The concept of “shipowner” under new maritime labor law (MLC, 2006): does the shipowner own the ship? (comparative analysis of national law of Denmark,Finland, Germany,Norway, and the United Kingdom)

The identification of the responsible shipowner is essential for seafarers in order to claim payments and compensation in respect of their employment on board a ship. Often this may be difficult because of corporate arrangements and the many intermediaries traditionally involved in ship operation. The Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC, 2006), adopted by the International Labour Conference (ILC) 94th (Maritime) Session in 2006, entered into force on August 2013; it significantly affects the shipowner’s responsibility in respect to seafarers’ employment. Taking into account the mentioned issue, the article examines the concept of “shipowner” under the MLC, 2006 and presents comparative analysis of the relevant national law implementing the MLC, 2006 in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom.     

船东履行《2006海事劳工公约》要点探讨

旨在提供海员体面工作条件的《2006海事劳工公约》已于2006年2月23日被国际劳工组织通过,该公约有可能在2011年底之前生效。作为该公约涉及的对象之一,船东公司需提前准备做好各项履约工作。综合考虑公约的内容和特点,结合大部分船东公司的管理实际,总结与履约相关的部分工作要点,可为船东的顺利履约提供参考。     

我国批准加入《2006年海事劳工公约》的可行性探讨

通过简述《2006年海事劳工公约》的出台背景以及目前各成员国批约的情况,联系我国实际,从政府、船员和船东三方角度,通过对国家政策、法律法规、海员保障、船东准备等方面履约的可行性分析,认为我国加入公约时机基本成熟,并提出了加入公约后可能面临的问题以及解决的建议。     

The STCW Conference in Manila

This paper reports on the recently concluded Conference of Parties to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers, 1978, in which major revisions to the Convention and its associated Code were adopted. The diplomatic conference was held in Manila, Philippines, from 21–25 June 2010.     

构建《2006年海事劳工公约》履约体系的思考

文中以《2006年海事劳工公约》为研究对象：首先从背景、内容、意义等方面入手综合研究海事劳工公约,进而针对我国现状引入PDCA管理理念,构建了相应的履约体系结构框架。最后遵循“计划（P）-实施（D）-检查（C）-处理（A）”的流程建立履约体系,为推进我国公约生效提供可行性方案。     

《2003年海员身份证件公约》现状及其未来发展解析

在《2006年海事劳工公约》即将生效的背景下,国际劳工组织的下一步工作重点将转向推动更多的国家批准《2003年海员身份证件公约》。文中阐述了《2003年海员身份证件公约》与其他相关法律文件之间的关系并在此基础上分析了《2003年海员身份证件公约》的未来发展趋势。     

STCW 78/10修正案的特点及影响

国际海事组织（IMO）于2010年初完成了历时5年的对STCW78/95修正案的全面审查,并于近期通过了该修正案。文中重点介绍了本次修订突出的几个主要特点,分析了修正案可能对各界带来的影响,进而提出了履约对策。     

2006年海事劳工公约对我国海员劳务外派产业的影响

2006年《海事劳工公约》的通过对于保护全球海员根本利益和促进国际海运业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。公约涉及的范围非常广泛,本文试图以其对我国海员劳务外派产业的影响为切入点,探讨我国现行立法和管理机制与公约存在的差距,从而提出一些初步的设想与合理化建议。     

The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006—reflections on challenges for flag State implementation

This paper begins by providing a brief overview of the International Labour Organization’s Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC, 2006), noting that this Convention, often called the “Seafarers’ bill of rights”, seeks to achieve both social and labour rights (“decent work”) for seafarers and fair competition (achieving a level-playing field) for shipowners. It has been described as the “fourth pillar” of the international maritime regulatory regime complementing the major International Maritime Organization conventions. The paper provides a brief update on international efforts to achieve the 30/33 formula needed to bring the Convention into force [at present, the tonnage element, 33% has been achieved already with coverage now at 54% of the world fleet (by gross tonnage), with 18 ratifications]. It then explores challenges faced by flag States in connection with capacity to implement the ship inspection and certification system under the MLC, 2006 and other difficulties with respect to legal implementation by the flag States. The paper also comments on some challenges in connection with port State, coastal State and labour-supplying State responsibilities. The paper points out that the MLC, 2006 is a comprehensive code that covers diverse issues and a wider range of both ships and seafarers than previous conventions. It often requires interdepartmental cooperation to implement its requirements at the national level. The paper concludes that, despite the slower pace of ratification in some regions, largely because of the recent economic and other crises, it appears that many actors in the maritime sector are already actively engaged in MLC, 2006 implementation, often ahead of governments. The question is not “if” but “when” the formula will be achieved to allow the MLC, 2006 to enter into force.     

