油气管道焊接接头的应力腐蚀及防护

焊接过程引起焊接接头组织和力学性能的不均匀性。通过研究焊接接头应力腐蚀的规律,发现焊缝比母材具有更高的应力腐蚀敏感性;焊缝硬化层越宽对应力腐蚀越敏感;工作温度越高应力腐蚀敏感电位区间越宽;适量的加入合金元素可提高焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀能力;改善介质条件也是很重要的方面。     

相邻隧道扩挖施工影响分析

采用现场实测和数值计算方法,对乌鞘岭志留系地层板岩夹千枚岩地段左线隧道扩挖施工引起右线隧道的围岩状况和既有支护结构的受力变化进行分析。结果表明,两相邻隧道在不同施工阶段进行导洞开挖和扩挖前后存在一定程度的群洞效应作用,扩挖施工引起右线隧道向左线隧道产生了较小的侧移;在左线隧道扩挖后,右线隧道既有衬砌的接触压力、结构轴力和弯矩均有明显增大,但衬砌结构的安全系数均满足规范要求,处于安全状态。     

Hybrid cyclicity: Combining the benefits of cyclic and non-cyclic timetables

We propose a new type of timetable that would combine both the regularity of the cyclic timetables and the flexibility of the non-cyclic ones. In order to do so, several combinations of the two timetables are considered. The regularity is incorporated in their design and the flexibility is evaluated using the passenger satisfaction (in monetary units). Each of the tested timetables is constructed using the Passenger Centric Train Timetabling Problem (PCTTP), that is solved using a simulated annealing heuristic. Note that the PCTTP, unlike the traditional Train Timetabling Problem (TTP), does not take into account the conflicts among trains. The aim of the PCTTP is to design such timetables that the passengers’ satisfaction is maximized and it remains the aim of the TTP to remove any potential conflicts. The performance of each of the considered timetables is assessed on the real network of Israeli Railways. The results of the case study show that our proposed hybrid cyclic timetable can provide the benefits of the cyclic and the non-cyclic timetable simultaneously. This timetable consists of 75% of cyclic trains (securing the regularity of the service) and of 25% of non-cyclic trains (deployed as supplementary trains during the peak hours and capturing the demand fluctuation). The level of the passenger satisfaction of the hybrid cyclic timetable is similar to the level of the non-cyclic one, which has about 18.5% of improvement as compared to the purely cyclic one.     

Financing urban rail projects: The case of Los Angeles

This paper describes the potential use of the financing strategy of value capture or benefit assessment for an urban mass transportation project. The paper describes the legal background to the use of benefit assessment, and the process of implementation for the first construction phase of the Los Angeles Metro Rail project. The process of developing the benefit assessment structure was a consultative one, utilizing technical inputs from a team of specialist consultants, a task force consisting of major developers and property owners in the affected area, and politicians representing many of the interests in the region. The initial benefit assessment districts were set up to raise $130 million of the cost of the first 4.4 miles of the rail project, and are based on the benefits accruing to certain categories of property in the vicinity of stations. The assessment would be collected for about 18 years and bonding would be used to provide the capital at the time of construction.The paper describes the procedure for setting boundaries, the structuring of the assessment rates, the definition of benefiting properties, and the uses and tenure of the assessment. In almost all cases, the theory of value capture indicated a different result than was achieved from a consensus of the task force, and the nature of these differences is explored in the paper. The establishment of the benefit assessment districts withstood early court challenges, but has subsequently been appealed and was overturned on appeal. Action is pending with the Supreme Court currently, and efforts are also underway to pass new legislation to deal with some of the issues raised in the court proceedings.     

浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响分析

为获得浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响,文章以临县隧道为工程背景,采用数值模拟的方法研究了浅埋土石分界高度及土石分界面位置对隧道初期支护结构安全性的影响。结果表明:土石分界致使隧道初期支护结构安全系数发生突变,分界面倾斜时安全系数分布不对称。同一种埋深条件下,随着土石分界面位置的下移,土石分界面以上部分偏压减弱,分界面以下的部分偏压增强。同一界面深度条件下,隧道初期支护结构左右断面偏压情况随着埋深增加而增大。当土石分界面分别位于隧道上导坑和中下导坑、分界面倾角为10°时,可通过增加20%隧道左侧荷载或减小20%右侧抗力系数来进行荷载计算。     

