The impact of car specifications,prices and incentives for battery electric vehicles in Norway: Choices of heterogeneous consumers

Electric vehicles (EVs), specifically Battery EVs (BEVs), can offer significant energy and emission savings over internal combustion engine vehicles. Norway has a long history of research and government incentives for BEVs. The BEV market in Norway allows us to fully examine consumers’ BEV choices influenced by car specifications, prices and government incentives (public bus lanes access, toll waiver and charging stations). The Random-Coefficient Discrete Choice Model (referred to as the BLP model) is applied to understand the choices of heterogeneous personal consumers and business buyers. Our study is instantiated on the entire EV sales data in Norway from 2011 to 2013, as well as a set of demographics at the municipality level. The results suggest significant positive effects of BEV technology improvement, space, toll waiver and charging station density on EV demand for both personal consumers and business buyers. However, the effects on business buyers may be generally less pronounced than on personal consumers. Interestingly, bus lanes access demonstrates a negative impact for personal consumers, possibly due to consumers’ concern regarding bus lane congestion. In addition, preferences on the BEV price can vary statistically among consumers with different income levels. Compared to the BEV technology development, demographical features and municipal incentives may have generally less impacts on market shares within the BEV market.     

Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighbourhoods. A review of existing policies and challenges from a German perspective

ABSTRACT

The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.     

高压水自动清洗作业井架(车)工艺装备研究与设计

介绍了一种以高压水射流技术为核心技术的自动清洗工艺装备，用于实现对油田作业井架（车）等大型设备进行自动化清洗。     

宜万铁路齐岳山隧道F_(11)高压富水断层注浆法与冷冻法方案比选与实施

随着铁路跨越式发展需要,大量高等级的铁路即将投入建设,由于受到设计时速和地形的限制,大量的铁路地下工程需要穿越原来被认定为"施工禁区"的地段,建设者将面临更多的施工难题.宜万铁路齐岳山隧道F11断层横穿隧道长度253 m,规模极其宏大,断层带由构造角砾岩、碎裂岩和断层泥组成,胶结松散、岩体破碎,稳定性极差.现场超前深孔钻探实测单孔最大涌水量为1 800 m3/h,最大水压力2.6 MPa,高压富水的存在使断层施工难度更大.针对F11高压富水断层,将注浆法与冷冻法在安全可靠性、工法适应性、计划工期和经济性四个方面进行了比选,最终决定采取注浆法.通过现场试验与实施,顺利地完成了F11高压富水断层的注浆堵水加固,保证了隧道的安全施工.     

公路隧道自然通风适用长度的初步研究(上)——低等级公路双向行驶隧道

文章针对车辆为双向行驶的低等级公路隧道,研究无需进行机械通风而仅采用自然通风的隧道最大长度,该长度与交通量、行车速度、隧道纵坡、交通车辆类型等因素有关。作者经过大量计算得出几组图表,在设计时可以很方便地利用这些图表判定具体的隧道工程是否可以采用自然通风。     

公路隧道自然通风适用长度的初步研究(下)——高等级公路单向行驶隧道

文章针对车辆为单向行驶的高等级公路隧道,研究分析了无需进行机械通风而仅采用自然通风的隧道最大长度,该长度与交通量、行车速度、隧道纵坡、交通车辆类型、稀释标准等因素有关。作者经过大量计算得出几组图表,在设计时可以很方便地利用这些图表判定具体的隧道工程是否可以采用自然通风。     

等里程间隔GM(1,1)模型在关角隧道6号斜井涌水量预测中的应用

在原始灰色GM(1,1)模型的基础上,通过运用等间距里程序列的分析方法建立模型,并对关角隧道6号斜井的涌水量进行了模拟预测。经检验,预测结果精度较高,对隧道工程涌水量的短期预测具有较大的实用价值。