Experimental investigation of evaporation rate and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with cotton seed methyl ester and its blend with petro-diesel

An experimental study to measure the evaporation rates, engine performance and emission characteristics of cotton seed biodiesel (cotton seed oil methyl ester) and its blends in different volumetric proportions with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. Evaporation rates of neat cotton seed biodiesel, neat diesel and their bends have been measured under slow convective environment of air flowing with a constant temperature. Evaporation constants have been determined by using the droplet regression rate data. The neat fuels and fuel blends have been utilized in a test engine with different load conditions to evaluate the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the fuels. The specific fuel consumption values of the two blends, viz. B25 and B75 are found to be same. At the highest load, B0 records the lowest CO volume followed by B100. From the observed evaporation, performance and emissions characteristics, it is suggested that a blend of B50 and B75 can be optimally used in standard diesel engine settings.     

Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil,ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel

This paper explores the experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bio fuels from ceiba pentandra methyl ester (CPME), ceiba pentandra methyl ester-pine oil blends (CPMEP) and pine oil and the results are compared with diesel. In ceiba pentandra seed oil the CPME yield is 92% by using transesterification process with the optimum conditions of 560 rpm, reaction time 58 min, catalyst concentration 13 g and methanol amount 500 ml. The viscosity of CPME is high when compare with diesel. So the low viscosity of pine oil is blended with CPME and it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. At different loads the Pine oil, CPME and CPMEP blends were used in direct injection naturally aspirated compression ignition engine. The outcomes exhibited that at full load conditions for CPME and CPMEP blends increased brake specific fuel consumption, and decreased brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC emissions. NOx emissions decreased and smoke emissions are increased on CPME and CPMEP blends, expect B25 blend compared with diesel. The combustion analysis like the heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay for CPME, CPMEP blends slightly lower and combustion duration higher than diesel and pine oil. At the Same engine operating condition, the engine fuelled with pine oil the values of brake thermal efficiency 4.79%, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay are increased. Brake specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and smoke were 9.46%, 16.66%, 14.89% and 8.33% decreased. However, the NOx emission is 8.29% higher than that of diesel. Experimental fuels up to B50 (50% pine oil and 50% CPME) blends have proved good potential for future energy is needed.     

Environmental effect of CI engine using microalgae methyl ester with doped nano additives

Algae are organisms that grow in marine environments and use carbon dioxide and light to create bio-mass. There are two groupings of algae: microalgae and macroalgae. Macroalgae are the large, multi-cellular algae often seen growing in ponds. Microalgae, on the other hand, are tiny, unicellular algae that normally grow in suspension within a body of water. Algae oil from microalgae has the possible to become a sustainable fuel source as biodiesel. Microalgae are produced through photosynthesis by utilizing sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and other nutrients. The Botryococcus braunii algal oil was extracted by mechanical extraction method. The transesterification reaction of Botryococcus braunii algal oil with methanol and base catalyst was used for the production of biodiesel. The samples B20 were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from Botryococcus braunii algal oil separately and then the doping of TiO₂ and SiO₂ nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, calorific value, etc. while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like BSFC, BTH, exhaust emission of CO, HC, NOx and CO₂. The experimental results reveal that the use of biodiesel blend with nano additives in diesel engine has exhibited good improvement in performance characteristic and reduction in exhaust emissions.     

On-road emissions from urban buses with SCR + Urea and EGR + DPF systems using diesel and biodiesel

Due to growing concerns about NO_x and particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines, stricter regulations are being introduced requiring advanced emission control technology. In response the diesel industry has begun testing various emission control technologies and applying them. To assess vehicle renewal policies of bus companies, two exhaust after-treatment technologies are compared: the combination of a diesel particulate filter and an exhaust gas re-circulation system and the combination of a selective catalytic reduction and urea. On-board emission measurements were conducted under real-world driving conditions on a specific bus route in the city of Madrid.     

