纯电动汽车轮胎磨损关键影响因素研究

木文在分析纯电动车汽车不同于传统燃油车对于轮胎磨损关键因素的基础上,对纯电动车汽车轮胎磨损影响因素进行了试验验证。试验针对栽荷及动力系统两个因素采用控制单一变量法进行轮胎道路磨损试验,并通过对试验路线优化及驾驶员驾驶习惯的约束,使得测试结果更加准确及客观。最后对测试完成之后的轮胎花纹形态、轮胎花纹深度及轮胎预计里程寿命进行了详细数据分析。     

轮胎磨损及花纹深度测量方法浅析

车辆在行驶过程中,轮胎除了正常的均匀磨损外,还会产生不同程度的异常磨损。轮胎磨损主要有走合期轻微磨损、稳定磨损、剧烈加速磨损3个过程。定期检查轮胎花纹深度并依此及时对轮胎进行保养维护,可以减少不必要的轮胎磨损,降低事故发生率,提高车辆行驶安全性。目前,轮胎花纹磨损检测方法主要有接触式和非接触式2种,都是通过对轮胎各点的花纹深度进行检测,进而得知轮 胎磨损的具体情况。随着科技的发展,将无线传输技术和大数据应用相结合的智能化检测技术应用于轮胎磨损检测,可以将轮胎的监测、报警、预警和反馈等功能进行融合,形成高效的轮胎检测应用体系。     

千里之行 始于足下——轮胎小知识（二）

上一期我们就轮胎的结构．轮胎磨损的因素和危害，以及减缓轮胎磨损的驾驶方法等作了相关的介绍。本期我们来了解轮胎的另一个重要知识——轮胎花纹。 轮胎的花纹可不仅仅是关系到轮胎外观的漂亮与否，它是轮胎的牵引．制动、转弯、排水及噪声等性能优劣的决定性因素之一。轮胎花纹主要由花纹沟、花纹块及节距等构成。轮胎发展到今天已经有了百余年的历史，轮胎花纹形状更是难以计数，但是它们大体上可以分成如下几大类：     

看轮胎磨痕知行驶故障

1、轮胎花纹单边磨损:如轮胎外边花纹磨损严重,说明车轮外倾角过大;若内边花纹磨损严重,则说明车轮外倾角过小.     

中型载货汽车轮胎异常磨损的原因分析及解决措施

中型载货汽车轮胎常发生异常磨损现象，磨损形式是横向花纹轮胎呈锯齿状磨损，从胎冠上方向下看，胎肩处花纹块呈前高后低状，也有少部分呈前低后高状，形状似锯齿；纵向花纹轮胎一侧胎肩磨损明显大于另一侧。分析了此现象产生的原因，并提出了相应的解决措施。     

轮胎异常磨损的原因与对策

轮胎花纹中央磨损 产生原因车辆行驶中,由于轮胎充气过多,胎压过高,仅使轮胎胎面中央部分的花纹接触地面,也就是轮胎压花较少,从而导致胎面花纹的中央比两边部分磨损快.排除方法若出现轮胎花纹中央磨损时,需要检查胎压是否比规定值高,一般车辆的轮胎厂家都有规定的参数值,应调整胎压至标准范围内.     

基于FEA的轮胎状态与刻槽磨损相关性研究

水泥路面刻槽的磨损会降低路面的摩擦系数,而轮胎作用是导致刻槽磨损的主要原因。该文利用有限元软件建立路面-轮胎模型,分别模拟了光面和带纵向花纹的载重货车轮胎在静载、制动、驱动3种不同运动状态下对刻槽的作用,而后选定150组不同规格的刻槽尺寸路面,利用Archard磨耗理论计算刻槽磨损量。通过分析轮胎不同状态下与路面的作用力,从而判断其对路面刻槽磨损的影响程度。通过比较刻槽磨损量,分析轮胎花纹、运动状态与路面磨损的相关性。研究结果表明:带花纹轮胎对刻槽磨损的作用效果更显著;运动状态对刻槽磨损量大小有一定影响,制动状态下路面承受的作用力大于驱动及静载状态;制动状态下的总磨损量最大,其次为驱动状态;刻槽纵向和竖向磨损量较大,横向磨损量较小。     

