Manpower supply and demand of ocean deck officers in Taiwan

This study adopted a 5-year moving average to calculate the transition probability of deck officers in Taiwan from 1993–1998 at different levels in the hierarchy. An absorbing Markov transition matrix was also constructed to forecast the terms of seniority and the annual supply of deck officers. In addition, this work applied the GM (1,1) model of Grey theory to forecast the annual demand of deck officers, and used cross analysis to investigate the manpower supply and demand of ocean deck officers in Taiwan. Results in this study can provide a valuable reference for pertinent authorities when determining the manpower policy of shipping companies in Taiwan.     

The seafaring labour market in Brazil

The most recent reports on the supply and demand for seafarers suggest that there is an increasing lack of officers for the expanding world's merchant fleet. With a focus on Brazil, this paper discusses a particular seafaring labour market highlighting specific challenges that need to be overcome. The paper looks into the current condition of the imbalance in Brazilian seafaring labour market as well as the prospects for merchant marine officers from the only two maritime schools in the country. Key issues on demand forecast and supply expectation, policy amendment, promoting maritime career, sea career commitment and maritime career empowerment are discussed to illustrate possible means to overcome the imbalance.     

A case study related to the improvement of working and rest hours of oil tanker deck officers

Navigation safety on coastal waters is an extremely important issue. Fatigue is an important factor threatening navigation safety. Considering that the vessel type is an oil tanker, such a threat is not posed only to the crew but also to the environment. Most of the tankers navigating coastal waters are in the small tanker category. Therefore, this study examined the working and resting hours of the deck officers in the oil tankers navigating coastal waters. The study utilized the ISF Watchkeeper 3 program for assessing and interpreting the working periods. The study reached the conclusion that the first and second officers in particular are working under unsuitable conditions. To improve the working conditions of the deck officers, effects of additional cargo officer on board was investigated. This study is in quality of recommendation. The study elucidated that the cargo officer practice determines the working and resting hours of deck officers, in the work on the oil tankers, and compliance with the related conventions.     

Impact of special shipping across the Taiwan Straits on the employment of Taiwanese ship officers

Nowhere else in the world are there marine transportations highly confined than across the Taiwan Straits (mainland China and Taiwan). This study strives to explore the present employment status of Taiwanese ship officers under the influence of special shipping across the Taiwan Straits, and to make sure if such an employment trend has a negative impact on the future operating mode of Taiwan shipping companies. By means of field interview and questionnaire, this study collected the employment data of ship officers from 21 leading shipping companies in Taiwan, and made a statistical analysis. The research findings show that the existing cross-strait shipping relationship, which is seriously distorted by the hostility between the governments of Taiwan and mainland China across the Taiwan Straits, has made Taiwanese shipping companies turn to flagging-out in order to enter the extensive shipping market of mainland China. This leads to a decline of job opportunities for Taiwanese ship officers. Ironically, the ship officers from mainland China pose a biggest threat to those in Taiwan in this respect. In addition, the operating modes of Taiwanese shipping companies also change gradually in tune with the increasing number of non-Taiwanese ship officers (mainly those from mainland China).     

Impact of special shipping across the Taiwan Straits on the employment of Taiwanese ship officers

Nowhere else in the world are there marine transportations highly confined than across the Taiwan Straits (mainland China and Taiwan). This study strives to explore the present employment status of Taiwanese ship officers under the influence of special shipping across the Taiwan Straits, and to make sure if such an employment trend has a negative impact on the future operating mode of Taiwan shipping companies. By means of field interview and questionnaire, this study collected the employment data of ship officers from 21 leading shipping companies in Taiwan, and made a statistical analysis. The research findings show that the existing cross-strait shipping relationship, which is seriously distorted by the hostility between the governments of Taiwan and mainland China across the Taiwan Straits, has made Taiwanese shipping companies turn to flagging-out in order to enter the extensive shipping market of mainland China. This leads to a decline of job opportunities for Taiwanese ship officers. Ironically, the ship officers from mainland China pose a biggest threat to those in Taiwan in this respect. In addition, the operating modes of Taiwanese shipping companies also change gradually in tune with the increasing number of non-Taiwanese ship officers (mainly those from mainland China).     

