CFD simulation of 3-dimensional motion of a ship in waves: application to an advancing ship in regular heading waves

A new computational fluid dynamics simulation method has been developed for the unsteady motion of a ship advancing in waves. The objective is to evaluate the added resistance and predict the performance of a ship in waves. In this study, a finite volume method, in the framework of a boundary-fitted grid system, is employed. The motion of the ship is solved with six degrees of freedom by using the hydrodynamic forces and moments obtained from the solution of the simulation method. The marker–density–function method is employed to calculate the nonlinear free surface. This method is applied to the coupled motion problem of heaving and pitching. Received for publication on Nov. 15, 1999; accepted on Nov. 18, 1999     

船舶操纵运动CFD数值模拟研究进展

  目的  为了更加真实地预报船舶操纵性能,有必要进行实船操纵运动直接模拟。  方法  首先,基于重叠网格技术进行实船拖航、配套螺旋桨敞水和实船自航计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比;然后,在此基础上开展实尺度船舶的10/10标准Z形操纵运动模拟,分析船舶操纵运动过程中的船舶运动、水动力、流场及涡结构变化。  结果  自航结果表明,所提数值方法可靠;受螺旋桨尺度效应的影响,扭矩系数会有所减小;在操舵过程中,船舶运动姿态较为剧烈;受到船−舵系统干扰,桨后涡结构较为复杂,且随着漂角的变化会产生一定角度的偏移。  结论  采用所提数值方法进行实船操纵运动模拟,可以准确获得船舶运动、水动力特性及流场信息,能作为一种有效的前期评估手段,从而为船舶设计提供参考。     

规则波浪中舰船操纵与横摇耦合运动模拟及特性分析

采用六自由度舰船操纵性方程与横摇波浪力矩耦合构成动力学模型,对舰船在规则波浪中的操纵与横摇耦合运动特性进行了模拟研究.其中操纵性方程采用MMG模型,波浪力矩由切片法计算,舰船航向按PD控制.模拟计算了某船正横规则波浪下保持航向的横摇运动,计算结果与单自由度理论结果进行了比较,其幅频曲线与相频曲线两者符合较好,间接证明了耦合构成动力学模型的有效性.在此基础上计算了不同浪向角和航速下的横摇运动,以横摇等值极坐标曲线表征舰船规则波浪中的横摇特性,从而给出了规则波浪下舰船耦合动力学所描述的运动特征.     

基于二维半理论的船舶水动压力预报方法研究

  目的  为了研究船舶在波浪中运动预报的非线性切片方法,从线性时域切片方法出发进行初步探究。  方法  在切片假设前提下,推导二维剖面满足的边界条件,求解二维剖面的水动力系数,进而求解全船的受力及运动响应,并采用方向导数的数值差分方法计算速度势沿船长的偏导数。计算Wigley I船的水动力系数及KVLCC2船、8 000 TEU集装箱船的运动响应,并与其他相关方法的计算值及试验值开展对比研究。  结果  结果显示,所得结果与模型试验结果总体上吻合良好,具有良好的适用性。  结论  所做研究对后续开展船舶非线性时域切片运动预报具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Effect of ship bow overhang on water shipping for ship advancing in regular head waves

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation dealing with the effect of bow overhang extensions on the quantity of shipping water over the foredeck in case of ships advancing in regular head waves. To perform this investigation, a series of free-running tests was conducted in regular waves using an experimental model of a multipurpose cargo ship to quantify the amount of shipping water. The tests were performed on five bow overhang variants with several combinations of wavelength and ship speed conditions. It was observed that the quantity of shipping water was affected by some parameters such as wavelength, ship speed, and bow shape in terms of an overhang extension. The results show the significant influence of an overhang extension, which is associated with the bow flare shape, on the occurrence of water shipping. These results involve the combined incoming regular waves and model speed.     

船舶拖航系统六自由度操纵运动仿真

研究拖航作业操纵运动对于提高拖航作业的安全性有重要意义,采用MMG分离式船舶运动数学模型,结合拖缆的悬链线张力计算模型,建立由拖轮、拖缆、被拖轮组成的拖航系统六自由度操纵运动模型,编制仿真程序,通过数值计算,对该系统操纵运动进行仿真模拟。以拖轮和导管架驳船的拖航运动为例,分析拖缆长度、拖航速度对拖航系统操纵运动及拖航航向稳定性的影响,模拟该系统在风、浪、流影响下的操纵运动,运动数据实时解算,为在视景模拟平台上进行作业预演,规避拖航作业风险提供理论指导。     

船舶拖航系统六自由度操纵运动仿真

研究拖航作业操纵运动对于提高拖航作业的安全性有重要意义,采用MMG分离式船舶运动数学模型,结合拖缆的悬链线张力计算模型,建立由拖轮、拖缆、被拖轮组成的拖航系统六自由度操纵运动模型,编制仿真程序,通过数值计算,对该系统操纵运动进行仿真模拟。以拖轮和导管架驳船的拖航运动为例,分析拖缆长度、拖航速度对拖航系统操纵运动及拖航航向稳定性的影响,模拟该系统在风、浪、流影响下的操纵运动,运动数据实时解算,为在视景模拟平台上进行作业预演,规避拖航作业风险提供理论指导。     