The place of the ISPS Code in the legal international regime

The adoption of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is the latest response of the international shipping community to the increasing threat posed by acts of terrorism at sea. The ACHILLE LAURO incident of 1985 showed that the traditional law against piracy was not adequate to deal with new types of unlawful acts against international shipping, especially those involving acts of terrorism. The 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA Convention) and the technical and administrative measures adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of IMO in 1986 and 1996 attempted to develop a broader regime to deal with unlawful acts against international shipping.However, the events of September 11, 2001 showed that additional measures were still needed to prevent terrorist attacks against ships.     

国际劳工组织及经修正的MLC 2006简介

自2013年MLC2006生效以来,该公约经过三次修正,现已获90个成员国批准,且这些国家的商船总吨位超过世界商船总吨位的91%。MLC2006的最新版本为“经修正的MLC2006”,其包括MLC2006以及已生效的“2014年修正案”和“2016年修正案”。MLC2006的结构分为“条款”与“规则和守则”两部分,并在其中插入了“海事劳工公约的规则和守则的解释性说明”。在MLC2006中,“规则和守则”的第3篇“起居舱室、娱乐设施、食品和膳食服务”与船舶设计、建造的关系密切。文中对第3篇,尤其是“起居舱室的一般要求”、“卧室”、“照明和餐厅”、“卫生设施”等内容作了介绍。     

港口沉积物控制和管理风险分析及管理建议

为应对外来物种入侵和病原体跨境传播,国际海事组织(IMO)于2004年制定了《国际压载水和沉积物管理和控制公约》。目前的研究主要集中在压载水的管理和控制,压载水沉积物排放、处理、处置和管理体系目前处于空缺状态。文中通过调研和分析比较的方法,了解我国及全球范围内主要港口沉积物处理接收和处置现状,并对可能造成的环境、人员、财产和自然资源的损害进行风险分析,提出相应的对策及管理建议。     

载运危险货物船舶电气关键技术要求分析

根据《国际海运固体散货(IMSBC)规则》和《国际海运危险货物(IMDG)规则》的有关规定,以及《国际海上人命安全公约》(SOLAS)、CCS《钢质海船入级规范》及国际电工技术委员会IEC60092-506的相关要求,着重对危险区域划分的关键要点、以及船舶载运不同危险货物,有关电气设备需采取不同安全措施的关键技术要求进行分析和阐述,供船舶设计,审图及发证参考。     

中国加入"国际燃油公约"分析

国际燃油公约预计将于近期生效,本文从公约的核心内容入手,重点分析了我国燃油污染损害现状及我国批准加入公约的原因,并提出了现阶段我国应对燃油公约的决策建议。     

中国海员外派公司如何应对2006国际海事劳工公约

通过对2006国际海事劳工公约的研究,结合中国海员外派出现的问题,明确中国海员外派公司的工作任务,对中国海员外派公司日常管理体系的改善提出几点可行措施,最后针对2006国际海事劳工公约,对相关管理机构提出几点建议。     

谈压载水公约实施应对措施

文中介绍了《国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制与管理公约》实施后，压载水处理的几种常用办法，并就不同国家的压载水处理方法和要求进行了说明，最后提出了压载水公约实施建议和对策。     

基于 MLC 2006履约完善我国船员社会保险制度

文中介绍了《2006年海事劳工公约》关于船员的社会保障条款,并分析了我国船员社会保险缴纳的现状,提出了通过加强船员劳动合同的监管,加大船员劳动保障现场监管力度等办法,进一步完善我国船员社会保险制度。     

防治船舶压载水污染监管

文中就《国际船舶压载水及沉积物控制和管理公约》对我国生效后,在当前经验积累期内,以江阴港压载水监管现状为点,以点带面,分析当前压载水监管现状,并针对海事部门如何更好地履行监管职责提出相应对策。     

Ballast water management in the Baltic Sea

The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), comprising of nine Baltic Sea countries and the European Union, is working to protect the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution, including biological pollution from alien species. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, singed by Contracting States’ environmentministers and EU, includes a Road Map for harmonized implementation and ratification of the International Convention for Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, with an overall aim of all Baltic Sea countries ratifying the Convention latest in 2013.