公路平面交叉路口安全性评价及对策研究

公路交叉口形成公路网方便交通出行的同时,由于平面交叉口设置不合理、设施不齐全、管理不完善等方面的原因,导致平面交叉口事故多发,严重影响交通安全.通过对内蒙古典型公路调查分析,内蒙古公路平面交叉口一般存在平面交叉口设置过多过密,速度差梯度较大,交通管理控制薄弱,安全设施不完善及设计不合理等问题,导致公路平面交叉口交通安全...     

接入管理技术在公路平面交叉口安全设计中的应用

公路接入管理技术作为一种先进的交通管理手段,能有效地改善公路平面交叉口的交通安全,增加交叉口通行能力和提高交叉口服务水平。概述了接入管理技术的概念和原则,以及应用在公路平面交叉口的典型接入管理技术,旨在能够提高公路平面交叉口的安全服务水平。     

公路平面交叉口驾驶行为研究

面对目前公路平面交叉口交通事故严重的现状,为了公路平面交叉口交通事故致因分析和加深对交叉口驾驶行为的了解程度,探讨了公路平面交叉口驾驶行为理论,总结了目前道路交通系统交通事故原因及其导致事故所占比例,分析了交叉口交通系统,给出了影响交叉口驾驶行为的具体因素。在驾驶行为三阶段基础上,研究了交叉口驾驶行为模型,分析了交叉口驾驶行为特征和交叉口驾驶行为与交通事故发生的一般关系。并针对驾驶失误和不安全驾驶行为给出了防止措施,以减少交叉口交通事故。     

非信号控制公路平面交叉口渠化设计方法研究

统计数据表明,我国公路平面交叉口发生的交通事故占总事故数的30%～40%,其中非信号控制平面交叉口事故率和事故严重程度均高于信号控制平面交叉口,而国内在非信号控制平面交叉口安全合理的渠化设计方面仍处于空白状态.有鉴于此,在深入研究和大量实践的基础上总结了基于运行安全的公路平面交叉口渠化设计指导原则和设计要点,在此原则和设计要点指导下,以典型的丁字平面交叉口和十字平面交叉口为例,探讨了非信号控制平面交叉口基于交通安全的渠化设计方法,以期能为国内相关人员提供研究和设计思路,提高我国非信号控制平面交叉口的安全水平.     

效益造价比在公路平面交叉口交通安全改善中的应用

为了改善我国公路平面交叉口的交通安全状况,研究了平面交叉口交通安全问题的诊断方法,给出了交通安全问题诊断流程.制定了交通安全问题显著性和严重性的评判标准,设计了交通安全问题诊断表.通过实地调查与分析,发现了我国公路平面交叉口存在的主要交通安全问题,并给出了相应的安全改善对策.介绍了效益造价比的概念及其排序模型,并对该模型进行了简化.利用简化的效益造价比排序模型对安全改善对策进行排序,得到工程上需要首先实施的安全改善对策.通过工程实例.验证了安全问题诊断方法和效益造价比排序模型能够找出公路平面交叉口存在的主要安全问题和效益造价比高的改善对策.     

基于指标定权灰色聚类的公路平交口安全评价

公路平面交叉口是公路网的重要组成部分,同时也是交通事故的“多发源”,掌握交叉口的安全状况具有重要的意义.结合国内外的研究,克服指标选择的片面性,考虑交叉口内冲突发生的频率、严重程度、单车事故发生几率等多种因素,提出了基于冲突的交叉口安全评价指标体系,并给出了获取各指标的详细方法.利用vague集方法,确定了各指标权重;提出定权灰色聚类评价方法,对指标体系进行聚类分析,把交叉口安全水平分为4级(A~D级),对公路平面交叉口的安全性进行快速定量评价.基于大量的实际调查,结合20个公路平交口的调查数据进行了实例应用,并与传统方法进行对比,结果表明,交叉口安全水平等级评价符合交叉口实际的安全状态.      

