Data-driven train set crash dynamics simulation

Traditional finite element (FE) methods are arguably expensive in computation/simulation of the train crash. High computational cost limits their direct applications in investigating dynamic behaviours of an entire train set for crashworthiness design and structural optimisation. On the contrary, multi-body modelling is widely used because of its low computational cost with the trade-off in accuracy. In this study, a data-driven train crash modelling method is proposed to improve the performance of a multi-body dynamics simulation of train set crash without increasing the computational burden. This is achieved by the parallel random forest algorithm, which is a machine learning approach that extracts useful patterns of force–displacement curves and predicts a force–displacement relation in a given collision condition from a collection of offline FE simulation data on various collision conditions, namely different crash velocities in our analysis. Using the FE simulation results as a benchmark, we compared our method with traditional multi-body modelling methods and the result shows that our data-driven method improves the accuracy over traditional multi-body models in train crash simulation and runs at the same level of efficiency.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of rail corrugation on the behaviour of rail fastenings

This paper presents the results of a detailed investigation of the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of metro rail fastenings, obtained from extensive experiments conducted on site and from simulations of train–track dynamics. The results of tests conducted with a metro train operating on corrugated tracks are presented and discussed first. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the metro train and a slab track was developed using multi-body dynamics modelling and the finite element method to simulate the effect of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of rail fastenings. In the model, the metro train is modelled as a multi-rigid body system, and the slab track is modelled as a discrete elastic support system consisting of two Timoshenko beams for the rails, a 3D solid finite element (FE) model for the slabs, periodic discrete viscoelastic elements for the rail fastenings that connect the rails to the slabs, and uniformly viscoelastic elements for the subgrade beneath the slabs. The proposed train–track model was used to investigate the effects of rail corrugation on the dynamic behaviour of the metro track system and fastenings. An FE model for the rail fastenings was also developed and was used to calculate the stresses in the clips, some of which rupture under the excitation of rail corrugation. The results of the field experiments and dynamics simulations provide an insight into the root causes of the fracture of the clips, and several remedies are suggested for mitigating strong vibrations and failure of metro rail fastening systems.     

基于代理模型的龙卷风数值模拟参数优化

为实现以实测数据为目标的龙卷风高精度数值模拟,在总结已有研究成果的基础上,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法建立了ISU型龙卷风数值模型,通过参数灵敏度分析确定拟优化模拟参数;提出了以实测数据为目标的龙卷风模拟参数优化方法,引入代理模型提高计算效率并通过数值模型计算设计样本点响应来训练代理模型,采用最大切向速度、最大切向速度处半径及标准化风剖面线形误差3个指标建立目标函数;通过一组数值算例验证了所提出优化方法的可靠性,采用所提出的优化方法分别以龙卷风物理模拟器试验数据和龙卷风现场实测数据为目标进行模拟参数优化,并基于此进行CFD数值模拟。研究结果表明:入口切向速度U_t、模拟器离地面高度H_g和地面移动速度V_T三个参数对龙卷风场影响较大,因此选作为待优化模拟参数;引入代理模型进行参数优化,避免了数值模型直接参与优化迭代过程,提高了优化效率;以龙卷风物理模拟器试验数据为目标的数值模拟结果,与试验数据的标准化风剖面线形误差V_Mp仅为0.034 4;以龙卷风现场实测数据为目标的数值模拟结果,在h=250 m及h=450 m高度处与实测结果的风剖面综合误差V_M分别为0.024 0、0.035 1,均小于训练样本集中模拟结果的误差,采用优化后的模拟参数进行龙卷风数值模拟很好地改善了模拟精度。     

风、列车作用下大跨度斜拉桥索-梁相关振动研究

为了研究大跨度铁路斜拉桥在随机风、列车动力作用下索-梁相关振动导致的拉索振动状态,开发三维空间非线性有限元动力计算程序、列车动力学模型、风场模拟算法,以实际斜拉桥为研究对象,建立全桥三维有限元计算模型进行详细的计算分析.首先,分别使用拉索不分段与分段的全桥模型进行模态计算,讨论拉索局部振动特性与全桥振动特性之间的关系....     