车用柴油机NO_x形成及控制

相对汽油发动机污染物排放,柴油发动机CO和CH的排放较低,不到汽油机的10%,但NOX排放水平却高于汽油发动机。本文重点讨论柴油发动机排气污染物中NOx的成分及危害,分析了NO的生成机理及影响因素,提出了控制柴油机NO排放的技术和方法。     

The role of nano additives for biodiesel and diesel blended transportation fuels

The energy crisis is due to two reasons, one is the rapid increase in worldwide population and the other is changing living style of human beings. The fossil fuel is also a major contributor to add the harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Fuel modifications play a major role in increasing engine efficiency and reducing emissions. In the present investigation focused on fuel modifications in diesel engine. Initially the single cylinder diesel engine was operated with 20MEOM, 40MEOM, 60MEOM, 8MEOM and 100MEOM without additives with diesel at different loads at constant rated speed. From the experimental study proved that 20MEOM is the best fuel ratio compared to other blends. In second phase based upon first phase results the engine was operated 20MEOM blended fuel with adding 50 ppm copper oxide nano additives with diesel using solgel process. From the results, the brake thermal efficiency was 2.19% improved compared than 20MEOM blend without additive at full load condition. Emissions of HC, CO and smoke were considerably reduced. The present analysis reveals that the biofuel from mahua oil with nano additives is quite suitable as an alternate fuel for diesel engine.     

Developing link-based particle number emission models for diesel transit buses using engine and vehicle parameters

To better assess health impacts from diesel transportation sources, particle number emissions can be modeled on a road network using traffic operating parameters. In this work, real-time particle number emissions rates from two diesel transit buses were aggregated to the roadway link-level and modeled using engine parameters and then vehicle parameters. Modern statistical methods were used to identify appropriate predictor variables in the presence of multicollinearity, and controlled for correlated emission measurements made on the same day and testing route. Factor analysis helped to reduce the number of potential engine parameters to engine load, engine speed, and exhaust temperature. These parameters were incorporated in a linear mixed model that was shown to explain the variation attributable to link-characteristics. Vehicle specific power and speed were identified as two surrogate vehicle travel variables that can be used in the absence of engine parameters, although with a loss in predictive power compared to the engine parameter model. If vehicle speed is the only operating input available, including road grades in the model can significantly improve particle number emission estimates even for links with mild grade. Although the data used are specific to the buses tested, the approach can be applied to modeling emissions from other vehicle models with different engine types, exhaust systems, and engine retrofit technologies.     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic effects of diesel and biodiesel fuels on exhaust emissions and nano-particles of a diesel engine

In this study, diesel (JIS#2) and various biodiesel fuels (BDF20, BDF50, BDF100) are used to operate the diesel engine at 100 Nm, 200 Nm and full load; while the engine speed is 1800 rpm. The system is experimentally studied, and the energy, exergy, sustainability, thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic analyses are performed to the system. The Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer is used to measure the size distribution of engine exhaust particle emissions. Also, the data of the exhaust emissions, soot, particle numbers, fuel consumptions, etc. are measured. It is found that (i) most of the exhaust emissions (except NO_x) are directly proportional to the engine load, (ii) maximum CO₂ and NO_x emissions rates are generally determined for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel; while the minimum ones are calculated for the JIS#2 diesel fuel. On the other hand, the maximum CO and HC emissions rates are generally computed for the JIS#2 diesel fuel; while the minimum ones are found for the BDF100 biodiesel fuel, (iii) fuel consumptions from maximum to minimum are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2 at all of the engine loads, (iv) particle concentration of the JIS#2 diesel fuel is higher than the biodiesel fuels, (v) soot concentrations of the JIS#2, BDF20 and BDF50 fuels are directly proportional to the engine load; while the BDF100 is inversely proportional, (vi) system has better energy and exergy efficiency when the engine is operated with the biodiesel fuels (vii) sustainability of the fuels are BDF100 > BDF50 > BDF20 > JIS#2, (viii) thermoeconomic and exergoeconomic parameters rates from maximum to minimum are JIS#2 > BDF20 > BDF50 > BDF100.     

内河船用柴油机冷却水系统节能探讨

内河船用柴油机在工作时,其燃油经济性能、动力性能和环境性能直接受到冷却系统性能的好坏的限制。本文对内河船用柴油机冷却水系统节能进行了探讨,提出了对冷却水温度进行恒温控制必将成为冷却水系统设计的重点。     

船用柴油机12PA6B超负荷性能试验研究

我国船用柴油机功率标准规定柴油机应能够在超负荷功率(即110%标定功率)下连续运转。超负荷工况各参数变化可以反映柴油机的整体性能,是船用柴油机负荷试验的重要工况点。本文通过陕柴重工生产的12PA6B柴油机的负荷试验,研究证实该机型在超负荷工况下能保持较低的燃油消耗率和烟度排放,以及较高的功率和扭矩输出。     

Thermodynamic,environmental and economic analysis of absorption air conditioning unit for emissions reduction onboard passenger ships