公路平交口交通安全管理系统设计探讨

平面交叉口是道路交通安全的重要环节,也是事故多发点,各类机动车辆、非机动车辆、行人穿行其中,冲突严重。基于GIS地理信息系统建立起公路平面交叉口交通安全管理系统,并对公路平面交叉口交通安全管理系统的设计加以研究。     

一级公路平交口交通安全设施设置

针对一级公路平面交叉口事故多发的现状,通过对中国部分已运营的一级公路交叉口调研,分析了交叉口交通安全设施存在的问题,提出了基于相交道路功能等级、以接入形式及对主线行车影响等为依据的交叉口分类方法,将一级公路平面交叉口划分为一般平面交叉口、路侧接入口以及小型平面交叉口3类,从交通信号控制设置、提醒措施完善、车速降低、中分带开口处的视距保障及中分带开口尺寸取值等方面提出了各类交叉口相应的交通安全保障技术对策,形成一套较为完善的一级公路平交口交安设施标准化设置方案。     

公路平面交叉口安全养护评价体系研究

为评价公路平面交叉口结构损坏对行车安全性的影响,遵循表征性、综合性、明确性、实用性的原则,对交叉口功能区内路基路面、交通安全设施、照明设施和交通管理设施提出了22项评价指标,运用层次分析法进行两两比较确定指标相对重要性,建立了安全养护评价体系。应用结果表明,该评价方法具有良好的可操作性,对公路平面交叉口的安全保障和养护工作起到指导作用。     

公路平面交叉口安全养护评价方法

为评价公路平面交叉口结构损坏对行车安全性的影响,遵循表征性、综合性、明确性、实用性的原则,对交叉口功能区内路基路面、交通安全设施、照明设施和交通管理设施提出了22项评价指标,运用层次分析法进行两两比较确定指标相对重要性,建立了安全养护评价体系。应用结果表明,该评价方法具有良好的可操作性,对公路平面交叉口的安全保障和养护工作起到指导作用。     

Crash prediction model for two-lane rural highways in the Ashanti region of Ghana

Crash Prediction Models (CPMs) have been used elsewhere as a useful tool by road Engineers and Planners. There is however no study on the prediction of road traffic crashes on rural highways in Ghana. The main objective of the study was to develop a prediction model for road traffic crashes occurring on the rural sections of the highways in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The model was developed for all injury crashes occurring on selected rural highways in the Region over the three (3) year period 2005–2007. Data was collected from 76 rural highway sections and each section varied between 0.8 km and 6.7 km. Data collected for each section comprised injury crash data, traffic flow and speed data, and roadway characteristics and road geometry data. The Generalised Linear Model (GLM) with Negative Binomial (NB) error structure was used to estimate the model parameters. Two types of models, the ‘core’ model which included key exposure variables only and the ‘full’ model which included a wider range of variables were developed. The results show that traffic flow, highway segment length, junction density, terrain type and presence of a village settlement within road segments were found to be statistically significant explanatory variables (p < 0.05) for crash involvement. Adding one junction to a 1 km section of road segment was found to increase injury crashes by 32.0% and sections which had a village settlement within them were found to increase injury crashes by 60.3% compared with segments with no settlements. The model explained 61.2% of the systematic variation in the data. Road and Traffic Engineers and Planners can apply the crash prediction model as a tool in safety improvement works and in the design of safer roads. It is recommended that to improve safety, highways should be designed to by-pass village settlements and that the number of junctions on a highway should be limited to carefully designed ones.     

Exploring factors contributing to injury severity at work zones considering adverse weather conditions

Despite recent efforts to improve work zone safety, the frequency and severity of crashes at work zones are still considerably high. The effect of work zones on traffic safety can be exacerbated by adverse weather conditions. As an example, a sudden reduction in visibility may intensify the severity of work zone crashes. There is a lack of studies that strive to gain a good understanding of the effect of weather on the severity of work zone crashes. In this study, an Ordered Probit Model was developed to identify factors affecting the severity of work zone crashes in different spatial, temporal, and environmental conditions in Washington state using five-year of work zone-related crashes (2009–2013). The interesting findings of this study showed that weather and lighting conditions are among the most important factors influencing the severity of crashes at work zones. Lack of daylight was found to be a determining factor in increasing the severity of work zone crashes, specifically, during dusk and dawn. It was also found that although drivers have less severe work zone-related crashes in adverse weather conditions, the interactions between adverse weather conditions and other contributing factors might increase the severity of work zone crashes. The results of this study will help traffic engineers to design effective safety countermeasures considering different contributing factors including the weather and lighting conditions in the work zone planning and installation stages to prevent safety deficiencies.     