Non-linear modelling and control of semi-active suspensions with variable damping

Electro-hydraulic dampers can provide variable damping force that is modulated by varying the command current; furthermore, they offer advantages such as lower power, rapid response, lower cost, and simple hardware. However, accurate characterisation of non-linear f–v properties in pre-yield and force saturation in post-yield is still required. Meanwhile, traditional linear or quarter vehicle models contain various non-linearities. The development of a multi-body dynamics model is very complex, and therefore, SIMPACK was used with suitable improvements for model development and numerical simulations. A semi-active suspension was built based on a belief–desire–intention (BDI)-agent model framework. Vehicle handling dynamics were analysed, and a co-simulation analysis was conducted in SIMPACK and MATLAB to evaluate the BDI-agent controller. The design effectively improved ride comfort, handling stability, and driving safety. A rapid control prototype was built based on dSPACE to conduct a real vehicle test. The test and simulation results were consistent, which verified the simulation.     

Transient Dynamic Characteristics of a Non-Pneumatic Mechanical Elastic Wheel Rolling Over a Ditch

The transient dynamic characteristic of a tire, which has a significant effect on vehicle handling stability and ride comfort, is difficult to study in detail because of its highly non-linear behavior. In this study, the transient dynamic characteristics of a non-pneumatic wheel, called the mechanical elastic wheel (MEW), which was rolling over a ditch were investigated by the explicit dynamic finite element (FE) method. A three-dimensional FE model of MEW considering geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity and large contact deformation between the wheel and the road, was established. For the validation of the accuracy and reliability of the FE model of MEW, the simulation and the experimental results of the radial stiffness and footprint of MEW were compared and analyzed. A dynamic simulation of the validated FE model of MEW rolling over a ditch was conducted using the ABAQUS/Explicit program. The equivalent stress and the contact stress generated during the process of the rolling MEW impacting the ditch were studied in detail. The effect of the rolling speed on the transient dynamic characteristics was also analyzed based on the simulation results. The simulation results could provide guidance for the optimization of the MEW structure and vehicle dynamics.     

基于车辆动力学模型的换道轨迹规划研究

针对自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划时的操纵稳定性问题，基于CarSim/Simulink仿真平台建立了车辆动力学模型，构建了轨迹规划系统框架，通过轨迹信息后处理并提出了目标函数设计，进行了横向控制序列采样以保证车辆的稳定与极限性能，完成了算法对轨迹的综合评价选优。随后开展了仿真试验，对比分析了轨迹跟踪控制系统下的实际轨迹、最优规划方法所规划的换道轨迹。仿真结果表明，该轨迹规划系统框架及算法模型能有效提高车辆的操纵稳定性，可实现冰雪路面等极端工况下自动驾驶车辆换道轨迹规划。     

New nonlinear bushing model for general excitations using Bouc-Wen hysteretic model

Because the characteristics of rubber bushing significantly affect the accuracy of vehicle dynamics simulations, they should be accurately modeled in the vehicle suspension model. In this paper, a new nonlinear bushing model for automotive bushing components is developed to improve the accuracy of vehicle dynamics analysis. Bushing components were first tested to capture the nonlinear and hysteretic behavior of typical elements by using a MTS 3-axis elastomer tester. A simple Bouc-Wen hysteretic differential model was modified to generate a more precise rubber bushing model. A sine wave, step input, and random excitations are imposed on the bushing. The ADAMS program is used to calculate sensitivity and the VisualDOC program is employed to find the optimal parameters for the bushing model. An error function is designed to find optimal parameters of the model. Parameter identification is carried out to satisfy the static and dynamic characteristics due to sine and step excitation inputs. It was proved that the proposed model could predict the bushing forces under sine, step, and random inputs well. The errors are within 10% in the overall range. To show the validity of the proposed model, a numerical example was also carried out. Because the bushing forces due to random excitation input show good agreement with experiments, the proposed bushing model is available in the vehicle dynamics simulation.     

