键图理论在汽车制动驱动系统动态模拟中的应用研究

分析了键图理论的特点及发展概况，论述了键图理论在汽车制动驱动系统动态仿真中的应用，建立了汽车气压制动驱动系统中阀类元件和管路等键图模型库，为制动驱动系统的动态仿真及控制研究提供了理论基础。     

现代汽车制动控制系统的发展与展望

从汽车诞生时起，车辆制动系统在车辆的安全方面扮演着至关重要的角色。近年来，随着车辆技术的进步和汽车行驶速度的提高，这种重要性表现得越来越明显。众多的汽车工程师在改进汽车制动性能的研究中倾注了大量的心血。目前关于汽车制动的研究主要集中在制动控制方面，包括制动控制的理论和方法，以及采用新的技术。     

现代控制理论在汽车防抱制动系统中的应用

汽车防抑制动系统常采用以下三种控制方式：逻辑门限值控制、最优控制及滑动变结构控制。最优控制是基于状态空间法的现代控制理论方法，它可以根据车辆－路面系统的数学模型，用状态空间的概念，在时间域内研究汽车防抱制动系统。它是一种基于模型的分析型的控制系统，它根据防抱制动系统的各项控制要求，按最优化原理求得控制系统的最优控制指标。具体来讲，它将车轮的角速度和角加速度作为状态变量对系统进行优化控制，能达到很好     

汽车ABS模糊控制方法的研究与仿真

将模糊控制理论用于汽车防抱死制动系统，确定防抱制动系统的参数。提出了车速估算的模糊逻辑方法。针对简化的汽车模型，用MATLAB模糊控制工具箱进行了模糊控制器的设计，并在SIMULINK仿真环境下进行了动态仿真，结果表明：基于模糊控制的防抱控制的防抱控制系统鲁棒性强，控制效果好，可实施性好。     

模糊控制在汽车制动纵向控制中的应用

作为汽车纵向控制实现的一个重要方面 ,制动控制系统存在严重的非线性和不确定性 ,本文简要论述了汽车纵向制动系统控制的原理和目前国内外常采用的控制方法及它们的优缺点。最后就关于制动控制采用模糊控制方法如何实现作了理论的叙述。     

新技术剖析（下）

2015款雪佛兰创酷全系装备了MGH 60 Mando车身动态稳定控制及防抱死制助系统，制动压力调节器采用4液压回路配置，以分别控制各个个轮制动轮缸。ABS防抱死制动、EBD电了制动力分配、TCS牵引力控制、ESC车身动态稳定控制为标配的制动性能增强功能，根据车辆配置情况，系统还可能提供CBC转弯制动控制、ROM防侧翻控制、HSA坡越辅助控制等制动附加功能。     

模糊控制方法在汽车防抱制动系统中的应用

将模糊控制理论引入汽车防抱制动系统，用以确定防抱制动系统的参数。针对简化的汽车模型，设计了普通模糊控制器和一种自透应模糊控制器。计算机数字仿真试验结果表明这两种控制器能取得较好的控制效果。     

汽车ABS驱动板卡的设计研究

为了模拟汽车防抱死制动系统ABS对制动压力的控制过程，文中采用JT通用采集卡采集制动压力，运用VB建立控制模拟软件环境，通过驱动板卡将PC机发出的控制信号进行功率放大来驱动ABS电磁阀，从而实现对制动压力的精确控制。文中说明了驱动板卡的设计思路及组成。     

基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法

智能电动汽车的发展对制动系统的主动制动和再生制动能力提出了更高的要求。配备真空助力器的传统制动系统难以满足智能电动汽车的需求，因此逐渐被线控制动系统所取代。为提高线控制动系统的集成度与解耦能力，提出了一种新型集成式电液制动系统（Integrated Braking Control System，IBC），能够实现主动制动、再生制动、失效备份等功能。作为机-电-液耦合的高集成度系统，IBC具有复杂的非线性特性和动态摩擦特性，对制动系统压力的精确控制提出了挑战。为了提高IBC制动压力动态控制精度，提出了一种基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法。首先，介绍了IBC的结构原理和控制架构。随后针对液压系统的迟滞特性和传动机构的摩擦特性进行建模与测试。然后基于系统的强非线性特性，提出了主动制动三层闭环级联控制器，其中压力控制层采用液压特性前馈与变增益反馈结合的控制策略，伺服层控制器设计考虑了机构惯性补偿与摩擦补偿，电机控制层采用矢量控制并进行了电压前馈解耦。最后，基于dSPACE设备搭建了硬件在环（Hardware-in-the-loop，HiL）试验台对主动压力控制方法进行验证。结果表明：所提出的压力控制方法能控制制动系统压力快速精确跟随期望压力，使动态压力跟随误差控制在0.4 MPa之内，稳态压力误差控制在0.1 MPa之内。     

