柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器的发展

柴油机在轻型车辆上使用的日趋普遍,使得柴油机排放气体中的颗粒物后处理成为研究热点。颗粒物捕集器是解决柴油机排气颗粒污染最有效的后处理技术。针对目前国内颗粒物捕集器的使用情况,论述了柴油机排气颗粒物捕集器过滤材料和过滤体再生技术近年来的研究现状,介绍了近年来过滤材料和过滤体再生技术结合良好的几种颗粒物捕集器,提出了颗粒物捕集器今后的研究方向。     

基于柴油机排气后处理的排放控制技术应用研究

柴油机排放控制的重点是氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物(PM)两种污染物,文章对目前已经实用化的柴油机排气后处理技术的发展现状和趋势进行分析研究,对将柴油机机内净化技术与机后处理技术相结合同时能降低NOx和PM的排综合控制技术进行了分析探讨。     

新技术新产品

我国满足欧Ⅵ排放车用柴油机后处理技术取得突破据科技部网站消息,由"十二五"863计划支持的"满足欧Ⅵ排放标准的柴油机后处理关键技术研究"课题的成功实施,这是柴油机后处理系统关键技术研究取得的开创性成果,填补了我国具有自主知识产权、满足欧Ⅵ排放标准的柴     

我国在用柴油车颗粒物排放控制策略

控制柴油机排放物的重点之一是控制颗粒物(PM)的排放。文章主要分析满足现行排放法规下的在用柴油车微粒排放控制技术,不同排放后处理技术的应用和减排效果,最后提出了一种关于不同措施的减排成本收益的整数规划模型的数学方法。对柴油车颗粒物的排放能起到一定的控制作用。     

柴油机SCR系统尿素沉积物与喷雾特性的研究进展

1 前言 柴油机具有高的热效率、低的油耗和CO2排放,在车用动力中占有的比例逐年上升.与此同时,颗粒物（PM）和氮氧化物（NOx）成为柴油机排放物中的主要有害物质.针对重型柴油车国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ排放法规,从机内降低PM排放、而从机外转化NOx排放是一种符合中国国情、具有可持续发展的技术路线.选择催化还原（SCR）技术是目前降低柴油机NOx排放最有效的后处理技术之一,采用SCR技术可以使发动机在满足严格排放法规的同时,仍具有较高的动力性和经济性.在目前研究开发中的柴油机NOx后处理方法中,以尿素水溶液为还原剂的选择性催化还原技术（Urea-SCR）最为成熟,它能在柴油机排气富O2且流量、温度和组分多变的反应环境下有效降低NOx排放.     

柴油机排放颗粒物的净化

柴油机排放颗粒物不仅污染其他物体,而且由于它是致癌物质苯丙荜的载体,因而对人体健康形成威胁,故国外对于柴油机排放颗粒物的限制日趋严格,美国1987年排放标准中限制值为0.26克/公里。为确保柴油机市场,很多厂商、大学及研究机构对此做了大量研究试验工作。 柴油机排放颗粒物的净化技术是近十年来,特别是近五年迅速发展起来的新技术,为适应我国环境保护的要求,现已开始充分重视并广泛开展了此项研究。 本文综述国内、外近几年来在该技术领域内的最新成就及发展趋势,并做了评述,以供参考。     

发展动向2002年柴油机排放控制回顾

在日趋严格的排放法规推动下，先进的柴油机排放控制技术正在快速向前发展。本文将回顾这一领域中反映目前发展水平的典型研究成果。首先，笔者评估了重型和轻型柴油机排放控制的效率目标。从超细颗粒物对健康和排放控制技术的重要性出发，评述了超细颗粒物科学研究的重大进展和颗粒过滤器技术。除了介绍SCR和LNT的进展外，还阐述了deNOx催化器的重要发展。最后，介轺了排放控制系统综合应用的若干实例。总的采说，排放控制领域的进展是令人信服的。研究表明，高效率排放控制系统是能够在所有道路车辆上实现的。关于超细颗粒物，有资料认为毫微级悬浮颗粒物主要来自润滑油。颗粒过滤器技术的重点是优化结构、探索过滤器再生的最佳途径和改善系统背压。SCR系统NOx控制技术的重点则集中在尿素喷射策略和系统优化，而NOx吸附剂的性能和耐用性正在明显提高。颗粒过滤器和NOx控制的系统综合应用正在重型柴油机上进行台架试验研究。     

柴油机微粒生成机理与控制技术

柴油机的动力性要优于汽油机,但其颗粒物排放却大大高于汽油机。本文在研究柴油机颗粒物生成机理的基础上,分析柴油机颗粒物粒径的分布,并对柴油机颗粒物的净化技术进行探讨。     

柴油机排放NOx后处理技术

1前言 与其它类型的内燃机相比,柴油机在动力性、燃料经济性及耐久性等方面具有独特的优势,特别是近年来,随着柴油机技术的不断发展,柴油机的优势不断得到提升,世界范围内的车用发动机出现了柴油机化的趋势.但是,随着环境保护日益受到世界各国的普遍关注,汽车发动机的有害物质排放已成为大中城市空气的主要污染源.各国相应制定越来越严格的汽车发动机的排放法规.车用柴油机排放的有害物质主要是CO、HC、NOx及颗粒物PM,其中由于柴油机自身的燃烧方式,NOx及颗粒物PM的排放特别受到关注.从目前的研究来看,颗粒物PM的解决方案主要集中在微粒捕集器的进一步的研究和发展上.本文仅对NOx排放控制措施进行分析和论述.     