车辆行驶跑偏的对策

视情对轮胎调整换位 正常情况下的车辆左右轮胎应该是型号一致、花纹相似、磨损程度相当、气压符合标准.如果前轴上两个轮胎型号不一致,花纹样式和磨损程度不同,车辆行驶时则会向磨损程度大的一侧倾斜;如果后轮轮胎磨损程度不同,则附着系数和地面磨擦力不同,制动时会使车辆跑偏.如果前轴上两个轮胎气压不等,轮胎在行驶的过程中会因滚动半径不同,汽车方向自动偏向气压低的一侧,导致方向跑偏.安装轮胎应做到:一是合理搭配.应把两个磨损程度相当、气压相等和花纹相似轮胎装在同一轴,并按照轮胎上标示箭头方向装配.二是注意方向.     

读者E-mail

它是轮胎磨损警报信号标志。随着高速公路的发展,汽车高速行驶的安全性已得到普遍的重视。车辆操纵稳定性是车辆安全行驶的必要条件。要是汽车在高速行驶时具有良好的操纵稳定性,轮胎必须有良好的附着力,即轮胎必须有良好的花纹。实验证明,当轮胎花纹磨损将尽时,即轮胎花纹磨损到沟槽剩余1.6mm以下时,轮胎的滑移量显著增大,制动距离急剧增长。这不但使车辆的操作稳定性变差,而且还由此经常引发交通事故。为此,世界各国对汽车轮胎的磨损极限都做出了相应的规定。我国国家的标准规定轿车用的子午线轮     

专业厂建议检查项目

1 检查轮胎的表面花纹磨损程度和表面损伤，并校准轮胎以及备胎的气压．视情况进行预防性更换维修。     

基于车路系统的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究

为明确事故现场可视轮胎印迹强度与车辆动力学特性、轮胎橡胶磨损特征及道路表面灰度之间的关联特性,提出基于车路耦合的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究方法。通过结合动态滑动摩擦因数模型及轮胎非线性模型,建立车辆路面9 DOF非线性系统动力学模型,运用VBOX惯性测量技术验证模型的有效性。运用胎面磨损能量模型,从车路系统角度确定车辆、轮胎和路面特性对轮胎全局摩擦力及胎面磨损特性的影响。结合印迹强度特征模型提出轮胎印迹强度参数研究方法,选取不同制动、转向角工况及3组路面、胎面特性对轮胎路面接地力学特性、胎面橡胶磨损量、可视轮胎印迹特征进行仿真分析。结果表明：印迹强度仅与全局摩擦力大小有关,与轮胎路面滑移方向无关;滑移工况下胎面橡胶磨损量随着全局摩擦力和滑移速度的增大而增大,而印迹强度变化不明显;制动力矩和道路表面灰度对产生可视轮胎印迹起决定作用,转向角主要影响不规则可视轮胎印迹的产生;前轮轮胎最先出现可视印迹,且可视印迹长度和强度均高于后轮轮胎;采取可视印迹起点作为事故车辆速度判定具有一定的误差,应根据具体情况进行具体分析;研究成果能够为基于可视轮胎印迹的交通事故重建提供理论基础。     

Recycling technology of tire rubber

Material recycling technology for automotive tire rubber waste was developed by the continuous devulcanization method. The deodorization during the recycling process has become possible by the newly developed method. The devulcanized rubber obtained by these methods from tire rubber waste, generated from both the manufacturing products and scrap tires, shows excellent mechanical properties applicable to the new tire rubber compounds in engineering practice. Furthermore, it was confirmed by actual road tests that a test truck tire containing 10 wt % of the devulcanized rubber in the tread might exhibit tread wear behavior almost equal to that for the standard type with the new rubber compound.     

Prediction procedure for wear distribution of transient rolling tire

As a research method, finite element analysis (FEA) with ABAQUS can help researchers to study throughout the whole process of abnormal tire wear. For precise tread wear simulation, this paper introduces a tire finite element model building method. Then, the model is verified by comparing its simulation results with experiment data. Based on the verified model, tire high-speed rolling procedure is presented by combining steady-state transport analysis and dynamic analysis. To predict the wear distribution, micro tread wear calculation method is described. Finally, the wear prediction procedure of tread mesh evolving is introduced and tire polygonal wear pattern is simulated by this procedure.     

