三维空泡回射流的理论研究

空泡回射流以某个方向冲击空泡壁面是导致空泡发生不同脱落方式的重要原因,但是空泡回射流的方向目前认为是一个不确定量,需要人为指定.该文针对无界重力流场中的三维空泡,基于势流假设和积分方程推导了一个计算回射流角度和回射流截面面积的三角函数代数方程组,并且在小角度条件下给出了回射流角度和截面面积的理论解析式.研究表明,空泡回射流角度与空化器的攻角、阻力和空泡浮力有关.     

闭合在可压气体射流上的空泡数学模型（英文）

为了揭示推进器可压缩气体射流穿透空泡的机理,用理论方法研究空泡与可压缩气体射流之间的相互作用,通过分析空泡在气体射流上的特殊闭合方式并结合动量守恒定理,建立空泡与可压缩气体射流相互作用的数学模型。在新模型中,首次以解析表达式的形式给出气体射流总压的上、下阈值范围,并发现该阈值是两个射流面积比的函数。如果喷射压力低于下阈值,则气体射流根本不能穿透空泡;如果射流总压高于上阈值,气体射流则全部穿透空泡;如果射流总压在上下阈值之间,则射流分为两部分,一部分返回空泡内,另一部分则穿透空泡,并从物理上解释了这部分气体射流穿透空泡的机理。新模型还给出了计算穿透空泡的可压气体射流流量的新公式。Paryshev公式是本文新公式在小空化数及不可压缩条件下的一个特例。     

三维可压缩水气混合物射流冲击平板特性研究（英文）

根据质量和动量守恒方程,忽略流体的粘性,计入流体的可压缩性,建立水气混合物射流冲击平板问题的物理模型。采用内域双渐进方法对控制方程进行数值离散,平板边界和水域分别进行处理以满足各自的边界条件。数值结果与解析解及Autodyn的数值结果吻合较好。在验证方法合理性的基础上,深入地分析了含气量对射流冲击载荷特性的影响规律。数值结果表明:随着含气量的增加,冲击压力峰值将会显著地降低,而脉宽和射流冲击压力的极小值都会增大。     

螺旋桨空泡和噪声特性试验研究（英文）

本文通过螺旋桨空泡噪声模型试验,研究螺旋桨空泡和噪声特征,以及螺旋桨不同阶段空泡和噪声的关系,探究螺旋桨噪声产生及控制机理。建立了螺旋桨空泡和噪声同步测试方法,针对2400 TEU集装箱船螺旋桨开展模型试验。从螺旋桨模型试验结果分析得出:片空泡脱落形成梢涡空泡产生的噪声量级最高,且具有宽带特性,梢涡空泡噪声量级次之;模型状态下片空泡脱落形成梢涡空泡,以及独立的梢涡空泡引起的空泡噪声均在1 000 Hz附近存在明显峰值,对应实桨的峰值频率为50-60 Hz。     

细长体出水空泡特性实验研究（英文）

Experimental studies are carried out with slender bodies vertically exiting out of the water using a high-speed camera. The mechanisms for the formation, development, and collapse of the cavity around the slender body are explored. The dynamic characteristics of the shoulder cavity and the trail cavity during the water-exit of low-speed bodies are analyzed for various water depths and initial velocities. The results show that the initial velocity has a great influence on the formation, development, and collapse of the cavity. The length and the thickness of the shoulder cavity vary non-linearly with the depth.     

回注射流及其对通气超空泡形态影响的研究

通过水洞实验对回注射流现象及其对通气超空泡形态的影响进行了研究.实验水洞为封闭的连续通气水洞.通过高速摄像机记录回注射流及通气超空泡的动态变化过程.摄像机的拍摄速率为每秒1 000帧.文中在实验的基础上分析了超空泡形态变化趋势与回注射流之问的关系并讨论了回注射流的形成机理.此外,还分析了通气系数对回注射流的影响.     