舰船操纵运动时高频波浪力的算例

  目的  切片理论方法在舰船耐波性设计中有着广泛的工程应用,该方法是针对切片平均位置来计算水动力,本质上缺少船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇的运动耦合性。为有效耦合船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇的运动,  方法  基于广义纵倾角和广义吃水增量的参数,以及船体坐标系下瞬时波面方程的解析表达式,以满足波面处压力为零的条件修正波面下压力分布的计算公式（史密斯效应）;基于波面方程和压力分布修正公式,给出瞬时波面下船体切片的静水力与傅汝德-克雷洛夫波浪扰动力之和的计算方法,惯性水动力和阻尼力则采用经验公式估算。建立船体垂荡、纵摇与横摇耦合的时变系数动力学方程,采用AutoCAD图形面域技术开发计算软件,数值计算规则波浪中舰船的耦合摇荡运动。  结果  数值计算结果表明,大波高时横摇幅频曲线呈现出较为显著的因摇荡耦合导致的非线性效应,同时在横摇共振区内有明显的波浪传播方向的横摇偏摇现象。  结论  所得计算方法对于舰船高海况下的耐波性预报将产生积极的作用,计算软件可以作为耐波性设计选型的评估手段。     

Large-amplitude motion responses of a Ro–Ro ship to regular oblique waves in intact and damaged conditions

This article presents a nonlinear time-domain simulation method for the prediction of large-amplitude motions of a Ro–Ro ship in regular oblique waves in an intact and a damaged condition. Numerical computations and model tests have been carried out to investigate the dynamic motion responses of Ro–Ro ship Dextra to various wave amplitudes at three different wave headings. The results of numerical and experimental investigations for stern quartering waves are reviewed. Comparisons between predictions and measurements show good agreement except in the roll-resonant region. Nonlinear effects are significant in horizontal modes of motion, and resonant roll motion, and there is strong coupling between all modes of motion in the roll-resonant region for large-amplitude responses. On the other hand, the time-domain simulation technique suffers from numerical drift in horizontal modes of motion as wave amplitude increases. This is due to nonlinear equations of motion and the lack of a restoring force and moment in horizontal motion. Received: April 30, 2002 / Accepted: August 9, 2002 Acknowledgments. II Programme of the European Community Commission under contract No. BRPR-CT97-0513. Address correspondence to: H.S. Chan (hoi-sang.chan@ncl.ac.uk)     

规则波浪中舰船不规则摇荡运动计算分析

采用舰船波浪中操纵性基本方法建立操纵与摇荡耦合动力学方程,简化后得到摇荡耦合动力学方程.针对文献资料进行了舰船规则斜浪中航向保持运动模拟,结果显示,规则波浪中操纵与摇荡耦合运动响应出现不规则摇荡运动现象,而摇荡耦合运动响应则不出现不规则摇荡运动现象.通过对遭遇频率的频谱分析,得到规则波浪中操纵与摇荡耦合运动的不规则响应...     

船舶在随机波浪中的运动稳定性研究

我国航运非常发达,船舶航行的安全和稳定性是人们一直最为关注的问题。船舶航行的环境是随机非线性变化的,环境的随机性和非线性是研究船舶稳定性的两大难点。本文在传统的白噪声的基础上,将参数激励看成是有界噪声,研究船舶在横浪和纵浪情况下稳定性,仿真实验,结果表明,船舶在随机波浪中的稳定性可以通过改变航速和航行方向进行控制。     

Numerical and experimental motion simulations of nonsymmetric ship collisions

A calculation model to simulate nonsymmetric ship collisions, implying an arbitrary impact location and collision angle, is described in the paper. The model that is introduced is based on the time integration of twelve equations of motion, six for each ship. The motions of the ships are linked together by a mutual contact force. The contact force is evaluated as an integral over the surface tractions at the contact interface. The calculation model provides full time histories of the ship motions and the acting forces. Physical understanding of the underlying phenomena was obtained by a series of model-scale experiments in which a striking ship collided with an initially motionless struck ship. In this paper, numerical simulations of four nonsymmetric collisions are presented and the calculations are validated with the results of the experiments.     

