structural response by entering the probability at which one accepts overloading of the structure in the short-term distribution of the response of the structural detail.     

Comparison of numerical and experimental results of nonlinear wave-induced vertical ship motions and loads

 A nonlinear time-domain procedure is presented which is used to calculate the vertical responses of a container ship advancing in head waves. The method assumes linear radiation forces represented by time convolution of memory functions, infinite frequency added masses, and radiation restoring coefficients. The nonlinear hydrostatic restoring and Froude–Krilov forces are computed exactly over the instantaneous wetted surface of the ship's hull. Forces due to green water on deck are calculated using the momentum method. Nonlinear effects are identified on different vertical ship responses, namely on the heave and pitch motions, the vertical accelerations, and the vertical bending moment. These non-linear effects are expressed by the variation of the transfer function with the wave amplitude, the higher-order harmonics of the time signals, the offset of the time series, and the asymmetry of the peaks. The numerical results and the quantified nonlinear effects are compared with experimental results showing an ability to reproduce the main nonlinear effects. Received: December 17, 2001 / Accepted: January 31, 2002     

长洲四线并列船闸运行方式对下游引航道水流条件的影响

长洲水利枢纽通航建筑物采用四线并列船闸布置,其引航道水流条件受船闸布置及充泄水影响而十分复杂。采用物理模型试验与数学模型计算相结合的手段,对长洲船闸不同下游水位下船闸泄水对引航道水流条件的影响进行研究,针对存在的水力学问题,结合长洲船闸的特点提出目前最为便捷有效的非工程措施——优化船闸运行方式,并最终确定了船闸运行的控制下游水位及相应的运行方式,为船闸设计与运行管理提供了依据。     

An analytical investigation for oscillations in a harbor of a parabolic bottom

Based on the linear shallow water approximation, longitudinal and transverse oscillations in a rectangular harbor with a parabolic bottom are analyzed. The longitudinal ones are combinations of the Legendre functions of the first and second kinds and the transverse ones are expressed with modified Bessel equations. Analytic results for longitudinal oscillations show that the augmentation of rapidity of variation of the water depth shifts the resonant wave frequencies to larger values and slightly changes the positions of the nodes for the resonant modes. For the transverse oscillations trapped within the harbor which are typically standing edge waves, the dispersion relationship is derived and the spatial structures of the first four modes are presented. The solutions illustrate that all the trapped modes are affected by the varying water depth parameters, especially for the higher modes whose profiles extend farther and the distribution of the energy of transverse oscillations is influenced by the rapidity of variation of the bottom within the harbor.     

基于RBF神经网络补偿的PMSM反步控制系统

提出了一种基于非线性控制策略的RBF神经网络补偿和反步控制相结合的方法,克服了传统PID控制对非线性控制的缺点．基于神经网络的控制器很好地实现了线性逼近,反步控制保证了系统具有良好的速度跟踪性能．仿真结果表明,该方法比PID控制更有有效性．     

Influence of the heavy fuel spill from the Prestige tanker wreckage in the overlying seawater column levels of copper, nickel and vanadium (NE Atlantic ocean)

The water column above the Prestige wreckage was sampled during two consecutive campaigns: Prestinaut (December 2002) two weeks after the tanker sunk and HidroPrestige0303 (March 2003) one month after the sealing of the main fuel leaks. Samples of the original cargo fuel and the emulsified fuel in the surface of the ocean were also collected. Analysis of the fuel indicated the release of 135 kg of Cu, 1700 kg of Ni and 5300 kg of V from the original fuel to the water column, remaining 35 kg of Cu, 3100 kg of Ni and 13,800 kg of V in the emulsified fuel. The metal partitioning between the water column and the emulsioned floating fuel, Cu > Ni ~ V, are in accordance with the stability index for the metal–nitrogen bond in metalloporphyrins. This release had an impact on dissolved trace metal concentrations in the water column. An increase on dissolved copper (2.8–4.7 nM) and nickel (2.2–8.0 nM) with respect to natural values (1–3 nM for Cu and 1.6–5 nM for Ni) was observed. Values for vanadium (28–35 nM) were in the range of pristine North Atlantic waters (30–36 nM). This contamination was especially observed in the upper water column (0–50 m), associated with the mixing of seawater with the fuel moving upwards, and in deep waters, where the residence time of fuel is higher. Future research in this field should focus on the environmental variables and the processes that control the release of contaminants from fuels for a better assessment of the contamination in oil-spill events.