Simulation of city bus performance based on actual urban driving cycle in China

This paper establishes the simulation model of a city bus on the basis of the EQ6110 bus prototype and its experimental data. According to the actual urban driving cycle, the fuel economy and the traction performance of the EQ6110 city bus have been simulated, and factors such as the driving cycle, the loss of power to engine accessories, the gear-shifting strategy, the fuel shut-off strategy of the engine, etc., which influence on the bus’s fuel economy, are also quantitatively analyzed. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) driving cycles have a great influence on the fuel economy of a city bus; (2) under the typical urban driving cycle of the public bus in China, the engine fuel shut-off strategy can save about 1 to 1.5 percent of the fuel consumption; and (3) the optimized gear-shifting rules can save 6.7 percent of the fuel consumption. Experimental results verify that the fuel economy for the EQ6110 public bus is improved by 7.2 pecent over the actual Wuhan urban driving cycle of the current public bus in China.     

Matlab-based modeling,simulation and design package for Eletric,Hydraulic and Flywheel hybrid powertrains of a city bus

In this paper a package for designing, modelling and simulation of three hybrid powertrains are presented. These powertrains are Electric hybrid, Hydraulic hybrid and Flywheel hybrid. The differences among the proposed hybrid powertrains include the energy storage system components, the secondary power converter and also the powertrain configuration. The O457 city bus is considered as the benchmark vehicle. At first, the design process for each hybrid powertrain which is based on the power requirements of the bus in any driving condition is presented. Then, the powertrains modelling using MATLAB/Simulink as a powerful simulating tool is presented. The models are feed-forward and resemble the real world driving conditions. Each model has the blocks for the main components of the corresponding propulsion system. The most important stage in the modeling process is implementing of the components efficiency in each powertrain. Moreover, there is a block in each hybrid powertrain model for the energy management. Finally, the simulation results for comparing the usefulness of the hybrid powertrains are presented. The results indicate that the electric hybrid powertrain has the most effect on reducing the bus fuel consumption. But regarding the fabrication expenses and manufacturing complexity, the hydraulic hybrid powertrain is recommended.     

LNG-电混合动力公交车发动机实际运行工况分析

重型汽车实际运行排放与发动机排放型式核准台架测试结果间的差异主要在于二者的测试工况不同。以广州市在用的一款LNG-电混合动力公交车为研究对象,在公交线路上开展整车实际道路测试,通过PEMS,CAN总线实时采集测试车辆车速、发动机转速和扭矩等数据,统计分析该车辆发动机实际工况的分布特征,并与ETC工况和WHTC工况进行比较分析。结果表明,因受动力控制策略、限速、公交车运行规律等影响,该混合动力公交车发动机实际运行工况主要分布在中小转速区,在中小扭矩区时间占比较大,不同于排放型式核准发动机台架测试瞬态工况ETC主要分布在中高转速与中高扭矩区,也不同于WHTC工况主要分布在中等转速区、在中等与偏小的扭矩区分布较均匀。相比于ETC工况,WHTC工况在发动机平均转速、平均功率和怠速比例等工况特征参数与该公交车发动机实际运行工况较为接近。     

电-气串联混合动力客车动力系统方案设计

基于对电-气串联混合动力客车运行目标驾驶循环的分析,对动力系统进行了方案设计。对混合动力系统的构型进行了设计,并基于城市公交驾驶循环对动力系统的主要零部件(发动机、发电机、电动机、蓄电池)进行选型计算。建立了整车仿真模型,对整车零部件的选型结果进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,所设计的动力系统方案可以满足整车动力性和经济性要求。     

Effect of various LPG supply systems on exhaust particle emission in spark-ignited combustion engine

The particle size distribution and particle number (PN) concentration emitted by internal combustion engine are a subject of significant environmental concern because of their adverse health effects and environmental impact. This subject has recently attracted the attention of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). In 2007, the UN-ECE GRPE PMP proposed a new method to measure particle emissions in the diluted exhaust of automotive engines and a regulation limit (<6.0×10¹¹ #/km, number of particles). The specific PN regulation of spark-ignited combustion engine will be regulated starting on September 1, 2014 (EURO 6). In this study, three types of LPG supply systems (a mixer system and a multi-point injection system with gas-phase or liquid-phase LPG fuel) were used for a comparison of the particulate emission characteristics, including the nano-sized particle number density. Each of the three LPG vehicles with various LPG injection systems contained a multi-cylinder engine with same displacement volumes of 2,000 cm³ and a three-way catalytic converter. The test fuel that was used in this study for the spark-ignited combustion engine was n-butane basis LPG fuel, which is primarily used for taxi vehicles in Korea. The characteristics of nano-particle size distribution and number concentration of particle sizes ranging from 20 to 1,000 nm (aerodynamic diameter) that were emitted from the three LPG vehicles with various LPG supply systems were investigated by using a condensation particle counter (CPC), which is recommended by the PMP under both the NEDC and FTP-75 test modes on a chassis dynamometer. The experimental results indicate that the PN emission characteristics that were obtained by the CPC system using the PMP procedure are sufficiently reliable compared to other regulated emissions. Additionally, the sources of PN emissions in ascending order of magnitude are as follows: mixer type, gas-phase LPG injection (LPGi) and liquid-phase LPG injection (LPLi) passenger vehicles. The liquid-phase LPG injection system produced relatively large particle sizes and number concentrations compared to the gaseous system, regardless of the vehicle driving cycle. This phenomenon can be explained by unburned micro-fuel droplets that were generated due to a relatively short homogeneous fuel-air mixture duration in the engine intake manifold. Also the particle number emissions from the LPG vehicle were influenced by the vehicle driving cycle.     