波浪中船底空泡对振动吸收的研究（英文）

Bottom ventilated cavitation is the successfully proven ship drag reduction technology, but the impact of sea waves on ships with bottom cavities is the substantial concern for a broad technology implementation. The influence of waves on vertical force experienced by such ships is analyzed in this paper using a perturbation technique. The unperturbed cavity shape at given Froude number and cavity length was found from a nonlinear steady ideal fluid problem. The ship response to an impact of a wave of the given length and amplitude is considered as the one-frequency perturbation. This perturbation was found by combined consideration of compressible flow in the cavity and incompressible flow in the surrounding water. Computational examples relate to an earlier tested model with the bottom cavity restricted by skegs. The vertical forces on the model with bottom cavities and in cavitation-free conditions were compared in head and following seas. It was found that within the major part of the consider range of wavelengths the cavity acts as a shock absorber significantly reducing the vertical force pulsation and ship acceleration in waves.     

基于实验设计方法的人工空泡喷射角度影响（英文）

Using the supercavitation phenomenon is necessary to reach high velocities underwater. Supercavitation can be achieved in two ways: natural and artificial. In this article, the simulation of flows around a torpedo was studied naturally and artificially. The validity of simulation using theoretical and practical data in the natural and artificial phases was evaluated. Results showed that the simulations were consistent with the laboratory results. The results in different injection coefficient rates, injection angles, andcavitation numbers were studied. The obtained results showed the importance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in cavity shape. At the final level, determining the performance conditions using the Design of Experiment(DOE) method was emphasized, and the performance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in drag and lift coefficient was studied. The increase in injection angle in the low injection rate coefficient resulted in a diminished drag coefficient and that in the high injection rate coefficient resulted in an enhanced drag coefficient.     

关于通气空泡及其路径数值求解的挑战性问题（英文）

Ventilated cavitation has been successfully employed as ship drag reduction technology and potentially can mitigate flowinduced vibration. The obtained successes were based on solutions of design problems considered in the framework of ideal fluid theory with their following validation by towing tank tests. However, various aspects of the interaction of ventilated cavities with the viscous flows around the ship hulls remain unclear, whereas there is usually no possibility to simultaneously keep the full-scale Froude number and cavitation number in the test facilities. So, the further progress of the application of ventilated cavitation substantially depends on the ability of computational tools to predict this interaction. This paper briefly describes the state-of-the-art computation of ventilated cavitation and points out the most challenging unsolved problems that appeared in the model tests(prediction of air demand by cavities, ventilation effect on ship drag, on hydrofoil lift, and on the propagation of shock waves in cavities).     

超空泡流理论的应用(英文)

对于二元定常超空泡流可以化成Rieman-Hilbert混合边值问题用奇异积分方程的方法来求解。对三元空泡流问题由于速度图映射法不能应用,只能求助于数值解。 与高速水翼和超空泡螺旋桨的设计有关的水翼剖面超空泡绕流问题属于小扰动问题,作者在1964年和1966年已求得解答。在螺旋桨设计中应用二元超空泡水翼理论,尚需考虑翼栅效应。作者介绍了应用动量理论求解超空泡翼栅流。 在换算实验结果与理论计算时必须注意筒壁对空泡流的影响。作者列出其估算式。 近年来对空泡流问题获得相当大的进展,现有的二元及准二元自由流线理论可以成功地用来设计定常运行下的超空泡翼型、螺旋桨及水泵。但对于非定常超空泡流尚须进一步研究。     

超空泡回转体减阻特性研究

基于Fluent 6.0的气泡两相流模型对超空泡回转体的减阻特性进行了数值研究.内容包括:外形对阻力及超空泡形状的影响;超空泡控制;阻力系数随空泡数的变化规律;长细比对减阻率的影响.超空泡减阻机理的研究表明:超空泡不仅可以减小回转体的摩擦阻力,还可以减小回转体的压差阻力.在外形、长细比和空泡数以及工程可实现性等诸多因素中,存在着一个最佳组合,使减阻率最高.     

