双桨双舵船舶操纵性预报研究

采用MMG数学模型，结合双桨双舵船舶的水动力性能特点，建立了双桨双舵船舶在静水中水平面上的操纵运动模拟模型，应用该模型对一艘双桨双舵船舶在满载条件下的定常回转试验、Z形试验和紧急停船试验进行了数值模拟，得到了表征船舶操纵性的指标．通过将预报的操纵性指标和IMO提出的操纵性标准进行比较，实现了对该船操纵性的定性预报．     

Computation of the viscous hydrodynamic forces on a KVLCC2 model moving obliquely in shallow water

The viscous hydrodynamic force and moment on ships moving obliquely in shallow water axe important for ship navigation safety. In the paper, the viscous flow field around a KVLCC2 model moving obliquely in shallow water is simulated and the hydrodynamic drag, lateral force and yaw moment acting on the hull are obtained by a general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT with shear-stress transport (SST) k-w turbulence model. The numerical computation is performed at different drift angels and water depths. The numerical results are compared with experimental results, and a good agreement is demonstrated.     

Numerical study on bank effects for a ship sailing in shallow channel

A numerical study on bank effects in shallow channels is carried out by using a first-order Rankine source panel method. A container ship sailing along a vertical bank and a sloping bank at different forward speeds, different water depths and different distances between the bank and the ship hull is taken as example. The sway force and yaw moment acting on the hull are calculated and the influences of the speed, water depth and distance between the bank and ship hull on the hydrodynamic force and moment are analyzed. This study can provide insight into the bank effects, as well as to give guidance on ship manoeuvring and control in restricted waterways, which is helpful to the navigation safety.     

Application of support vector machine to ship steering

System identification is an effective way for modeling ship manoeuvring motion and ship manoeuvrability prediction. Support vector machine is proposed to identify the manoeuvring indices in four different response models of ship steering motion, including the first order linear, the first order nonlinear, the second order linear and the second order nonlinear models. Predictions of manoeuvres including trained samples by using the identified parameters are compared with the results of free-running model tests. It is discussed that the different four categories are consistent with each other both analytically and numerically. The generalization of the identified model is verified by predicting different untrained manoeuvres. The simulations and comparisons demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.     

Experimental Investigation into the Effect of Roll Amplitude on Roll Damping

An in-house large eddy simulation(LES) code has been developed in the previous study. In order to validate the code for simulation of roll motion, effect of roll amplitude on forced roll damping is experimentally investigated in a circulating water channel at Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU). KRISO very large crude carrier 2(KVLCC2) is taken as a target ship, and a model with a scale of 1 : 128.77 is manufactured. Tests are carried out for the ship model at shallow draft with frequencies around its natural roll frequency, where natural roll frequency is attained via free roll decay. Six forced roll tests with roll amplitudes ranging from 1?to 4?are performed experimentally, and three forced roll motions are simulated with the in-house LES code for middle section of the ship model. Discrepancies between the computed roll damping coefficients and the ones from forced roll tests are quite small. By means of particle image velocimetry(PIV), velocity fields in the vicinity of the ship model, and generation and evolution of vortices near the ship bilge are measured in detail. It is shown that roll amplitude has a significant effect on the vortex behavior, and therefore on the magnitude of roll damping coefficient. Further experimental and numerical investigation into roll motions with large amplitudes is planned.     

船舶近岸航行岸壁效应数值研究

岸壁效应对近岸航行船舶的安全性有重要影响,若操作不当常会造成船舶过度与岸壁接近而发生碰撞.文中以系列60(Cb=0.6)船型为例,采用一种一阶Rankine源面元法计算其在浅水域中以恒定速度沿3种不同岸壁航行时受到的横向力和首摇力矩,分析了水深、船到岸壁距离、岸壁倾斜角度以及下潜岸壁高度等对船舶受到的水动力的影响.     