带复杂花纹的轮胎滑水显式动力学分析

以205/55R16型半钢子午线轮胎为参考轮胎,利用组合类保角映射簇建模法构建了3种不同胎面花纹的轮胎有限元分析模型.利用该模型进行载荷一下沉量及流体压力一行驶速度分析结果表明.轮胎有限元模型和骨架材料的等效简化方法以及滑水求解策略有效.在此基础上,考察了胎面花纹形态对轮胎滑水性能的影响.结果表明.S型轮胎和V型轮胎由于横向花纹沟的存在,滑水性能优于纵沟胎.     

汽车轮胎侧偏特性影响因素的试验研究

应用轮胎静力学特性试验机，研究了低速条件下3种不同胎面花纹轮胎在干燥路面上的侧偏特性，主要分析了胎面花纹、轮胎负荷和轮胎气压等因素对轮胎侧偏特性的影响。结果表明：轮胎的Fy-α关系曲线形状与胎面花纹形式、轮胎负荷和胎压等均无关。而Mz-α关系曲线变化趋势与胎面花纹无关，却与轮胎负荷和气压有关；在相同试验条件下，顺向花纹轮胎具有更优异的附着性能和侧偏特性。     

Properties of roadway particles from interaction between the tire and road pavement

A large fraction of urban PM₁₀ concentrations is due to non-exhaust traffic emissions, including road dust, particles from tire/road interface, and brake lining particles. Although potential health and environmental impacts associated with tire wear debris have increased, few environmentally and biologically relevant studies of actual tire wear debris have been conducted. Tire wear particles (TWP) are released from the tire tread as a result of the interaction between the tire and the pavement. Roadway particles (RP), meanwhile, are particles on roads composed of a mixture of elements from tires, pavement, fuels, brakes, environmental dust, and the atmosphere. The main objective of the present study is to identify the contribution of tires to the generation of RP and to assess the potential environmental and health impacts of this contribution. First, a mobile measurement system was constructed and used to measure the RP on asphalt roads according to vehicle speed. The equipment of the mobile system provides PM₁₀ concentration by DustTrak DRX, and mass and number size distribution of fine and ultrafine particles by a fast mobility particle sizer (FMPS) and an aerosol particle sizer (APS). The dependence of RP mass and particle number concentration on vehicle speed was observed. It was also found that many particles were generated by rapid deceleration of the vehicle.     

轮胎非稳态侧偏特性的建模

分析了轮胎侧偏特性的建模机理，从胎面的印迹侧向变形和胎体的侧向平移变形出发，计算出运动状态下轮胎印迹瞬时变形的数学表达式，建立了考虑胎面弹性的轮胎非稳态侧偏特性模型。最后，将该理论模型与试验结果进行了对比。     

轻型货车轮胎接地压力分布实测

利用自主开发的轮胎接地压力测试仪,进行了轻型货车不同花纹和不同使用年限轮胎,在不同轮胎胎压和不同负荷作用下,轮胎的接地压力分布规律测量。实测结果发现:轻型货车轮胎与路面的接触形状更接近于矩形;新胎比旧胎的接地压力要均匀些;轮胎胎压与平均接地压力、轮胎负荷与平均接地压力、轮胎负荷与有效接地面积基本上呈线性关系。     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

Tire wear estimation based on nonlinear lateral dynamic of multi-axle steering vehicle

This paper presents a novel nonlinear dynamic model of a multi-axle steering vehicle to estimate the lateral wear amount of tires. Firstly, a 3DOF nonlinear vehicle dynamic model is developed, including dynamic models of the hydropneumatic suspension, tire, steering system and toe angle. The tire lateral wear model is then built and integrated into the developed vehicle model. Based on the comparison of experimental and simulation results, the nonlinear model is proved to be better than a linear model for the tire wear calculation. In addition, the effects of different initial toe angles on tire wear are analyzed. As simulation results shown, the impact of the dynamic toe angle on the tire wear is significant. The tire wear amount will be much larger than that caused by normal wear if the initial toe angle increases to 1° - 1.5°. The results also suggest that the proposed nonlinear model is of great importance in the design and optimazation of vehicle parameters in order to reduce the tire wear.