基于多种循环工况的混合动力客车制动能量回收对燃油经济贡献率的研究

建立再生制动能量回收的数学模型和试验评价方法,并针对某一并联混合动力城市客车,选择四种典型城市循环工况进行试验分析,得到不同行驶工况下混合动力客车的制动能量回收对整车燃油经济性的贡献率,对混合动力汽车的前期开发具有参考作用.     

Energy management and design optimization for a series-parallel PHEV city bus

Series-parallel PHEV city buses combine the advantages of series and parallel configurations and have been used in China. However, the design and energy management of series-parallel PHEV city buses based on Chinese driving conditions still need to be investigated. In this paper, an equivalent consumption minimization strategy is provided to optimize energy management for series-parallel PHEV city buses, and the process of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy for series-parallel is presented in this paper. Compared with the validated rule-based energy control strategy, ECMS shows a fuel economy improvement of 8.2 % in the CBCD (Chinese Bus Driving Cycle). Based on the optimal energy management, a design for a generator motor in the series-parallel configuration has been processed. The fuel consumption has been shown to decrease, with an increase in generator power, because the system with the higher generator power can work at a higher efficiency in the series mode and operate the engine in the high efficiency area in the parallel mode. Besides, in terms of costof- ownership for a PHEV bus for lifetime of 8 years, although the high generator power will lead to high purchase cost for series-parallel PHEV bus, a series-parallel PHEV city bus with a generator of 100 kW maximum power will still show small advantage in cost-of-ownership, based on current motor price and natural gas price.     

GPF对实际行驶污染物排放的影响研究

基于一辆国五升级以应对国六排放标准的TGDI车辆,通过车载排放测试系统研究了安装/未装GPF在实际行驶(RDE)测试工况下排放的变化,以探究GPF对RDE污染物排放的影响,并对TGDI车辆国六升级进行建议。结果表明:安装GPF可有效过滤PN排放,尤其在低转速、高负荷的发动机运行工况,可将PN排放降低两个数量级,PN捕获效率超过99%;对于TGDI车辆而言,安装GPF后RDE总行程的PN排放降低到未装GPF时的2.5%以下,因此GPF成为此类车辆可否满足国六排放测试的关键后处理装置;在国五TGDI车辆升级国六过程中,仅升级GPF可能会引起其他污染物排放(如NOx)的恶化,对于本车而言,安装GPF影响了RDE行程中催化器温度,最终导致总行程NOx排放的上升。     

城市客车行驶工况数据分析

以济南城市客车行驶工况为研究对象，通过使用数据监测记录仪采集发动机的运行数据，利用以数理统计相关理论为指导的解析方法和应用计算机辅助软件Matlab，从整车动力性和经济性角度对车辆行驶工况进行详细的数据分析，并总结归纳出适合城市客车行驶工况的良好驾驶操作习惯。     

超级电容并联式混合动力客车的能量消耗试验与计算

介绍采用超级电容作为储能系统的并联式混合动力客车的动力系统结构和原理,并对该车做一般城市实际公交工况的油耗试验以及中国典型城市公交工况下的油耗试验。油耗试验结果经计算表明,该车具有较好的节油效果。     

基于工况分析的混合动力系统设计

通过对上海典型城市工况循环的构建与分析得到了目标车型的基本行驶参数,并分析了加减速过程中整车能量消耗、功率消耗的分布情况。对该车混合动力系统控制策略进行了优化,并在ECE+EUDC联合工况下分别以混合动力模式和传统车模式进行了仿真对比。结果表明,以混合动力模式运行时,整车能够及时跟踪期望车速,并且能按预期目标实现发动机托动、怠速停机、加速助力和制动能量回收功能;该动力系统方案下混合动力运行模式比传统运行模式燃油经济性提高12%以上。     