PSC数据中船龄与缺陷相关性的可视化挖掘

基于台湾某四港近8年来PSC工作的电子数据记录,对船舶缺陷与船龄进行关联分析,提取其间相关特征,提出一套行之有效的可视化数据挖掘方法,为提高港口国检查工作效率提供了一个科学、高效的定量方法。     

基于交通条件改善的公路网交通生成预测方法研究

以经济、人口、车辆保有和广义出行时间为基本变量,采用回归分析方法建立交通生成预测模型,从而在交通生成阶段中考虑了交通出行条件改善的影响,将交通生成预测和诱增交通预测两者结合,既考虑了社会经济对交通的决定作用,又考虑了交通供给对交通生成的反作用。模型应用于江苏省高速公路网规划实践,结果表明,模型能够反映不同地区经济、人口、车辆保有以及交通条件等因素对各地区交通生成特性的差异,并且具有实用、精度高、可操作性强的特点。     

Who mans the world fleet? A follow-up to the BIMCO/ ISF manpower survey

This article uncovers that the BIMCO/ISF manpower survey, both in its data collection and methodology, could be improved upon. It suggests that there is no lack of seafarers in number, but in quality. The major potential supply/demand countries are identified. China has not only the potential to become, it has actually become, a top manpower supplier. Some traditional maritime nations, with the decreasing demands of their national fleets, have become labour supply country, which could contribute in excess of 44000 seafarers to foreign ships. There is a need and opportunity for co-operation on maritime training between suppliers and demanders.     

Job satisfaction and personality of Merchant Navy officers

Until recently little research had been carried out into job satisfaction of seafarers. Wastage in the shipping industry is higher than most other industries and although some improvements have been made to working conditions and facilities the wastage is still very high.

During the last two decades shipping technology has changed drastically, necessitated by changing economic factors, resulting in the need for highly trained personnel. Training costs are high, particularly for officers, and could be reduced if efficient selection processes were employed.

The project is designed to study perceived and implied (calculated) job satisfaction of officers who have served in the Merchant Navy for five years or more. Gone are the days of high port-time/sea-time ratios due to increased port and labour costs. Consequently seafarers may be confined together for longer periods at sea such that a different type of personality may be required to survive the stresses and strains of such a way of life. The project also attempted to discover whether the personalitics of the seafaring officers differ from those of the shoreside population and whether personality is related to job satisfaction at sea.

The project took the form of a survey by applying a questionnaire to Merchant Navy deck, engineer and radio officers at nautical educational establishments between September and October 1978.

The results showed that the majority of officers have a moderately high level of perceived job satisfaction whereas implied satisfaction was comparatively low. The personality of officers was found to be significantly different from that of the shoreside population in almost 50% of the 31 personality scales measured. There were also found to be differences between the personalities of deck and engineer officers.

A correlational study indicated that the personality of the Merchant Navy officer is related to overall job satisfaction.     

Sea-going labour and Greek owned fleet: a major aspect of fleet competitiveness

This analysis aims to examine the current picture of maritime manpower in the Greek registered and owned fleet, as it has been formed during the post-war years. This objective entails the analysis of the current supply and demand for seafarers, the estimation of any shortfalls and their confrontation. Moreover, this study further investigates the contributory factors of the present employment trends, which simultaneously constitute special problems of the sea manpower of the Greek owned fleet and attempt some recommendations. In the context of the above mentioned objective, this analysis emphasizes issues such as recruitment, marine education and wastage. Furthermore, special consideration is given to the significance of labour costs for the development of the Greek owned fleet, particularly to subjects such as the various ways of reducing manning costs and their repercussions on the employment of Greek seamen. Finally, this analysis examines the trends of the state shipping policy concerning labour issues and proceeds to some recommendations.     

Code of behaviour at sea: women seafarers’ shipboard identity management

The employment of women on cargo ships, particularly at officer’s level, is paid more attention in order to supplement the shortage of qualified officers. However, seafaring jobs are still overwhelmingly dominated by men, and there seems to be gender-related challenges for women in such work environment. Women seafarers in this research are those who work in the ship operational sections on cargo ships as deck officers, engineers or radio officers. A total of 36 female and 8 male seafarers from eight different countries participated in the project and shared their experiences of working on board ships. The research revealed that the occupational culture of seafaring often reflects masculine norms and values which could affect women seafarers’ behaviour and attitudes. This paper further explores how women manage such situations on board by utilising various strategies in order to avoid gender-related problems. This study identifies a typical pattern of women seafarers’ identity management and creates a model of women’s strategic shifting patterns over time.     

Sea-going labour and Greek owned fleet: a major aspect of fleet competitiveness

This analysis aims to examine the current picture of maritime manpower in the Greek registered and owned fleet, as it has been formed during the post-war years. This objective entails the analysis of the current supply and demand for seafarers, the estimation of any shortfalls and their confrontation. Moreover, this study further investigates the contributory factors of the present employment trends, which simultaneously constitute special problems of the sea manpower of the Greek owned fleet and attempt some recommendations. In the context of the above mentioned objective, this analysis emphasizes issues such as recruitment, marine education and wastage. Furthermore, special consideration is given to the significance of labour costs for the development of the Greek owned fleet, particularly to subjects such as the various ways of reducing manning costs and their repercussions on the employment of Greek seamen. Finally, this analysis examines the trends of the state shipping policy concerning labour issues and proceeds to some recommendations.     