Simulation of an airbag deployment in out-of-position situations

The commonly used 'uniform pressure method' (UP) is a well-tried method to simulate an airbag deployment in accident cases. Nevertheless, this method indicates rather heavy inadequacies at the examination of the airbag deployment in the first milliseconds. A solution is the airbag deployment calculation by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, wherein the calculated gas flow pressure may be applied 'correctly' to the airbag shell elements.

This CFD simulation is integrated in LS-Dyna with the so-called Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method and in this review the result's accuracy will be discussed. According to the FMVSS 208, an OoP model will be built-on and comparisons with simulations and tests are done. Another important detail in this labour is the airbag cover examination and the tear seam modelling, as a trivial FE modelling cannot be done due to the very fine mesh. So two possible solutions for tear seam modelling are introduced and discussed. Furthermore considerations concerning the gas generator combustion will also be revealed and an analysis about the impossibility of the direct comparison between gas generator tank test and airbag deployment will be done. At least some parameters, which take effects in the simulation, are researched and evaluated, so finally an optimised simulation model can be made available for further examinations.     

轿车车身概念设计阶段采用梁板混合模型的正面耐撞性仿真研究

根据薄壁梁的轴向压溃和弯曲的基本理论,获取了薄壁梁的刚度特性。采用6自由度非线性弹簧单元和它与梁单元的组合分别代替原方管轴向压溃和弯曲有限元模型中壳单元的分析结果表明,它们能较好地模拟薄壁梁的碰撞变形过程。然后,将其用于建立某轿车前舱结构的梁板混合分析模型,分别用梁板混合模型和原板壳详细模型进行正面碰撞仿真,结果对比表明梁板混合模型不但能和板壳模型同样好地预测轿车的正面碰撞性能,而且可缩减约85%的仿真时间。     

几何一致性对整车结构碰撞仿真影响

有限元仿真分析为车身结构CAD设计及性能控制提供指导和参考，要求具有可靠的仿真结果，因此大力提升计算机模拟精度势在必行。文章介绍了在有限元建模过程中网格与几何的一致性对整车结构碰撞仿真的影响，探讨了网格贴合精度、重要特征处理和调整厚度穿透对计算结果的影响，并进行了分析对比，找出了影响仿真精度的若干因素，对碰撞分析模型的正确建立及结果的可靠性分析和实车碰撞状态的有效反应具有指导意义。     

某重型商用车的车架结构优化设计

以某重型牵引车车架为研究对象,建立了该型车架的有限元模型,进行了车架模态的仿真与试验,并将结果进行了对比分析,验证了有限元模型的准确性;根据重型牵引车的承载特点和行驶工况,对该车架在满载弯曲工况和满载扭转工况进行静态应力分析,考察车架在典型工况下的应力分布,以此评价车架设计的合理性。在此基础上,对车架的连接横梁进行了结构优化,对改进方案进行了有限元分析,并通过DOE分析确定了最优方案。通过车架结构优化设计及工程实践,反映了利用有限元法进行车架的设计和分析,具有精确可靠、周期短、费用低的优势,显示出了广泛的应用前景。     

带橡胶套的稳定杆有限元分析

采用HyperMesh软件建立了横向稳定杆的有限元模型，采用实验数据和MSC．Marc软件建立了橡胶衬套的模型，按照实际的受力与约束对横向稳定杆的应力与变形进行了仿真计算研究，计算结果得到了试验结果的验证。     

Nonlinear modelling of high-speed catenary based on analytical expressions of cable and truss elements

Due to the intrinsic nonlinear characteristics and complex structure of the high-speed catenary system, a modelling method is proposed based on the analytical expressions of nonlinear cable and truss elements. The calculation procedure for solving the initial equilibrium state is proposed based on the Newton–Raphson iteration method. The deformed configuration of the catenary system as well as the initial length of each wire can be calculated. Its accuracy and validity of computing the initial equilibrium state are verified by comparison with the separate model method, absolute nodal coordinate formulation and other methods in the previous literatures. Then, the proposed model is combined with a lumped pantograph model and a dynamic simulation procedure is proposed. The accuracy is guaranteed by the multiple iterative calculations in each time step. The dynamic performance of the proposed model is validated by comparison with EN 50318, the results of the finite element method software and SIEMENS simulation report, respectively. At last, the influence of the catenary design parameters (such as the reserved sag and pre-tension) on the dynamic performance is preliminarily analysed by using the proposed model.     