鲁宁输油管道经济清管周期的确定

介绍了原油在输送过程中蜡的析出规律,建立了当量管径与输油天数的数学模型,从而确定出管道最佳的经济清管周期。     

Towards modal choice decision-making models: A case study of Lagos state transport corporation bus riders

Identification of the socioeconomic factors which affect the demand for buses, and the analysis of the use of the other transport modes by bus users are the two main objectives of this article. Work and school trips are highlighted as being very important trip purposes in Lagos metropolis by the multiple discriminant analysis model. It identifies mode of transport, distance, travel time, reliability, and the number of stops as significant mode choice variables. Multiple linear regression models for work and school trips identify mode of transport, transfort fare, travel time, annual income, and crew behaviour as significant variables in the choice of transport mode. These findings support the two alternative hypotheses of the study that the choice of bus is related to the individual perception of the quality of service of the different modes and that socioeconomic characteristics of the riders influence the patronage of buses. The attention of policy makers for the 22 transport corporations that operate inter-and intra-urban services in all the 21 states and the federal capital of Abuja in Nigeria is drawn to the importance of these variables for decisions.     

Unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in China: Decomposing the Gini coefficient

This study discusses the unbalanced development of Chinese inter-provincial high-grade highway from 1997 to 2013. It does so from the viewpoint of the inter-provincial Gini coefficient based on per capita mileage of high-grade highway, which is decomposed according to such dimensions as the increment of the Gini coefficient, the Gini coefficient of different types of high-grade highway, and the Gini coefficient between and within inland and coastal areas. The Gini coefficient of China’s per capita mileage of inter-provincial high-grade highway shows a declining trend year by year. According to the results from the decomposition of the contribution rate of different types of high-grade highway, the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway is caused mainly by that of first- and second-grade highway. According to the results from the decomposition related to the increment of the Gini coefficient of China’s per capita mileage of inter-provincial high-grade highway, the decrease of the Gini coefficient from 1997 to 2013 was mainly the result of balanced distribution of high-grade highway among regions in China. According to the results from the decomposition of the Gini coefficient between and within inland and coastal areas, the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in China from 1997 to 2013 was caused mainly by the unbalanced development of inter-provincial high-grade highway in inland areas. Therefore, the authors argue that the government should pay more attention to protecting the environment and providing a suitable scale of highway network, which could promote long-term sustainable development.     

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Behaviors of Deep-Buried Water-Storage and Drainage Shield Tunnels北大核心CSCD

Deep-buried water-storage and drainage shield tunnels, which are different from road and subway shield tunnels in terms of computation theory, construction technology and operation maintenance, would bear high inner water pressure and large earth pressure. In view of the change of the bearing mode for the lining structure of water-storage and drainage shield tunnels, a full-ring test and numerical analysis are carried out to study the influence of inner water pressure, staggered joint assembly and bolt installation types on the behaviors of water-storage and drainage shield tunnels. The results show that the deformation of the straight-jointed water-storage and drainage shield tunnel varies greatly from the state of empty water to that of full water; and the vertical and horizontal convergence deformations of the tunnel with inner water pressure of 0.6 MPa are 2.2 times and 3.2 times of that without inner water pressure, respectively. The convergence deformation, and the maximum joint opening and bolt tension of stagger-jointed lining structure decrease by 15%-25% and 25%- 40%, respectively, compared with that of the straight-jointed water-storage and drainage shield tunnel. The bolts at the segmental joints will yield because of the increase of inner water pressure and the first occurrence of bolt yield phenomenon is located near the position on the lining structure which is under the action of maximum negative bending moment; because the failure of shield tunnel is always caused by the yield of joint bolts, this position is the weak point for the deep-buried water-storage and drainage shield tunnel. For the water-storage and drainage shield tunnel based on the connection with double rows of bolts, the bolts near the outer arc surface of segmental joints in the area of 90 degree in the vault and arch bottom can be removed; the bolts near the inner arc surface of the segmental joints within the 90 degree of the haunch must be installed, otherwise, the tensile force of the bolts at the segmental joint near the maximum negative bending moment will increase by 5%-14%. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

高铁站功能区布局优化模型研究

为使高铁站功能区的布局更加科学合理,论文以旅客在高铁站房内的平均走行时间最少和高铁站建造成本最低为目标,综合考虑功能区的面积、长宽比例、功能区禁止重叠、流线等约束条件,构建基于多目标混合规划的高铁站功能区布局优化模型,通过算例验证了模型的有效性。该方法得出的结论可以为高铁站功能区布局的规划设计提供参考。     