Prediction of hydrodynamic forces on a moored ship induced by a passing ship in shallow water using a high-order panel method

A three-dimensional high-order panel method based on non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) is developed for predicting the hydrodynamic interaction forces on a moored ship induced by a passing ship in shallow water. An NURBS surface is used to precisely represent the hull geometry. Velocity potential on the hull surface is described by B-spline after the source density distribution on the boundary surface is determined. A collocation approach is applied to the boundary integral equation discretization. Under the assumption of low passing speed, the effect of free surface elevation is neglected in the numerical calculation, and infinite image method is used to deal with the finite water depth effect. The time stepping method is used to solve the velocity potential at each time step. Detailed convergence study with respect to time step, panel size and Green function is undertaken. The present results of hydrodynamic forces are compared with those obtained by slender-body theory to show the validity of the proposed numerical method. Calculations are conducted for different water depths and lateral distances between ships, and the detail results are presented to demonstrate the effects of these factors.     

Regularization method and immune genetic algorithm for inverse problems of ship maneuvering

Ship maneuverability, in the field of ship engineering, is often predicted by maneuvering motion group MMG) mathematical model. Then it is necessary to determine hydrodynamic coefficients and interaction force coefficients of the model. Based on the data of free running model test, the problem for obtaining these coefficients is called inverse one. For the inverse problem, ill-oposedness is inherent, nonlinearity and great computation happen,and the computation is also insensitive, unstable and time-consuming. In the paper, a regnlarization method is introduced to solve ill-posed problem and genetic algorithm is used for nonlinear motion of ship maneuvering. In addition, the immunity is applied to solve the prematurity, to promote the global searching ability and to increase the converging speed. The combination of regnlarization method and immune genetic algorithm(RIGA) applied in MMG mathematical model, showed rapid converging speed and good stability.     

开阔水域多物标动态自适应智能航行方法

考虑船舶操纵特性、《1972年国际海上避碰规则》和良好船艺要求,提出了动态自适应目标船不协调避碰行动的开阔水域智能航行方法;将物标分类、建模并构建数字孪生交通环境,结合航向控制方法、操纵运动和复航模型构建了自动航行模型,推演了船舶非线性操纵运动;基于自动航行模型量化解析了《规则》要求,探究动态避碰机理,建立了可行航向求取方法;在多目标环境中,提出了目标船机动判别方法,研究了《规则》约束下构成自主航行方案的改向时机、幅度和复航时机等要素求取方法。仿真结果表明:依靠信息秒级更新的滚动计算,提出的智能航行方法可自适应剩余误差和目标船随机运动;提出的智能航行方法能将可行航向区间和改向幅度精确到1°;将程序运行和复航时机计算步长设置为1、10 s,设置多类静态物标和6艘保向保速目标船,在640、1 053、2 561和3 489 s,本船进行右转9°、复航、保向保速和复航等操纵可让请所有目标并自主航行至终点;设置目标船在300 s采取不协调转向避让行动,本船在980、2 790、3 622、5 470 s时进行右转9°、左转12°、右转17°和复航等操纵可让请所有目标并自主航行至终点。可见,任意初始状态下的船舶均可沿计划航线自动航行至终点,提出的方法能满足多个、多类动静态物标共存的真实开阔水域环境中的智能航行需要。      

基于单参数自调节RM-GO-LSVR的船舶操纵灰箱辨识建模

为实现舵角小、试验数据少条件下船舶操纵辨识建模, 提出了一种船舶操纵运动灰箱模型; 搜集水动力系数已知的船舶运动数学模型作为备选参考模型(RM), 计算被辨识船舶与备选RM的相关系数, 并以此筛选合适的RM; 运用相似准则将观测数据映射到RM的输入值域, 建立被辨识船舶与RM的运动关联, 获得了RM的加速度项, 并使用线性支持向量回归(LSVR)机补偿被辨识船舶和RM加速度项间的误差; 分析了机理模型, 设计了合适的LSVR输入项, 使用全局优化(GO)算法自动调节了LSVR的不敏感边界参数; 基于自航模试验数据训练了灰箱模型, 并与约束模试验(CMT)结果和计算流体力学结果比较, 验证了灰箱模型的泛化能力和预报精度。研究结果表明: 在20°船艏向、20°舵角Z形试验预报中, 灰箱模型所得第一超越角精度至少比CMT、虚拟约束模试验(VCMT)和RM方法所得结果高1°, 灰箱模型所得第二超越角精度至少比CMT和VCMT所得结果高0.4°; 在35°舵角旋回试验预报中, 灰箱模型所得进距精度至少比CMT、VCMT、数值循环水槽试验(NCWCT)和RM方法所得结果高1%, 灰箱模型所得战术直径精度比CMT所得结果低4%, 比NCWCT所得结果高10%;RM方法有助于灰箱辨识建模, GO算法能够优化LSVR的不敏感边界参数, 建立的单参数自调节灰箱辩识建模方法能够实现小舵角、少数试验条件下的船舶操纵辨识建模。      