基于模糊控制理论并联混合动力城市客车控制策略研究

简单介绍模糊控制理论及其特点,并以汽车请求转矩与发动机当前转速下转矩的差值和电池SOC值为输入、发动机期望转矩为输出设计某并联混合动力城市客车的模糊控制策略,分别采用电机辅助式控制策略和所设计的模糊控制策略进行仿真,比较两种控制策略的效果。     

Simulation of a powertrain system for the diesel hybrid electric bus

The plug-in hybrid electric bus (HEB) is designed to overcome the vulnerable driving range and performance limitations of a purely electric vehicle (EV) and have an improved fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions than those of a conventional bus and convention HEBs. The control strategy of the plug-in parallel HEB??s complicated connected propulsion system is one of the most significant factors for achieving a higher fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions than those of the HEV. The proposed powertrain control strategy has flexibility in adapting to the battery??s state of charge (SOC), exhaust emissions, classified driving patterns, driving conditions, and engine temperature. Simulation is required to model hybrid powertrain systems and test and develop powertrain control strategies for the plug-in parallel HEB. This paper describes the simulation analysis tools, powertrain components?? models and modifications, simulation procedure, and simulation results.     

Application study on a control strategy for a hybrid electric public bus

This paper first describes the control strategy used in a hybrid electric public bus and then proposes a torque-balancing control strategy. Simulations were performed using the designed control strategies, and the results were analyzed under different conditions. The torque-balancing control strategy was improved on the basis of the efficiency-first ideas of the hybrid system. Finally, experiments were performed to verify that the efficiency-first and torque-balancing control strategy (EFCS) is both feasible and reliable. The simulation results showed that, compared with a conventional public bus, the hybrid electric bus could save approximately 27.3 percent on fuel consumption using the EFCS control strategy in a public bus in China, while under the Wuhan urban driving cycle.     

基于国六标准工况的重型柴油机PN排放特性研究

搭建柴油机排放测试平台,探究某重型柴油机在国六阶段瞬态循环和稳态循环试验中颗粒数目的排放特性。结果表明:无论是瞬态循环还是稳态循环,柴油机颗粒数排放都与其DPF碳载量密切相关。     

城市公交车内儿童乘员头部损伤的有限元分析

基于已验证的具有详细解剖学结构的头部模型和儿童假人身体有限元模型,构建了具有高计算效率的6岁儿童混合人体有限元模型,结合构建的城市公交车整车有限元模型,选取儿童乘坐公交车时的4个典型位置,对公交车紧急制动和正面碰撞工况下的儿童头部损伤进行了仿真.结果表明,公交车正常行驶紧急制动时头部不会损伤,但在有交通事故发生碰撞时可...     

机械式自动变速器在城市客车上的应用前景

汽车变速器的主要功能是扩大发动机传至汽车驱动轮上的扭矩和转速变化范围,以适应不同使用条件的要求。在分析手动机械式变速器给公共汽车带来的不良影响的基础上,介绍了机械自动变速器(AMT)的原理、特点及关键技术,并展望其在公共汽车上的应用前景。     

后置发动机客车机舱空间温度场的试验研究

通过整车道路试验和不同工况的转鼓试验台试验,实测了不同环境、不同整车负载情况下,后置式发动机客车机舱内温度场的分布规律并进行了对比分析,研究了环境温度、机舱内的温度、发动机的工作状况等参数对发动机出水温度、热负荷的影响,提出了基于机舱温度的整车冷却系统沸腾风温评价指标,为后置式发动机客车的冷却系统设计提供了依据。     

城市客车GTL燃料的全生命周期分析

通过发动机台架试验和道路运行,比较了城市客车使用天然气合成柴油(GTL)和普通柴油的能耗与排放;结合燃料生产阶段和运输过程的数据,分析和比较了两种燃料在城市客车上应用的全生命周期指标.结果表明,与柴油相比,在全生命周期内GTC的总能耗增加63%,石油消耗降低91%,排放有所恶化;而在车辆应用阶段,GTL在不同程度上改善了车辆的性能,其中以质量计的燃料经济性改善5%,VOC,NOx,CO,PM和SOx等排放均有大幅度的降低.     

液压混合动力公交车动力性能仿真与试验研究

将EQ6110公交车改造为并联式液压混合动力公交车,基础车的动力系统不作改变,建立了液压混合动力公交车模型,对液压系统独立工作时的驱动和制动性能进行了仿真及实车试验,为系统的参数匹配提供依据.采用简化公交循环工况的实车试验表明,动力性能满足起步和制动要求,燃油经济性改善达25%以上;另外,仿真结果也表明,动力性能可以满足国家典型公交行驶循环下的起步和制动性要求,制动再生效率达70%,燃油经济性改善达30%.