带前置预旋导轮的螺旋桨空泡脉动压力数值模拟研究（英文）

本文基于非定常粘性RANS方法结合Schnerr-Sauer空泡模型,建立了船后螺旋桨空泡脉动压力数值预报方法,并开展了数值方法的不确定度分析;然后采用ITTC'78自航预报规程结合CFD方法预报了带前置预旋导轮的节能效果,开展了安装节能导轮后的螺旋桨空泡脉动压力预报研究;对比分析了有无节能装置时的螺旋桨叶表面空泡形态及1阶和2阶船体脉动压力。研究表明,在本实例中安装节能装置后的1阶和2阶脉动压力分别下降了33%和20%,而桨叶表面空泡面积也有所下降。     

均流中PPTC螺旋桨梢涡空泡数值预报（英文）

文章采用Sauer空化模型,研究了网格类型和湍流模型对均流中螺旋桨梢涡空泡数值模拟的影响,研究表明,现有的空泡模型适合于螺旋桨梢涡空泡的数值模拟,其中梢涡空泡区域网格密度是关键,文中提出了一种合适的梢涡空泡区域网格加密方法。对PPTC螺旋桨全湿流和梢涡空泡进行了数值预报,螺旋桨梢涡空泡形态与试验结果进行了对比,并应用涡判据Q准则和λ2准则分析了梢涡与梢涡空泡的流动特征。全湿流中梢涡区域的涡量随周向的分布呈现单峰特性,最小涡量在涡心处,而空泡流中梢涡空泡区域的涡量随周向的分布呈现双峰特性,最小涡量不在涡心处。     

周期性阵风流对通气超空泡尾流结构影响的数值研究（英文）

A computational model is established to investigate the effects of a periodic gust flow on the wake structure of ventilated supercavities. The effectiveness of the computational model is validated by comparing with available experimental data.Benefited from this numerical model, the vertical velocity characteristics in the entire flow field can be easily monitored and analyzed under the action of a gust generator; further, the unsteady evolution of the flow parameters of the closed region of the supercavity can be captured in any location. To avoid the adverse effects of mounting struts in the experiments and to obtain more realistic results, the wake structure of a ventilated supercavity without mounting struts is investigated. Unsteady changes in the wake morphology and vorticity distribution pattern of the ventilated supercavity are determined. The results demonstrate that the periodic swing of the gust generator can generate a gust flow and, therefore, generate a periodic variation of the ventilated cavitation number σ. At the peak σ, a re-entrant jet closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity. At the valley σ, a twin-vortex closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity. For the forward facing model, the twin vortex appears as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices, due to the closure of vortex is affected by the structure. For the backward facing model,however, the twin vortex appears alternately as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices and a pair of centrally rolled-down vortices,against the periodic gust flow.     

前缘抽吸对水翼水动力及空泡性能的影响（英文）

为了研究船用水翼前缘抽吸设置对其水动力性能及空泡性能的影响,应用数值模拟的方法进行了系统的计算分析。首先,以NACA0012为研究对象,采用两种湍流模型对翼型绕流进行模拟,通过与实验值对比,确定了合理的湍流模型。随后,计算分析了船用水翼添加前缘抽吸作用后,升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比的变化情况,及对失速角的影响,结果表明船用水翼在前缘布置吸口后可以提高失速角,扩大稳定工作攻角范围,提升翼型升阻比,起到增效的作用。最后,计算了NACA0012翼型及在其前缘加吸口水翼的定常与非定常空泡流动的数值模拟,计算结果表明:定常流动时,在翼型前缘加上吸口,可使空泡尺寸减小,改善了水翼的空泡性能;非定常流动时,加上吸口,可使空泡周期变长,空泡变化范围减小,抑制大规模空泡云的脱落,减少对水翼表面的剥蚀作用,降低空泡对水翼性能的影响。     

