Human body modelling for traffic accident analysis

A traffic accident is a complex phenomenon with vehicles and human beings involved. During a collision, the vehicle occupant is exposed to substantial loads, which can cause the occupant injuries that depend on the level of passive safety, as well as on the occupant's individual characteristics. Correct estimation of injury severity demands a validated human body model and known impact conditions. A human body modelling procedure for the purpose of accident analysis is introduced. The occupant body has been modelled as a multibody system with rigid body segments connected. Geometrical and inertial properties of individual body segments were estimated using computed tomography. Frontal impact conditions were simulated on a sled test facility, while the human body dynamic response was measured. Comparison of experimental data and computer simulation revealed an influence of joint resistive properties on the occupant motion in collisions. The difference between measured and simulated response was minimised using optimisation method. Individualised human body modelling procedure enabled better prediction of the occupant motion during vehicle collision and thus more precise estimation of possible injuries in real-life traffic accidents.     

儿童约束系统动态仿真研究及初步参数分析

本文利用MADYMO软件建立包含P系列儿童假人、一款国产汽车用儿童座椅和试验台车的儿童乘员约束系统的计算机仿真模型,并模拟了ECE-R44法规规定的正面碰撞台车试验环境。通过与对应产品的台车碰撞试验结果对比,对该模型有效性进行了验证。同时,在已验证模型的基础上,对儿童座椅及台车试验系统设计参数对儿童乘员响应的影响进行了分析,结果表明儿童座椅的摩擦系数、成人安全带刚度、儿童座椅安全带定位孔孔位置对儿童乘员在正面碰撞中的响应影响较大,通过适当的儿童约束系统设计可以降低儿童乘员在碰撞事故中的受伤几率。     

微型轿车安全带系统优化与验证

通过实车试验数据分析,讨论了微型轿车无气囊条件下的乘员伤害.使用Madymo分析方法对安全带参数进行了优化,提出使用限力安全带降低伤害值的方法.台车验证表明,对于刚性很强的尺寸紧凑型微型轿车,使用限力式安全带,可以有效降低正面碰撞头部加速度,使车辆正面碰撞乘员保护达到中国法规要求.     

从道路交通事故研究看我国汽车正面碰撞法规试验形式

基于我国道路交通深度事故调查中所得数据,从碰撞位置与重叠率、碰撞速度和人员伤亡等方面,分析100%重叠率刚性固定壁障碰撞试验和40%重叠率偏置可变形壁障碰撞试验与我国交通事故形态和人员伤害与特征的关联度.讨论现有正面碰撞法规的试验形式的局限性,并论证了将偏置正面碰撞推荐性标准纳入我国正面碰撞强制性标准体系的必要性和紧迫性.     

基于有限元分析的乘用车前纵梁安全设计

为提升车辆撞击事故乘员的安全性,从诱导孔个数、前纵梁材料和梁壁厚三个方面对汽车前纵梁进行了优化设计。将上述三个方面作为影响因素进行了正交试验设计,按照正交表在LS-DYNA当中进行了整车碰撞及台车试验,以头部损伤HIC值作为乘员损伤评价标准,通过极差分析确定了最优汽车前纵梁参数,提高了汽车碰撞中乘员的安全。     

车门内饰板侧撞乘员保护性能设计研究

研究了门饰板侧撞乘员保护的要求及相关影响因素,通过侧撞部位胸部、腹部和骨盆区域的门饰板优化设计分析,总结出影响门饰板侧撞性能的主要设计参数及要求.通过某具体车型的CAE模拟分析验证,该优化设计可以有效提高门饰板的侧撞乘员保护安全性能.     

正面碰撞后排女性乘员颈部损伤研究及改进方案验证

针对正面碰撞工况中乘用车后排5%女性乘员颈部损伤问题,对乘员颈部损伤与乘员运动及安全带约束之间的关系进行研究,建立颈部损伤机理矩阵分析模型,提出基于安全带力作用的碰撞过程三区间分段分析改进方案,并通过整车试验对比验证了该改进方案的有效性。结果表明,该方案颈部拉伸力F_z平均降低32%,颈部伸展力矩M_ocy平均降低67%,头部损伤指标HIC₁₅平均降低61%,提高了后排5%女性乘员头颈部的碰撞安全性。     