防抱死制动系统的控制通道数对其控制效果的影响

讨论了防抱死制动系统可能的控制通道及基对汽车的制动方向稳定性，转向操纵能力和制动距离的影响，分析了控制通道与汽车制动系统和传动系统的适应性。     

Emergency Braking Control with an Observer-based Dynamic Tire/Road Friction Model and Wheel Angular Velocity Measurement

Summary A control scheme for emergency braking of vehicles is designed. The tire/road friction is described by a LuGre dynamic friction model. The control system output is the pressure in the master cylinder of the brake system. The controller utilizes estimated states for a feedback control law that achieves a near maximum deceleration. The state observer is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. The analysis shows that using the wheel angular speed information exclusively is not sufficient to rapidly estimate the velocity and relative velocity, due to the fact that the dynamical system is almost unobservable with this measurement as output. Findings are confirmed by simulation results that show that the estimated vehicle velocity and relative velocity converge slowly to their true values, even though the internal friction state and friction parameters converge quickly. The proposed control system has two main advantages when compared with an antilock braking system (ABS): (1) it produces a source of a priori information regarding safe spacing between vehicles that can be used to increase safety levels in the highway; and (2) it achieves a near optimal braking strategy with less chattering.     

Emergency Braking Control with an Observer-based Dynamic Tire/Road Friction Model and Wheel Angular Velocity Measurement

Summary A control scheme for emergency braking of vehicles is designed. The tire/road friction is described by a LuGre dynamic friction model. The control system output is the pressure in the master cylinder of the brake system. The controller utilizes estimated states for a feedback control law that achieves a near maximum deceleration. The state observer is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. The analysis shows that using the wheel angular speed information exclusively is not sufficient to rapidly estimate the velocity and relative velocity, due to the fact that the dynamical system is almost unobservable with this measurement as output. Findings are confirmed by simulation results that show that the estimated vehicle velocity and relative velocity converge slowly to their true values, even though the internal friction state and friction parameters converge quickly. The proposed control system has two main advantages when compared with an antilock braking system (ABS): (1) it produces a source of a priori information regarding safe spacing between vehicles that can be used to increase safety levels in the highway; and (2) it achieves a near optimal braking strategy with less chattering.     

New Control Technique for Maximizing Braking Force on Antilock Braking System

In this paper, we propose a new control strategy for an antilock braking system (ABS) to maintain the braking force at maximum. The popularization of the ABS that prevents the wheels from locking has resulted in an improvement of the vehicle stability and shortening of the braking distance. Further improvement is anticipated if the maximization of the braking force is realized. We found an interesting phenomenon in which the characteristics of the resonance system composed of the vehicle body and the wheel and road surface reflects the slip condition of the road surface. Using this phenomenon, we realized a control method for maintaining the maximum value of the braking force.     

New Control Technique for Maximizing Braking Force on Antilock Braking System

In this paper, we propose a new control strategy for an antilock braking system (ABS) to maintain the braking force at maximum. The popularization of the ABS that prevents the wheels from locking has resulted in an improvement of the vehicle stability and shortening of the braking distance. Further improvement is anticipated if the maximization of the braking force is realized. We found an interesting phenomenon in which the characteristics of the resonance system composed of the vehicle body and the wheel and road surface reflects the slip condition of the road surface. Using this phenomenon, we realized a control method for maintaining the maximum value of the braking force.     