规则波作用下淤泥质泥沙起动试验研究

选取浙江舟山近岸淤泥质泥沙为研究对象,采用规则波对淤泥质泥沙的起动进行水槽试验研究。结果表明,淤泥质泥沙具有薄层轻微悬扬、表层个体剥离、泥团卷起悬扬3种典型的起动状态,同一水深下的泥沙起动波高随波周期的增大而递减。以泥团卷起悬扬状态作为判断淤泥质泥沙起动的标准,佐藤公式、窦国仁公式计算的起动波高均与本文试验值总体上接近,可将两家公式计算结果的平均值用于淤泥质泥沙起动波高的估算。泥团卷起悬扬状态下过程最大含沙量往往在0.8～2.0 kg/m~3,过程最大含沙量随临界切应力增大而呈现明显的指数递增关系。研究成果便于深入了解淤泥质海岸地区泥沙在波浪环境下的水力特性,同时可为海岸泥沙数模计算及工程分析的参数选取提供参考。     

S-175集装箱船在规则波浪中运动的六自由度运动预报

由于海风、波浪和其他干扰因素的影响,船舶在航行过程中会产生复杂的运动,具有非线性和随机性特征。船舶运动预报在船舶避撞、减摇控制等领域具有重大意义。本文以船舶自身为参考,建立船舶坐标系o-xyz,从船舶三自由度平面、横摇、纵摇、垂荡对船舶受力情况进行数学分析,提出规则波浪下S-175集装箱船运动预报模型。     

舵速对船舶波浪中回转及横摇的影响

基于经典MMG模型和统一理论建立操纵性和横摇四自由度耦合模型,利用耦合模型叠加波浪力的方式来预报船舶波浪中的回转和横摇特性。波浪力采用三维面元法计算,并根据船舶实时速度和遭遇浪向进行二维插值。通过自航模试验进行模型验证,预报了不同操舵速度对船舶回转和横摇的影响。研究表明耦合模型能够有效地仿真船舶的回转及横摇,回转过程中操舵速度越大船舶改变航向和航迹的能力越强,纵距越小,但会给船舶造成较大的横摇。     

波浪中破损船舶的运动响应研究

波浪中破损船舶的运动会同时受到波浪激励和进出水的影响,而船体运动也会影响进出水过程,二者的相互影响机理十分复杂.本文重点研究波浪中破舱进出水对船舶运动响应的影响,文中首先基于势流理论建立了考虑破舱进出水的4DOF(横荡-垂荡-横摇-纵摇)相互耦合时域预报方法,在计算中假设舱内的液面水平,利用修正的伯努利方程模拟破舱进/出水,利用Ikeda's经验公式修正阻尼系数.然后以一艘ITTC破损稳性标模为例,研究了波浪中考虑破舱进出水的数学模型以及破舱进出水对运动响应的影响,并研究了不同自由度、破舱口位置对运动响应的影响.研究表明,本文基于势流理论建立的时域预报方法可以定量的预报破损船舶的运动响应.     

迎浪规则波中波浪增阻和船体垂向运动的数值预报(英文)

The numerical prediction of added resistance and vertical ship motions of one ITTC (International Towing Tank Conference) S-175 containership in regular head waves by our own in-house unsteady RANS solver naoe-FOAM-SL JTU is presented in this paper. The development of the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is based on the open source CFD tool, OpenFOAM. Numerical analysis is focused on the added resistance and vertical ship motions (heave and pitch motions) with four very different wavelengths (0.8Lpp≤λ≤1.5Lpp) in regular head waves. Once the wavelength is near the length of the ship model, the responses of the resistance and ship motions become strongly influenced by nonlinear factors, as a result difficulties within simulations occur. In the paper, a comparison of the experimental results and the nonlinear strip theory was reviewed and based on the findings, the RANS simulations by the solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU were considered competent with the prediction of added resistance and vertical ship motions in a wide range of wave lengths.     

顶浪规则波中小水线面双体船纵向运动特性数值分析

基于RANS方程和VOF模型求解船体粘性兴波流场,采用Overset技术处理船体运动,开展了小水线面双体船(Small Waterplane Area Twin Hulls,SWATH)迎浪规则波中运动响应特性及其产生机理的研究.通过数值计算结果与模型试验结果的对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性;在此基础上,分析了船体运动响应曲线中各峰值产生的原因及片体间相互干扰对SWATH船在波浪中运动响应的影响,发现其中一个峰值出现的原因为遭遇频率接近船体运动固有频率,由此发生共振;另一个峰值的出现则可能与SWATH特殊的船型及附体配置有关.由于SWATH船片体间的水动力干扰效应,SWATH船在波浪中运动响应峰值较单个片体响应峰值明显减小,且出现的位置向低频方向移动.     

顶浪规则波中小水线面双体船纵向运动特性数值分析

基于RANS方程和VOF模型求解船体粘性兴波流场,采用Overset技术处理船体运动,开展了小水线面双体船(Small Waterplane Area Twin Hulls,SWATH)迎浪规则波中运动响应特性及其产生机理的研究。通过数值计算结果与模型试验结果的对比分析,验证了本文方法的有效性;在此基础上,分析了船体运动响应曲线中各峰值产生的原因及片体间相互干扰对SWATH船在波浪中运动响应的影响,发现其中一个峰值出现的原因为遭遇频率接近船体运动固有频率,由此发生共振;另一个峰值的出现则可能与SWATH特殊的船型及附体配置有关。由于SWATH船片体间的水动力干扰效应,SWATH船在波浪中运动响应峰值较单个片体响应峰值明显减小,且出现的位置向低频方向移动。