正面碰撞中假人伤害分析及安全性改进研究

论文了研究了正面碰撞中假人的运动过程及头部、颈部、胸部与下肢部位的伤害机理与考核指标,这些指标反映了车身碰撞特性、乘员约束系统特性及两者间的匹配这三个方面的综合性能,并针对车身耐撞性能、车身B柱曲线特性及转向系统、安全带与气囊等约束系统对假人的伤害影响进行了详细的分析。基于上述分析对一款新开发车型的安全性现状进行分析并逐步做出改进方案。通过零部件试验、滑车试验及实车验证试验证明分析及改进方案的有效性,本研究对车型开发设计及安全性能改进具有一定的指导意义。     

行人保护法规现状及发展趋势

随着汽车保有量不断增加,交通事故中行人受到伤亡也在不断增多,因此各国都在加强汽车对行人碰撞保护的研究。文章在介绍各国行人保护法规现状的同时,对各国行人保护法规的试验条件及性能要求进行了比较,并对行人保护法规的发展进行了分析,指出我国应综合国外在行人保护方面取得的成果,逐步提出适合我国国情的行人保护要求,减少行人在交通事故中受到的伤害。     

PG-1 5型节制杆式台车试验技术研究

本文介绍了节制杆式台车试验系统的工作原理和设计过程。通过模拟吸能器受力和流体运动分析，建立数学建模，推导节制杆的设计数学模型。通过碰撞模拟试验和实车碰撞试验对比，模拟滑车可以再现实车碰撞的动力学过程。     

汽车正撞时后排座椅安全性的CAE分析与改进设计

构建了带假人和安全带等约束系统的汽车后排座椅骨架的多刚体和有限元耦合计算模型,根据欧洲座椅法规ECER17的规定,模拟正面碰撞后排座椅安全性台车试验,对座椅骨架冲击强度和假人动态响应等进行了CAE分析.根据分析结果提出改进方案,并进行相应的仿真和试验验证.     

Applying interpretable machine learning to classify tree and utility pole related crash injury types

In spite of enormous improvements in vehicle safety, roadway design, and operations, there is still an excessive amount of traffic crashes resulting in injuries and major productivity losses. Despite the many studies on factors of crash frequency and injury severity, there is still further research to be conducted. Tree and utility pole/other pole related (TUOP) crashes present approximately 12 to 15% of all roadway departure (RwD) fatal crashes in the U.S. The count of TUOP crashes comprise nearly 22% of all fatal crashes in Louisiana. From 2010 to 2016, there were 55,857 TUOP crashes reported in Louisiana. Individually examining each of these crash reports is not a realistic option to investigate crash factors. Therefore, this study employed text mining and interpretable machine learning (IML) techniques to analyze all TUOP crashes (with available crash narratives) that occurred in Louisiana from 2010 to 2016. This study has two major goals: 1) to develop a framework for applying machine learning models to classify injury levels from unstructured textual content, and 2) to apply an IML framework that provides probability measures of keywords and their association with the injury classification. The present study employed three machine learning algorithms in the classification of injury levels based on the crash narrative data. Of the used modeling techniques, the eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model shows better performance, with accuracy ranging from 0.70 to 24% for the training data and from 0.30% to 16% for the test data.     

Similarity of the measured NIC of a BioRID II dummy in car-to-car rear end impact and sled experiments

The Japan New Car Assessment Program (J-NCAP) evaluates the performance of cars in terms of protection against whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions. In the test protocol, a simplified triangular acceleration is applied to the sled. This study clarifies whether biofidelic rear-impact dummy II (BioRID II) measurements obtained for simplified triangular acceleration reflect car-to-car rear-end impacts in real-world accidents in Japan. We conducted a car-to-car rear-end impact experiment and a simplified-triangular-acceleration sled test. Our results indicate that the time series of dummy responses were approximately consistent in the two test conditions. The neck injury criterion (NIC) and maximum acceleration of the head and T1 measured using the BioRID II dummy were similar in the car-to-car and sled experiments. This revealed that the J-NCAP test protocol using simplified triangular acceleration reflects the car-to-car rear-end impact experiment using Japanese cars, in terms of the NIC and maximum acceleration of the head and T1.     