船舶进出港低速航向保持

为了在船舶进出港时,船舶处于浅水域并以低速航行,在风、浪等强扰动作用下,增强航向控制性能,减小能源损耗,选择三阶Nomoto模型,将航速和水深变化反映到模型参数的变化上,基于闭环增益成形算法设计出一种具有适应性的鲁棒PID控制器,建立基于风、浪干扰的非线性船舶运动数学模型,并用S函数来实现。用PID控制器对非线性船舶运动数学模型进行控制,在Simulink环境中对各种水深、船速及海况进行航向控制仿真。从仿真曲线可看出其航向跟踪效果良好,静差为0,且施舵合理,所设计的控制器对非线性船舶运动数学模型具有良好的控制性能。     

桥墩主动防船撞系统的研究

为确保桥梁水域桥墩安全与船舶通航安全,通过对长江水域船舶通航环境与水域安全现状以及船撞桥事故统计分析,提出开展桥墩主动防船撞系统研究的必要性。利用船舶操纵理论与船间水动力干扰相关理论,建立了船间临界失控水动力干扰模型,并据此建立了桥墩主动防船撞系统,将桥墩由被动结构防船撞转变为非结构主动防船撞,并在此基础上开发出了桥墩主动防船撞系统原型。创新之处在于,首次利用船舶操纵理论与船间水动力干扰相关理论,建立了船间临界失控水动力干扰模型,首次将桥墩的被动防撞转变为桥墩主动防撞,并开发出桥墩主动防船撞系统原型。     

基于三维时域Green函数法的船舶在规则波浪中的运动数学模型

在小时间区域采用级数展开法, 在大时间区域采用渐进展开法, 在大、小时间过渡区域采用精细积分法, 对三维时域Green函数进行数值计算; 采用线性叠加原理求解船舶辐射与绕射问题, 构造出船舶在规则波浪中的运动数学模型, 并采用数值方法计算WigleyⅠ型船舶和S60型船舶以Froude数为0.2迎波浪航行时的水动力系数、波浪激励力与运动时间历程。计算结果表明: 由于不规则频率的影响, 当量纲一频率为1.7时, WigleyⅠ型船舶的垂荡附加质量计算结果比试验结果小44%, 当量纲一频率为2.5时, S60型船舶的纵摇阻尼系数计算结果比试验结果小43%;随着入射波频率的增加, WigleyⅠ型船舶和S60型船舶的水动力系数和波浪激励力的大部分计算结果与试验结果的相对误差小于30%, 且二者的变化趋势一致; 对于WigleyⅠ型船舶, 当波长与船长比为1.25时, 采用三维时域方法计算的垂荡幅值响应因子和纵摇幅值响应因子分别比试验值小11.3%和4.8%, 采用三维频域方法计算的垂荡幅值响应因子比试验值大48.4%, 纵摇幅值响应因子比试验值小48.4%, 当波长与船长比为1.50时, 采用三维时域方法计算的垂荡幅值响应因子和纵摇幅值响应因子分别比试验值小3.0%和11.3%, 采用三维频域方法计算的垂荡幅值响应因子比试验值大9.8%, 纵摇幅值响应因子比试验值小23.6%。可见, 采用三维时域方法能准确地仿真船舶在波浪中的运动时间历程。      

波浪激励下红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆机理

选取具有典型流态化货物特征的红土镍矿、高岭土与红砂土进行了临界含水率和流态化试验, 测定了其临界含水率; 利用激励横摇装置开展了不同激励幅值与频率的激励横摇运动试验, 对比了3种不同货物在不同含水率下倾覆力和力矩的时历特性; 设计了倾覆机理试验, 选择临界含水率红土镍矿作为试验样本, 在波浪水槽中造波激励舱段横摇运动, 再现了红土镍矿运输船舶的倾覆过程, 利用高速摄像机记录了自由液面变化情况, 通过图像处理技术对自由液面进行分割, 根据自由液面情况分析了红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆过程中舱段的浮心和重心变化。试验结果表明: 红土镍矿、红砂土、高岭土的临界含水率分别为33.6%、22.0%、39.4%;对于具有不同性质的土, 在相同激励条件下, 晃荡力与力矩呈现出不同的性质; 当相位差为90°与270°时, 不对称力矩较相位差为0°与180°时增大4.37倍; 红土镍矿运输船舶倾覆主要原因为流态化货物晃荡导致横摇力矩增大、动稳性降低而发生倾覆, 同时, 晃荡力矩与货物性质、激励周期、黏性、激励幅值等多种因素有关。      