横隔梁拉压杆模拟配筋与实际设计对比分析

文章基于某特定桥梁的横隔梁设计状态,借助工程有限元ANSYS模拟计算系统,以横隔梁拉压杆模拟配筋与工程实际设计配筋两种配筋功效对比分析的方式,对横隔梁拉压杆模拟配筋课题开展专题分析探究,数据化揭示基于压拉杆模型配筋法的混凝土横隔梁载承力设计功效。     

Stochastic cell transmission model (SCTM): A stochastic dynamic traffic model for traffic state surveillance and assignment

The paper proposes a first-order macroscopic stochastic dynamic traffic model, namely the stochastic cell transmission model (SCTM), to model traffic flow density on freeway segments with stochastic demand and supply. The SCTM consists of five operational modes corresponding to different congestion levels of the freeway segment. Each mode is formulated as a discrete time bilinear stochastic system. A set of probabilistic conditions is proposed to characterize the probability of occurrence of each mode. The overall effect of the five modes is estimated by the joint traffic density which is derived from the theory of finite mixture distribution. The SCTM captures not only the mean and standard deviation (SD) of density of the traffic flow, but also the propagation of SD over time and space. The SCTM is tested with a hypothetical freeway corridor simulation and an empirical study. The simulation results are compared against the means and SDs of traffic densities obtained from the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) of the modified cell transmission model (MCTM). An approximately two-miles freeway segment of Interstate 210 West (I-210W) in Los Ageles, Southern California, is chosen for the empirical study. Traffic data is obtained from the Performance Measurement System (PeMS). The stochastic parameters of the SCTM are calibrated against the flow-density empirical data of I-210W. Both the SCTM and the MCS of the MCTM are tested. A discussion of the computational efficiency and the accuracy issues of the two methods is provided based on the empirical results. Both the numerical simulation results and the empirical results confirm that the SCTM is capable of accurately estimating the means and SDs of the freeway densities as compared to the MCS.     

Study on Mechanical Properties of Tunnel Lining Structure with Spray-applied Waterproofing Membrane北大核心CSCD

In order to study the influence of spray-applied waterproofing membrane layer on the mechanical properties of tunnel lining structure, a numerical calculation model of composite lining, spray-applied waterproofing lining and single-shell lining is established according to the mechanical parameters and interface parameters of waterproofing membrane measured by tests, and comparative analysis is made on the mechanical properties of the three types of lining structures. The research results show that: (1) compared with the composite lining, the stress of the secondary lining in the spray-applied waterproofing lining structure is significantly reduced, and the stress of the initial support has little change, but the displacement of both the initial support and the secondary lining increases; (2) in the spray-applied waterproofing lining structure, the whole section of the secondary lining is in the state of small eccentric compression, and the safety factor is greatly improved; (3) spray-applied waterproofing membrane layer can improve the cooperative force-bearing capacity of initial support and secondary lining, and improve the stress state of secondary lining, which is beneficial to improve the safety of secondary lining; and (4) with the increase of the cooperative force-bearing capacity of spray-applied waterproofing lining structure, the internal force of spray-applied waterproofing lining structure will be infinitely close to that of single-shell lining structure. © 2022, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Use of magnetic monitoring of vehicles for proactive strategy development

The proactive operational strategy in the transport system which is a parallel concept associated with the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) seems to be modern and right direction of development. However, the basis for its operation is the “information” in the broad sense of the term, on the functioning of the transport system itself. As new technologies develop, there emerge new opportunities of putting to use a wide array of sensors which can deliver more complete traffic data but using complex matrix of sensors is often unjustified economically and confusing. The paper proposes use of magnetometers as an interesting alternative to pass the requirements of simplicity of application, minimum costs and maximum of acquired information. The process of obtaining the information requires analysis of the quantitative and qualitative changes of the magnetic field. The conducted analyses demonstrate the possibility of using the passive magnetic methods for the purpose of monitoring of vehicles. Placement of the magnetic sensor bear out an important issue and was also discussed. During the experimental research it has been proven that passive magnetic methods enable obtaining the information on the movement of a vehicle as well as on the vehicle itself. Estimations of such values as: vehicle’s moving direction, velocity, dimensions, clearance or mass having ferromagnetic properties and even the state of strain in a vehicle’s structure were confirmed in practice. In addition thanks to magneto-mechanical effects the theoretical possibility of assessing the stress occurring in the components of vehicles, which could be indicative of the volume of cargo carried. Moreover, the crash experiment showed the possibility of a collision detection using magnetic signal. The need for obtaining information increases from year to year, with information becoming the biggest asset which enables both development and effective use of the transport system. Included researches, proofs emerging opportunity of more extensive use of magnetic sensors and the passive magnetic methods which could be applied in the modern transportation system.     