柴油机微粒排放的机外后处理技术及其发展趋势

本文论述了目前世界范围内广泛开展的控制柴油机微粒排放的3种机外后处理技术，分析了各技术的特点及存在的问题，并提出了后处理技术未来的发展趋势。     

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines.     

Review on characterization of nano-particle emissions and PM morphology from internal combustion engines: Part 1

This paper is review of the characterization of exhaust particles from state-of-the-art internal combustion engines. We primarily focus on identifying the physical and chemical properties of nano-particles, i.e., the concentration, size distribution, and particulate matter (PM) morphology. Stringent emissions regulations of the Euro 6 and the LEV III require a substantial reduction in the PM emissions from vehicles, and improvements in human health effects. Advances in powertrains with sophisticated engine control strategies and engine after-treatment technologies have significantly improved PM emission levels, motivating the development of new particle measurement instruments and chemical analysis procedures. In this paper, recent research trends are reviewed for physical and chemical PM characterization methods for gasoline and diesel fueled engines under various vehicle certification cycles and real-world driving conditions. The effects of engine technologies, fuels, and engine lubricant oils on exhaust PM morphology and compositions are also discussed.     

Experimental investigation and comparison of nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles for two different fuels

In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP), at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values. However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration. Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode.     

Reduction of emissions with propane addition to a diesel engine

Recent studies on dual-fuel combustion in compression-ignition (CI) engines, also known as diesel engines, fall into two categories. In the first category are studies focused on the addition of small amounts of gaseous fuel to CI engines. In these studies, gaseous fuel is regarded as a secondary fuel and diesel fuel is regarded as the main fuel for combustion. The objectives of these studies typically involve reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions by using gaseous fuel as a partial substitution for diesel fuel. However, the addition of gaseous fuel raises the combustion temperature, which increases emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). In the second category are studies focused on reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) combustion. RCCI combustion can be implemented by early diesel injection with a large amount of low-reactivity fuel such as gasoline or gaseous fuel. Although RCCI combustion promises lower NO_x and PM emissions and higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion, it requires a higher intake pressure (usually more than 1.7 bars) to maintain a lean fuel mixture. Therefore, in this study, practical applications of dual-fuel combustion with a low air-fuel ratio (AFR), which implies a low intake pressure, were systemically evaluated using propane in a diesel engine. The characteristics of dualfuel combustion for high and low AFRs were first evaluated. The proportion of propane used for four different operating conditions was then increased to decrease emissions and to identify the optimal condition for dual-fuel combustion. Although the four operating conditions differ, the AFR was maintained at 20 (? approximately equal to 0.72) and the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB 50) was also fixed. The results show that dual-fuel combustion can reduce NO_x and PM emissions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion.     

一种新型DPF-SCR柴油机后处理技术

以柴油机尾气中NOx和碳烟颗粒(PM)两种主要污染物的后处理技术为重点研究对象,针对近年来正在应用及研究的柴油机的NOx和碳烟颗粒(PM)排放后处理控制技术,重点介绍了Nissan Diesel公司新近研制的一种新型的尿素选择性催化还原(SCR)柴油机微粒过滤系统的工作原理及特点,详细叙述了该系统通过改善催化剂材料、提...     

Exhaust emissions and its control methods in compression ignition engines: A review

Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC) engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NO_x and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NO_x. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NO_x, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.     

微粒氧化催化器与催化型燃油添加剂联合降低重型柴油车微粒排放的试验研究

在低、中、高3种转速及不同扭矩的工况下对重型柴油车进行了PM排放试验,对比了微粒氧化催化器(POC)+柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)和POC+燃媒催化型燃油添加剂两种PM净化方案。试验研究表明,添加剂最佳添加质量分数为90×10-6,添加剂可替代DOC与POC联合净化PM,并得到较为理想的净化效果。     

基于改善柴油机排放的燃烧过程优化措施

改善柴油机排放的核心是对燃烧过程进行优化,通过改善燃烧过程来降低柴油机排放是当前柴油机研究中的重要课题。本文主要从优化进气系统、优化喷油系统、优化燃烧室结构、燃料的改质及优化润滑系统五个方面进行分析,综合这些相互制约的优化措施优化柴油机的燃烧过程,降低颗粒物质PM和NOx的直接排放。     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

掺烧比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放的影响

燃料富氧重整和双燃料燃烧模式是改善燃烧过程和降低颗粒物排放的重要方法.在一台四缸增压中冷的高压共轨柴油机上,采用进气道喷射甲醇、缸内喷射P50(50％体积比例柴油与50％体积比例PODE)的双燃料模式,研究掺混比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响.研究结果表明:相比于纯柴油模式,P50及P50/甲醇双燃料燃...