多本船航海模拟系统的研制

介绍了采用分布交互仿真(DIS)技术开发多本船航海模拟系统的设计思想及主要技术,包括船舶操纵数学模型、以电子海图为背景的船舶动态显示、雷达／ARPA图象、用OpenGVS开发三维视景以及网络技术。     

水中含气量对螺旋桨空泡噪声影响的试验研究

为了研究水中含气量对螺旋桨空泡噪声的影响,在大型循环水槽中对某一高速双桨船模型的螺旋桨模型辐射噪声进行了测试.试验中进行了同一含气量下,不同船速时螺旋桨模型的辐射噪声的测量以及给定速度下,不同含气量情况下螺旋桨模型辐射噪声测量.测试结果表明:同一含气量,模拟实船不同航速工况时,噪声的总声级随着航速增加逐步增加;模拟实船某一航速工况,水中不同含气量时,测量得到的噪声总声级随含气量的增加而下降.     

Parallel processing based on ship maneuvering in identification of interaction force coefficients

The parallel processing based on the free running model test was adopted to predict the interac-tion force coefficients (flow straightening coefficient and wake fraction) of ship maneuvering. And the multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) based on real coding that can contemporarily process the data of freerunning model and simulation of ship maneuvering was applied to solve the problem. Accordingly the optimalindividual was obtained using the method of genetic algorithm. The parallel processing of multi-populationsolved the prematurity in the identification for single population, meanwhile, the parallel processing of the dataof ship maneuvering (turning motion and zigzag motion) is an attempt to solve the coefficient drift problem.In order to validate the method, the interaction force coefficients were verified by the procedure and thesecoefficients measured were compared with those ones identified. The maximum error is less than 5%, and theidentification is an effective method.     

Model testing for ship hydroelasticity: A review and future trends

Conducting model experiments is an effective and reliable way in the investigation of ship hydrodynamic and hydroelastic behaviors. A survey of model testing techniques for ship hydroelasticity and its prospect are presented in this paper. The research highlights with respect to ship hydroelasticity and key points in model testing are summarized at first. Then testing techniques including laboratory tank test and full-scale sea trial are reviewed, and both their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed comprehensively. Based on the conventional testing approaches, a state-of-the-art testing approach which includes performing tests using large-scale model at sea is proposed. Furthermore, recommendations towards the further development of ship hydroelasticity tests are forecasted and discussed.     

基于航向控制系统的船舶动态避碰机理

为探索航速矢量变化与船舶避碰之间的动态变化规律（避碰机理），研究了结合船舶领域和速度障碍等方法的静态避碰机理，确定了不考虑船舶改向运动过程与周围环境变化前提下，本船可避让所有物标的航速矢量区间；建立了基于模糊自适应比例积分微分（PID）控制和船舶运动方程的航向控制系统，再现船舶改向过程中的航速矢量非线性变化；基于静态避碰机理和航向控制系统研究了船舶动态避碰机理，求解了符合船舶操纵运动过程的动态避碰改向区间. 研究结果表明，在开阔水域随机设置的多物标环境中，可得到符合航速矢量非线性变化的动态避碰改向区间集合 [?90°，?72°]、[31°，47°]、[62°，79°]，受动态船舶主要影响形成改向范围为（?72°，31°）、（79°，90°] 的碰撞航向区间，符合船舶操纵运动对改向避碰的影响规律，可为实现船舶避碰辅助决策、自动避碰和动态避碰路径规划提供基础理论和方法.      

三体船研究发展现状探讨

从水动力理论、模型试验和船型优化入手,探讨了三体船的研究发展现状及未来研究发展方向,对三体船发展具有现实意义．