道路因素对典型较严重道路交通事故严重性的影响分析

基于道路交通事故数据探究事故影响因素对于认识事故的影响因素、提高交通安全水平具有重要意义。利用近年来国内典型较严重道路交通事故数据,应用泊松模型和负二项模型,以区分事故形态的方式建立追尾事故、侧碰事故及撞行人事故的事故死亡率的道路影响因素分析模型。这些模型以三类事故中涉及人员的死亡数为因变量,以一系列道路因素为自变量,将事故涉及人数作为偏移变量。模型的具体形式以过离散系数及赤池信息量准则(AIC)为依据进行选择。结果显示,追尾事故的死亡率与道路等级、路侧防护设施显著相关;侧碰事故则与天气、路表情况、路口路段位置、坡度以及道路结构有关;撞行人事故与路表情况、道路等级、车道数、平曲线半径有关。本文拓展了事故严重性研究的深度,其研究成果对于更好地利用重特大事故的深入调查数据有现实意义,也可为事故分析及道路设计等提供借鉴。      

基于GIS分析的深圳市道路交通事故空间分布特征研究

掌握城市道路交通事故空间分布特征是城市道路交通安全管理的重要基础。基于深圳市2014~2016年的道路交通事故数据,首先应用地理编码方法对原始事故记录进行空间定位,形成事故的空间分布。其次针对考虑/不考虑路网密度的2种情况,应用密度分析方法对道路交通事故多发的区域和事故严重程度较高的区域进行鉴别,比较2种情况下区域分布的差异并分析造成这种差异的可能原因。最后利用异常点分析和热点分析2种空间聚类分析模型对事故严重程度较高的区域进行进一步鉴别,并对密度分析和聚类分析2种方法得到的结果进行了比较。密度分析结果表明：就事故频度而言,深圳市中心城区单位面积上的交通事故频度较高,而郊区单位长度道路上的交通事故分布更为密集;就事故严重程度而言,郊区的交通事故平均严重程度高于市中心区域。造成上述差异的原因可能与郊区道路限速较高等因素有关。聚类分析结果与密度分析结果相近,在郊区形成了高严重程度的事故聚类,而在中心城区形成了低严重程度的事故聚类,说明郊区的交通事故严重程度总体高于市中心区域。从2种方法的比较来看,密度分析简单易行,有助于交通管理部门对城市交通事故空间分布特征直观快速的了解;聚类分析可精确到事故点,为精细化的交通安全管理工作提供支撑。研究结果表明基于密度分析和聚类分析的研究方法对于确定道路交通事故空间分布特征有良好的作用。     

Extremely serious crashes on urban roadway networks: Patterns and trends

Extremely serious traffic crashes, defined as having a death toll of two and greater than two, have become a serious safety concern on urban roadways in Louisiana. This study examined the different contributing factors of these crashes to determine significant trends and patterns. We collected traffic crash data from Louisiana during the period of 2013 to 2017 and found that a total of 72 extremely serious crashes (around 2% of all traffic fatalities) occurred on Louisiana urban roadway networks. As crash data contain an enormous list of contributing factors, there was an issue of ‘more features than data points’ in solving the research problem. Most of these variables are categorial in nature. We selected a dimension reduction tool called Taxicab Correspondence Analysis (TCA) to investigate the complex interaction between multiple factors under a two-dimensional map. Findings of the study reveal several key clusters of attributes that show patterns of association between different crash attributes. The conclusions of this study are exploratory, and the results can help in better visualizing the association between key attributes of crashes. The findings have potentials in designing suitable countermeasures to reduce extremely serious crashes.     

团雾天气下高速公路交通事故特征分析

近年来团雾天气下高速公路交通事故频繁发生,对交通安全管理提出了新的挑战.文中以沪宁高速公路沿线4 174站次的团雾过程和74起团雾天气下的交通事故数据为基础,分析了团雾的发生规律和团雾天气下高速公路交通事故特征.研究发现:秋、冬、春三季团雾发生频率高,发生时段主要是在后半夜的00:00时至凌晨06:00时之间,临湖环境和临江路段由于特殊的地形和水汽输送通道而成为团雾高发的区域.1年中的10~11月、1~2月、4~5月,1d中的早上07:00~08:00是团雾天气下交通事故高发期;事故形态主要为追尾,伤亡程度十分严重,死亡人数3人及以上的事故数占55.41%.事故涉及车辆多且损毁严重,涉及10辆以上的事故占75%左右.70%左右的事故造成的交通中断或滞留时间在5h以上.      