驾驶员不能胜任GMDSS操作员工作原因及解决对策

针对目前我国驾驶员不能完全胜任GMDSS操作员工作的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的解决对策。     

An influence model in seafaring choice for Taiwan navigation students

The severe shrinkage of available national ship officers in Taiwan over the last several years forces the Taiwan shipping industry to confront a threat to its future development. This study develops and tests the influence models of seafaring choice using structural equation modelling in order to investigate the factors influencing seafaring choices and their corresponding influence paths for Taiwan navigation students. Results reveal that navigation students consider pay, specific natures of seafaring, advice from families and friends, and personal interests when making career choices. Moreover, the influence path model proposed by this study shows that navigation students' intentions to enter seafaring are both directly and indirectly affected by several subjective and objective factors. Further, some suggestions based on the findings of this study are submitted to facilitate their intentions to work aboard ships after graduation.     

An analysis of seasonality of non-OPEC supply

The purpose of this study is first to find out whether quarterly averages of non-OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) supply follow a seasonal pattern. If that is mathematically established, then, second, it is attempted to estimate the best seasonal factors to decompose the forecast yearly average into quarterly averages. A set of historical data consisting of quarterly supply averages of individual countries, regional subtotals and the aggregate non-OPEC supply for the period 1973-2002 forms the basis of the analysis. The study applies Fourier analysis to quarterly supply series to test for seasonality, and provides estimates of seasonal factors for the years 2000-2002 by applying the so-called X-11 decomposition method to the historical annual averages. The accuracy of the results of the application of X-11 is then tested. It is demonstrated that the combination of the Fourier and X-11 methods provides mostly acceptable and in some cases, such as that of China, impressively accurate forecast quarterly supply averages.     

准确确定海船初稳性高度界限面及综合稳性界限面的方法探讨

本文介绍了确定船舶初稳性高度界限面和综合稳性界限面的准确方法，通过对初稳性高度界限面问题的讨论，完善了载荷变动求取船舶初稳性高度变化量及改变载荷调整船舶初稳性高度的理论计算公式，并为船舶驾驶员在载荷变动时判断船舶初稳性高度的变化情况提供了准确可靠的方法。通过对船舶综合稳性界限面问题的讨论，建立了改变载荷求取船舶综合稳性变化量及调整船舶综合稳性的理论计算公式，为船舶驾驶员在载荷变动时判断船舶综合稳性的变化情况提供了准确可靠的方法。     

驾驶员进行轮机模拟器培训的可行性分析

通过对我国船员知识结构和航运市场对船员的素质要求进行分析,认为驾驶员进行轮机模拟器培训,对提高自动化和轮机管理水平是非常有必要的,也是可行的。     

自由贸易港背景下海南液化天然气（LNG）接收站建设思路

2022年是重塑全球能源市场的一年,短期来看,LNG增量有限,供需处于紧平衡态势,供应相对紧张,为满足未来LNG需求,需加大供应侧投资力度,以提高市场供需适配性。从长远来看,全球向低碳转型的进程需要天然气来平衡系统,为此,天然气需要实现脱碳,尤其是在工业、运输和供暖等电气化难度较高的行业。海南靠近东南亚、东北亚主航线,为海上能源通道南海第1站,勇担着能源安全保供重任。通过分析市场需求,提出海南液化天然气（LNG）接收站建设思路,保障国家能源安全。     

Regression modelling of the employment durations of UK seafaring officers in 1999

This paper presents the results of an econometric analysis of the duration of voyages undertaken by NUMAST deck and engineer officers in 1998-1999. Earlier papers examined the employment profile of the officers, and compared voyage patterns across organization type, company nationality, flag of registry, and ship type. Analysis of the various cross-tabulations of employment duration appeared to show that the key driver is ship type. Using regression analysis, it is shown that ship type does indeed have a significant influence on duration, as does ship size. Flag, organizational type and company type were all found to be statistically unimportant.     

随浪航行中的船舶危险性分析

随浪中航行安全是船舶大风浪安全航行研究的重要内容,随浪中船舶稳性也是船舶开航前安全评估所必须考虑的要因之一。通过对随浪航行中船舶稳性损失及船舶状态的分析,阐明稳性的计算公式和随浪航行中的应变对策,以期为研究随浪航行的学者和从事船舶操纵的驾驶人员提供参考依据。