In this paper, the waste heat of exhaust gases and jacket cooling water in marine diesel engines are analyzed to operate the absorption refrigeration unit (ARU). Thermo-economic and environmental analysis of the absorption refrigeration cycle operated with the two heat sources that use lithium bromide as an absorbent is carried out. The analysis is performed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software package where the thermodynamic properties of the steam and the LiBr-water mixtures are provided. The used EES code is verified by published experimental data. As a case study, high speed passenger vessel operating in the Red Sea area has been investigated. The results show that a considerable specific economic benefit could be achieved from ARU jacket cooling water operated over that gained from main engine exhaust gases. Environmentally, applying ARU machine during cruise will reduce the annual fuel consumption for the diesel generators by 156 ton with a reduction percentage of 23%. This will reduce the exhaust gas emissions by 6.3% from the applied main engine emissions. In addition, this will result in reducing NO_x, SO_x, and CO₂ emissions with cost-effectiveness of 4.99 $/kg, 13.18 $/kg, and 0.08 $/kg, respectively.     

Comparison of particle mass and number emissions from a diesel transit bus across temporal and spatial scales

This study analyzes particle number and mass emission rates measured from the exhaust of a 2002 diesel transit bus in real-world driving conditions. The dynamics of the particle number and mass emission rates are examined at resolved temporal and spatial scales across an urban arterial, a rural arterial and a divided freeway. Time-based particle number and mass emission rates were highest on the freeway, but the distance-based particle emission rates of emission/km at “hot-spots” for exposure assessment for selected 50-m road segments occurred at intersections when the bus accelerated from a stop or traveled up high grades. Comparisons of particle mass and number emission rates between idling and acceleration indicate that unless the bus is extending idling for several minutes, public exposure to bus particle emissions near bus stops can be mainly attributed to accelerations. Generally, particle number and mass emissions rates are highly correlated both temporally and spatially. Some deviations occur because particle mass emissions are highly elevated during sustained fueling events such as traveling on high grades and during sustained accelerations, while particle number emissions are more sensitive to fuel and engine speed fluctuations.     

重庆市内河船舶污染物排放现状及LNG动力船舶推广效益分析

重庆地处长江上游经济带核心地区,水运发达,随着客货运量逐年增加,通行的内河船舶尾气排放严重影响港口及航道附近大气环境,已成为重庆大气污染的主要来源之一,颗粒物、NO_x的排放分别占重庆市总排放的4.3%、21.9%,SO_2占年排放的7.4%(14.8%。在大气环境问题日益严峻的情况下,LNG动力船舶因其可明显降低排气污染物,越发受到社会关注,对重庆市单LNG动力示范船舶尾气排放进行实测,对比柴油动力船舶,颗粒物、NO_x、SO_2减排显著,减排率分别达99.94%、72.69%、100%。因此,LNG动力船舶的推广表现出明显的环境效益,同时,综合分析了当前LNG动力船舶推广存在问题及困难。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine fuelled with butanol isomer-gasoline blends

The heavy reliance on petroleum-derived fuels such as gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the major causes of environmental pollution. For this reason, there is a critical need to develop cleaner alternative fuels. Butanol is an alcohol with four different isomers that can be blended with gasoline to produce cleaner alternative fuels because of their favourable physicochemical properties compared to ethanol. This study examined the effect of butanol isomer-gasoline blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a spark ignition engine. The butanol isomers; n-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol and isobutanol are mixed with pure gasoline at a volume fraction of 20 vol%, and the physicochemical properties of these blends are measured. Tests are conducted on a SI engine at full throttle condition within an engine speed range of 1000–5000 rpm. The results show that there is a significant increase in the engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions with respect to those for pure gasoline. The butanol isomers-gasoline blends give slightly higher brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature than pure gasoline at higher engine speeds. The iBu20 blend (20 vol% of isobutanol in gasoline) gives the highest engine torque, brake power and brake thermal efficiency among all of the blends tested in this study. The isobutanol and n-butanol blend results in the lowest CO and HC emissions, respectively. In addition, all of the butanol isomer-gasoline blends yield lower NO emissions except for the isobutanol-gasoline blend.     