考虑空间相关性的行人宏观安全研究

为了探究行人事故的发生机理,分析影响行人交通安全的显著因素,收集上海市中心城区263个交通分析小区（TAZ）的行人事故、道路、人口及土地利用数据,并开展行人宏观安全研究。考虑到TAZ之间存在的空间相关性,建立考虑空间相关性的贝叶斯负二项条件自回归模型,在条件自回归模型中对比分析了5种不同的空间权重矩阵,包括0~1邻接矩阵、边界长度矩阵、分析单元中心距离倒数矩阵、事故空间中心距离倒数矩阵这4种既有矩阵,以及首次引入的宏观安全建模中的分析单元中心距离多阶矩阵。结果表明：分析单元中心距离多阶矩阵的模型拟合效果和事故预测准确度均显著优于既有的4种空间权重矩阵,证明了在宏观安全建模过程中考虑研究对象交通特征（居民步行平均出行距离等）的必要性;人口数量、主干道长度、次干道长度、路网密度等因素均与行人事故呈现显著正相关,平均交叉口间距、三路交叉口比例等因素与行人事故呈显著负相关;相较于高等、低等土地利用强度,中等土地利用强度对行人事故的影响最大。     

2006年雾对高速公路影响规律

高速公路雾天行车存在着严重的安全隐患,而且雾天交通安全也是一个世界性的问题。目前我国通行的做法是在雾天封闭交通,这样虽然避免了交通事故的发生,但是却以完全丧失高速公路的通行能力为代价。本文通过对2006年全国主要高速公路受雾影响预报的分析,得出全国范围内各地雾发生频率,主要高速公路受雾影响特征及各路段影响频率,总结出雾对高速公路的影响规律。为今后雾天气下全国高速公路交通气象预报提供参考和指导,为驾驶员雾天行车的安全性提供保障,并为高速公路管理部门在日常工作中,重点监控雾的频发路段,有针对性采取有效地管控措施提供依据。     

基于多任务迁移学习的交通警情信息自动处理方法

从交通警情数据中自动获取信息对于快速处理交通事故和提高交通管理水平具有重要的意义。为此，提出了一种基于多任务迁移学习的交通警情信息自动处理方法，该方法上游采用文本预训练模型作为共享参数层，下游建立多任务并行学习方法，实现对交通警情中的关键信息、类型和语义自动处理。选取江苏省苏州市2年内共120 191条原始交通警情作为试验数据，通过自动处理方法构建了一套标准的交通警情信息数据库。试验结果表明：所建立的关键信息抽取方法可以更精准地提取警情数据中的时间、地址和车牌信息；交通警情分类模型性能优于现有的深度学习模型，分类准确率达93%；基于局部特征增强的警情语义分析方法重点识别了警情中事故的严重程度和救援需求，识别准确率达87%。研究结论显示交通警情自动化处理方法具有良好的可移植性和实用性。     

Quantification of surrogate safety measure to predict severity of road crashes at median openings

Traffic safety assessment is an integral part of transportation engineering. In a developing country like India, it is observed that in every four second, one person gets injured in road crashes. Moreover, at median openings which are usually uncontrolled in India, the severity of road crashes increase many fold. This is due to the fact that neither lane discipline nor priority rule is followed at the median openings. Conventionally, road crash data reports were used to study and analyze traffic safety. However, the drawback of this traditional method is that a lot of accidents need to be recorded for analysis and to draw any conclusions and take necessary corrective measures. In developing countries like India, available accident data are based on reports submitted by the police department of respective state governments. The accuracy of these accident data details is highly questionable. Therefore, in the recent times surrogate traffic safety measures are being used to analyze traffic safety. Various surrogate traffic measures like Deceleration Time (DT), Time to Collision (TTC), Post Encroachment Time (PET), etc. are being used to examine road safety. These values are based on the temporal and spatial proximity between road-users during possible conflict situation. Among all the traffic safety measures, PET is regarded as the most reliable and most commonly used indicator. Therefore, in this study, PET across different traffic volume levels at median opening area is calculated. A critical safe ratio has been introduced to better analyze the traffic safety at median opening based on minimum stopping sight distance (SSD) as per IRC: 66–1976 and speed to PET ratio. Finally clustering technique has been used to define various severity indices for probable road crashes at median opening area. For this study, data has been collected from different median openings located on six-lane divided urban roads.