直埋供热管道水平转角段设计

文中根据《城镇直埋供热管道工程技术规程》中的直埋水平转角管段应力验算方法,对直埋水平转角管段的受力情况进行了分析,并结合工程实例,采用弹性抗弯铰解析法,通过改变不同的设计参数,对直埋供热水平转角管段的受力情况进行了计算。通过对计算结果的分析,明确了影响弯头应力的主次因素,发现弯头的曲率半径、管顶埋深、管径和循环工作温差对直埋供热水平转角弯头的应力有不同程度的影响,且影响的规律不同。通过计算,绘制了部分工况下的应力图,可以直接在图上查找相应数据,对进一步优化直埋供热管网布置,提高管网可靠性,降低投资,具有借鉴意义。     

“最后一公里”无人车配送发展现状及应用前景

新冠肺炎疫情防控期间,面对隔离医院或社区生活必需品和医疗物资的需求压力,无人配送系统因其"高效率"、"零感染"等特点,凸显了其在"最后一公里"末端配送服务链中的重要作用。本文梳理了城市"最后一公里"配送的主要特征,分析了疫情防控期间"最后一公里"配送的主要痛点,探讨了无人车配送优势及难点。在系统调研国内外"最后一公里"无人配送商业化进程以及疫情防控期间无人配送车小范围应用的基础上,总结整理了无人车配送的关键研究成果以及未来研究方向。最后探讨了"最后一公里"无人车配送的应用前景,以及落地的技术路径及发展趋势。     

疏水装置放水管温度场的数值模拟

水蒸汽管道中的冷凝水由疏水装置排出。为研究极寒地区疏水装置放水管冬季结冰的问题,采用计算流体力学软件Fluent建立了放水管死管段热损失的物理模型,并对管道内部温度场进行模拟分析。模拟结果很好地显示了管道内的温度场,并得到了管道轴线上的温度分布,结果表明:死管段长度对管道内温度场有重要影响。将死管段长度控制在0.2 m以内,可有效避免放水管冷凝水结冰的问题。     

高海拔隧道--青藏铁路风火山隧道施工关键技术

文章结合世界上海拔最高的青藏铁路风火山隧道的施工实践,从工程设计、机械的选型与配套、制氧、供氧系统的研制及应用、冻土、冻岩光爆、保温、控温、防水保温层的铺设、信息化施工和工序网络管理等方面,介绍了冻土隧道施工新技术。     

在VTS系统中实现雷达信息与AIS信息融合的方法探讨

保障海上人命安全、船舶交通安全,提高船舶交通效率和保护海洋环境被认为是VTS (Vessel Traffic Service)的主要任务。VTS的常规设备主要有:船舶自动识别系统(AIS)、雷达(Radar)、自动雷达标图仪(ARPA)等,实现不同系统信息的有效融合是保障航海安全的有效方法。本文分析了VTS系统、雷达与AIS的作用,并在此基础上介绍当前AIS与雷达设备在VTS系统中的应用。提出实现雷达信息与AIS信息融合的必要性,并对信息融合的基本原理与方法步骤展开说明,有效解决了不同设备中同一信息的处理差异问题。最后探讨在信息融合过程中存在的问题以及可能的解决方式。     

海底混输管道内部状态完整性分析

为保证某混输海管的安全运营,通过建立混输海管多相流动模型和腐蚀模型,分析海管典型运行工况参数与设计取值,得出管道多相流动参数分布规律、腐蚀速率主要影响因素和总腐蚀情况。结果表明：海管入口立管底部压力最高;管内沿线温度总体逐渐降低,具有轻微波动;平管上坡段和入口立管段持液率较高;液体流速对该管道腐蚀速率的影响最显著;入口立管段底部腐蚀速率最大,且均大于设计取值;腐蚀速率设计取值偏小。