车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞的动态数值模拟及试验

对车辆与弯道混凝土护栏碰撞动态数值模拟结果和实车足尺碰撞试验结果进行对比分析，从车辆行驶轨迹、乘员冲击加速度以及车辆损伤形态3个方面，验证了动态数值模拟的准确性，并分析了弯道混凝土护栏曲线半径对乘员碰撞过程中所承受冲击加速度的影响；得到乘员风险的最不利护栏半径。结果表明：有限元仿真是进行汽车护栏碰撞研究的有效方法；弯道处护栏的形式对碰撞时乘员的安全有很大影响。     

汽车碰撞安全与轻量化研发中的若干挑战性课题

汽车结构与动力电池的碰撞安全性是开发轻量化、电动化汽车的强制性要求和关键基础性支撑技术。通过3个方面的10个典型课题及研究结果,介绍并综述了汽车碰撞安全性研发的技术挑战。第一,采用夹层式汽车前舱罩盖技术,提升罩盖结构力学特性的横向均匀性以及冲击响应历程的均匀性,满足汽车吸能位移限定下的行人头部碰撞响应控制;采用精细人体有限元模型解析复杂工况下行人下肢损伤机理和影响参数,基于人体组织损伤层面的虚拟评估改进汽车结构的人体碰撞保护设计;面向复杂道路交通事故工况和多样化人体特征,解决强非线性条件下的自适应乘员智能保护系统优化设计难题,通过在时间和空间上对乘员约束载荷的均衡化实现针对工况可调的碰撞保护。第二,揭示材料冲击测试中系统共振导致信号振荡和材料屈服放大振荡的机理,开发抑制信号振荡的轻质动态力传感器;精细表征材料在碰撞载荷和复杂应力状态下的力学行为,针对高强钢、塑料、胶粘和焊点等轻质高强材料及复合连接接头建立大变形失效断裂预报方法及仿真模型。第三,基于动力电池多工况挤压试验,建立电池在外载荷作用下的材料失效、电压陡降与温度上升的响应特征关联性,提出用力学响应特征预测电池内部损伤起始和短路发生的判据,解决电池在机械滥用载荷下的短路预测问题,建立能准确预测电池变形响应的数值模型及碰撞安全评估方法,并应用于电池包和电动车的轻量化与碰撞安全性设计。     

汽车碰撞台车模拟试验吸能器的研究

介绍一种钢筋阻尼吸能器,经过理论计算,该吸能装置可通过调节钢筋的种类、数量、长度和放置方式,复现不同车型、不同碰撞车速条件下的车身减速度波形,可广泛用于汽车安全部件的开发及试验验证。     

Factors affecting severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads: Multiple correspondence analysis and ordered logistics regression approaches

Thailand was classified as a middle-income country and ranked second highest in terms of road traffic fatality rate in the world in 2015. By 2018, this ranking went up to ninth in world which may be because of various earnest safety policies implementation, supporting road safety research and establishing a road safety directing center. However, crash fatality rate has considerably remained high until recent year, indicating a clear need for further related research. Considering severity of the crashes, the majority of fatal crashes involved the motorcycle road user. Therefore, motorcycle crashes are important issues and should be considered to mitigate fatality due to immoderate proportion of motorcycle road user and motorcyclist fatality. This study aims to identify factors that influence the severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads by employing ordered logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis. The results demonstrated that although both analyses were relatively different, they provided similar results. Age, road lanes, and helmet wearing were significant factors that influenced the severity of motorcycle accidents. The results could serve as reference for planning strategies or organizing campaigns to reduce and prevent death owing to road traffic accidents, which may enhance the overall image of road traffic safety in Thailand.     

Three-dimensional behaviour simulation of vehicle-to-vehicle collision by dynamic model

Previous studies of safety during vehicle collision pay attention to phenomena in the short time from starting collision, and the behaviour of rollover is studied separately from that at collision. Most simulation of traffic accidents are two-dimensional. Therefore, it is indispensable for vehicle design to analyze three-dimensional and continuous behaviour from crash till stopping. Accordingly, in this study, three-dimensional behaviour of two vehicles at collision is simulated by computer using dynamic models. Here, by comparison of the calculated results with real vehicles' collision test data, it is confirmed that the dynamic model of this study is reliable. It was confirmed in this study that the dynamic model thus established was applicable to various types of collisions and vehicles.     

模拟汽车侧面碰撞的人体骨盆损伤的试验研究

本文介绍了利用模拟汽车侧面碰撞的试验台研究人体骨盆损伤的试验方法，并在试验基础上，分析了在乘员与侧壁之间安放不同特性的吸能材料对人体骨盆生物力学特性和损伤程度的影响。     

安全带动态性能试验方法研究

通过对各国安全带试验标准的对比、滑车碰撞模拟计算、实际道路交通情况统计分析、国产安全带动态试验中验证及标准人体车内位移量的测量，提出了我国安全带动态试验中碰撞车速、台车质量及碰撞减速度波形，试验用假人及允许假人位移量的界限值。