An insight into linear quarter car model accuracy

The linear quarter car model is the most widely used suspension system model. A number of authors expressed doubts about the accuracy of the linear quarter car model in predicting the movement of a complex nonlinear suspension system. In this investigation, a quarter car rig, designed to mimic the popular MacPherson strut suspension system, is subject to narrowband excitation at a range of frequencies using a motor driven cam. Linear and nonlinear quarter car simulations of the rig are developed. Both isolated and operational testing techniques are used to characterise the individual suspension system components. Simulations carried out using the linear and nonlinear models are compared to measured data from the suspension test rig at selected excitation frequencies. Results show that the linear quarter car model provides a reasonable approximation of unsprung mass acceleration but significantly overpredicts sprung mass acceleration magnitude. The nonlinear simulation, featuring a trilinear shock absorber model and nonlinear tyre, produces results which are significantly more accurate than linear simulation results. The effect of tyre damping on the nonlinear model is also investigated for narrowband excitation. It is found to reduce the magnitude of unsprung mass acceleration peaks and contribute to an overall improvement in simulation accuracy.     

影响汽车骨架类零件冲压成形数值模拟质量研究

以汽车落地骨架零件为具体研究对象,利用LS-DYNA的动态有限元显式算法,研究冲压成形有限元数值模拟技术中影响模拟质量的重要因素,如网格质量、时间步长控制、渗透控制、沙漏控制,对汽车骨架类零件冲压成形数值模拟质量的影响。这对于有限元数值模拟技术在实际生产中的应用能够起到有益的指导作用。     

Aeroelastic Effects in Multibody Dynamics

To enable a realistic assessment of the aeroelastic phenomena of aircraft, a simultaneous application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational structural mechanics and flight mechanics has to be performed. Each discipline has developed powerful specialized tools which have to be adapted for multidisciplinary applications. The combination of CFD and elastic multibody systems is well suited for the simulation of a range of aircraft applications, especially for aircraft ground dynamics. Approaches to a coupling of elastic multibody systems and computational fluid dynamics have been performed using close coupling, that is a modal approach, and loose coupling, that is by co-simulation. In the article the applied programs and the coupling methods are presented. Advantages and limits of using multibody simulation as compared to the direct use of FEA methods for the representation of structural dynamics are discussed. Results of coupled steady and unsteady simulations are presented. Finally, an approach to the aeroelastic trim problem is shown.     

整车多体动力学模型的建立、验证及仿真分析

利用多体动力学方法建立了某轿车的整车非线性多体动力学模型,模型中考虑了前后悬架、转向系统的详细几何结构参数,以及连接处的橡胶衬套、阻尼器的非线性特性,轮胎采用M agic Formu la模型。对所建模型进行了多种试验验证,并分析了该样车的操纵稳定性等相关特性,仿真结果表明所建整车多体模型有较高的精度。     

Aeroelastic Effects in Multibody Dynamics

To enable a realistic assessment of the aeroelastic phenomena of aircraft, a simultaneous application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), computational structural mechanics and flight mechanics has to be performed. Each discipline has developed powerful specialized tools which have to be adapted for multidisciplinary applications. The combination of CFD and elastic multibody systems is well suited for the simulation of a range of aircraft applications, especially for aircraft ground dynamics. Approaches to a coupling of elastic multibody systems and computational fluid dynamics have been performed using close coupling, that is a modal approach, and loose coupling, that is by co-simulation. In the article the applied programs and the coupling methods are presented. Advantages and limits of using multibody simulation as compared to the direct use of FEA methods for the representation of structural dynamics are discussed. Results of coupled steady and unsteady simulations are presented. Finally, an approach to the aeroelastic trim problem is shown.