基于Matlab的ABS不同控制方式的仿真

汽车防抱制动系统（ABS）能实时控制车辆产生最佳的制动力矩,避免产生过大的车轮滑移,从而保持汽车的操纵性和稳定性。文中分别采用PID控制、逻辑开关控制两种方法对单轮汽车模型进行了模拟仿真。然后与没有ABS的情况进行对比,通过对仿真图形曲线的分析,得出ABS的防抱死效果明显。     

凌志LS400轿车电子控制防抱死制动系统

凌志ＬＳ４００轿车的ＡＢＳ是一种对两前轮采用独立控制，对两后轮根据低选原则进行同一控制的三通道防换死制动控制。介绍了ＬＳ４００轿车防抱死制动系统的组成，工作原理，以及该车的ＡＢＳ电脑引了脚的功能及检测方法。     

A vehicle ABS adaptive sliding-mode control algorithm based on the vehicle velocity estimation and tyre/road friction coefficient estimations

A sliding-mode observer is designed to estimate the vehicle velocity with the measured vehicle acceleration, the wheel speeds and the braking torques. Based on the Burckhardt tyre model, the extended Kalman filter is designed to estimate the parameters of the Burckhardt model with the estimated vehicle velocity, the measured wheel speeds and the vehicle acceleration. According to the estimated parameters of the Burckhardt tyre model, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios are calculated. A vehicle adaptive sliding-mode control (SMC) algorithm is presented with the estimated vehicle velocity, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios. And the adjustment method of the sliding-mode gain factors is discussed. Based on the adaptive SMC algorithm, a vehicle's antilock braking system (ABS) control system model is built with the Simulink Toolbox. Under the single-road condition as well as the different road conditions, the performance of the vehicle ABS system is simulated with the vehicle velocity observer, the tyre/road friction coefficient estimator and the adaptive SMC algorithm. The results indicate that the estimated errors of the vehicle velocity and the tyre/road friction coefficients are acceptable and the vehicle ABS adaptive SMC algorithm is effective. So the proposed adaptive SMC algorithm can be used to control the vehicle ABS without the information of the vehicle velocity and the road conditions.     

Nonlinear tire-road friction control based on tire model parameter identification

A hierarchical control structure is a more suitable structural scheme for integrated chassis control. Generally, this type of structure has two main functions. The upper layer manages global control and force allocation, while the bottom layer allocates realized forces with 4 independent local tire controllers. The way to properly allocate these target forces poses a difficult task for the bottom layer. There are two key problems that require attention: obtaining the nonlinear time-varying coefficient of friction between the tire and different road surfaces and accurately tracking the desired forces from the upper layer. This paper mainly focuses on longitudinal tire-road friction allocation and control strategies that are based on the antilock braking system (ABS). Although it is difficult to precisely measure longitudinal tire-road friction forces for frequently changing road surface conditions, they can be estimated with a real-time measurement of brake force and angular acceleration at the wheels. The Magic Formula model is proposed as the reference model, and its key parameters are identified online using a constrained hybrid genetic algorithm to describe the evolution of tire-road friction with respect to the wheel slip. The desired wheel slip, with respect to the reference tire-road friction force from the top layer, is estimated with the inverse quadratic interpolation method. The tire-road friction controller of the extended anti-lock braking system (Ext-ABS) is designed through use of the nonlinear sliding mode control method. Simulation results indicate that acceptable modifications to changes in road surface conditions and adequate stability can be expected from the proposed control strategy.     

Application of the Pacejka Magic Formula Tyre Model on a Study of a Hydraulic Anti-Lock Braking System for a Light Motorcycle

The object of the study is to apply the Pacejka magic formula tyre model on a study of a hydraulic anti-lock braking system, especially applied to a light motorcycle. A sliding mode PWM controller is designed and tested. Both simulation and experimental studies of an anti-lock braking system are undertaken. The paper presents an analytical approach for estimating the longitudinal adhesive coefficient between a tyre and the road through the magic formula tyre model, the parameters of which are identified by a genetic algorithm. A dynamic analysis of a light motorcycle is carried out in detail. The experimental results show that the antilock braking system designed in the study is effective to prevent wheels locking during emergency braking. The proposed simulation results match experimental data well.     

Application of the Pacejka Magic Formula Tyre Model on a Study of a Hydraulic Anti-Lock Braking System for a Light Motorcycle

The object of the study is to apply the Pacejka magic formula tyre model on a study of a hydraulic anti-lock braking system, especially applied to a light motorcycle. A sliding mode PWM controller is designed and tested. Both simulation and experimental studies of an anti-lock braking system are undertaken. The paper presents an analytical approach for estimating the longitudinal adhesive coefficient between a tyre and the road through the magic formula tyre model, the parameters of which are identified by a genetic algorithm. A dynamic analysis of a light motorcycle is carried out in detail. The experimental results show that the antilock braking system designed in the study is effective to prevent wheels locking during emergency braking. The proposed simulation results match experimental data well.