浅谈柴油机有害排放物生成机理及应对策略

文章通过分析柴油机主要有害排放物NOx和碳烟的形成机理,简单阐述了一些因素对排放的影响,从多方面考虑,提出降低柴油机有害排放物的有效措施。     

Environmental benefits of natural gas for buses

This paper presents a life cycle assessment comparing diesel buses with buses fueled by natural gas. The data for the emission of pollutants are based on the MEET Project of the European Commission (EC), supplemented by data measured for diesel and gas buses in Paris. The benefits of the gas fueled bus are then quantified using the damage cost estimates of the ExternE Project of the EC. A diesel bus with emissions equal to Standard EURO2 of the EC is compared with the same bus equipped with a natural gas engine, for use in Paris and in Toulouse. The damage cost of a diesel bus is significant, in the range of 0.4–1.3

/km. Natural gas allows an appreciable reduction of the emissions, lowering the damage cost by a factor of about 2.5 (Toulouse) to 5.5 (Paris). An approximate rule is provided for transferring the results to other cities. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the effect of the evolution of the emissions standard towards EURO3, 4 and 5, as well as the effect of uncertainties. Finally a comparison is presented between a EURO2 diesel bus with particle filter, and a gas fueled bus with the MPI engine of IVECO, a more advanced and cleaner technology. With this engine the damage costs of the gas fueled bus are about 3–5 times lower than those of the diesel with particle filter, even though the latter has already very low emissions.     

The influence of locomotive diesel engine transient operating modes on energy usage

This paper analyzes the influence of transient operating modes in the Cat 3512B-HD and MTU 4000 R41 locomotive diesel engines on their energy usage. This analysis represents an integral component of the technological research and development performed at Lietuvos Geležinkeliai AB (JSC Lithuanian Railways) with the objective of increasing the efficiency of freight transportation with the upgraded 2M62M and modern ER20CF/2ER20CF diesel locomotives. The influence of transient modes on the operating variables of the locomotive diesel engines was evaluated under operational load-cycling conditions to aid in the selection of appropriate parameters (e.g., the train weight, the diesel locomotive type, and the technical characteristics of the diesel locomotive to be modeled) for freight transportation on Lithuanian railway lines. It was determined that the engine’s electronic control system compensates for the negative effects of transient operations on the engine’s energy usage. As a result, the increase in fuel consumption is less than 3% during transient operation when compared to steady-state operation. Through this research, methodological foundations have been formulated and adapted for the use of the mathematical modeling of the transient modes of locomotive diesel engines to optimize freight transportation, resulting in an expected decrease of 10–15% in fuel consumption.     

电力推进技术在渡船中的应用

近年来,国家陆续出台了关于长江生态保护的相关文件。随着电力推进技术在节能减排方面的优势显现,常规动力渡船存在的问题显而易见,如较长传动轴增加了能量损耗,降低了能源效率;柴油机的响应较慢,影响船舶的机动性;柴油机的燃烧不充分导致燃油的过多消耗,以及柴油机直驱渡船的动力推进装置占据了机舱的大部分空间。本文结合电力推进渡船的应用情况,针对上述常规推进渡船的缺点,对船舶动力系统进行了改进,采用全回转电力推进取代原先柴油机直驱,电站采用高压共轨电喷式柴油机带动发电机发电,经整流实现直流组网后,统一为全船提供动力和日常用电。     

生物燃料丁醇作为发动机燃料的研究进展

生物丁醇与乙醇相比,具有更高的热值;还具有更小的水溶性腐蚀性,且燃烧后不产生氮化物和硫化物;可以减少温室气体的排放等优势,是继生物乙醇后的又一种新型的极富潜力的生物燃料。通过分析世界各国的研究结果可得到以下结论:丁醇所具有的潜能及优点足以作为未来可替代再生清洁能源之一。通过对比分析目前世界上丁醇的主要来源及制备流程,并结合近期丁醇研究所取得的成果,以及丁醇在汽柴油发动机上的应用成果,对丁醇未来作为替代燃料在汽柴油机上的发展做出了展望。     

Assessing methods for comparing emissions from gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles based on microscale measurements

This paper assess whether a real-world second-by-second methodology that integrates vehicle activity and emissions rates for light-duty gasoline vehicles can be extended to diesel vehicles. Secondly it compares fuel use and emission rates between gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles. To evaluate the methodology, real-world field data from two light-duty diesel vehicles are used. Vehicle specific power, a function of vehicle speed, acceleration, and road grade, is evaluated with respect to ability to explain variation in emissions rates. Vehicle specific power has been used previously to define activity-based modes and to quantify variation in fuel use and emission rates of gasoline vehicles taking into account idle, acceleration, cruise, and deceleration. The fuel use and emission rates for light-duty diesel vehicles can also be explained using vehicle specific power -based modes. Thus, the methodology enables direct comparisons for different vehicle fuels and technologies. Furthermore, the method can be used to estimate average fuel use and emission rates for a wide variety of driving cycles.