水下亚声速圆盘空化器射弹超空泡流动数值计算方法研究（英文）

To deal with the effect of compressible fluids on the supercavitating flow over the subsonic disk cavitator of a projectile, a finite volume method is formulated based on the ideal compressible potential theory. By using the continuity equation and Tait state equation as well as Riabouchinsky closure model, an inverse problem solution is presented for the supercavitating flow. According to the impenetrable condition on the surface of supercavity, a new iterative method for the supercavity shape is designed to deal with the effect of compressibility on the supercavity shape, pressure drag coefficient and density field. By this method, the very low cavitation number can be computed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data and empirical formula. At the subsonic condition, the fluid compressibility will make supercavity length and radius increase. The supercavity expands, but remains spheroid. The effect on the first 1/3 part of supercavity is not obvious. The drag coefficient of projectile increases as the cavitation number or Mach number increases. With Mach number increasing, the compressibility is more and more significant. The compressibility must be considered as far as the accurate calculation of supercavitating flow is concerned.     

冲压进水对空泡形态和空化器阻力特性的影响（英文）

Water ramjets using outer water as an oxidizer have been demonstrated as a potential propulsion mode for underwater High Speed Supercavitating Vehicles(HSSVs) because of their higher energy density, power density, and specific impulse, but water flux changes the shapes of supercavity. To uncover the cavitator drag characteristics and the supercavity shape of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets, supercavitation flows around a disk cavitator with inlet hole are studied using the homogenous model. By changing the water inflow in the range of 0–10 L/s through cavitators having different water inlet areas, a series of numerical simulations of supercavitation flows was performed. The water inflow flux of ramjets significantly influences the drag features of disk cavitators and the supercavity shape, but it has little influence on the slender ratio of supercavitaty. Furthermore, as the water inlet area increases, the drag coefficient of the cavitators' front face decreases, but this increase does not influence the diameter of the supercavity's maximum cross section and the drag coefficient of the entire cavitator significantly. In addition, with increasing water flux of the ramjet, both the drag coefficient of cavitators and the maximum diameter of supercavities decrease stably. This research will be helpful for layout optimization and supercavitaty scheme design of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets.     

柔性跨接管安装的三维力学分析（英文）

文章对柔性跨接管在三维空间中使用下放缆绳的安装做了相应的力学分析。根据悬链线理论,可以首先获得整个安装系统(缆绳及柔性管)的初始形态(仅受重力作用时)。其最终形态可以根据一迭代过程,使用力的平衡及协调性要求作为收敛准则来得到。通过有限单元离散法,可得柔性跨接管的内力,曲率半径及相应的位移值。为了验证文中提出方法的正确性及可靠性,将此得到的结果与Orca Flex有限元模型得到的结果进行了对比。同时该文对两端下放缆绳的长度差对柔性跨接管最小曲率半径及最大轴力值的影响也做了一定的研究。该方法能够给实际工程中柔性跨接管的安装提供一定的参考。     

三维水翼片空泡尺度效应研究

针对三维水翼的片空泡尺度效应问题,建立LES湍流模型对三维水翼的片空泡生成情况进行计算研究。模拟了片空泡在一个周期内的生成和脱落过程,空泡计算结果与试验做了详细对比,发现LES湍流模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,能较为完整的显示片空泡的脱落过程。研究了来流速度和模型尺度的变化对片空泡产生的影响,发现速度对初始片空泡数基本无影响,而模型尺度对片空泡的形成和发展有影响,但该影响并不大。在此基础上推导了新的初始片空泡数的尺度效应公式。     

三维水翼片空泡尺度效应研究

针对三维水翼的片空泡尺度效应问题,建立LES湍流模型对三维水翼的片空泡生成情况进行计算研究。模拟了片空泡在一个周期内的生成和脱落过程,空泡计算结果与试验做了详细对比,发现LES湍流模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,能较为完整的显示片空泡的脱落过程。研究了来流速度和模型尺度的变化对片空泡产生的影响,发现速度对初始片空泡数基本无影响,而模型尺度对片空泡的形成和发展有影响,但该影响并不大。在此基础上推导了新的初始片空泡数的尺度效应公式。