城市硬岩隧道下穿砖木结构建筑爆破控制技术

青岛地铁一期工程3号线03标段区间隧道下穿济军第一疗养院口腔科医院,隧道埋深14m。为了将爆破震动的影响程度降低到最小,开挖过程中采用了大直径中空直眼掏槽、控制单段最大起爆药量的方法,将地表震动速度控制在1.5cm/s以内,确保了地面建筑物、附近交通干道的安全;同时应用孔外延期技术对爆破网路进行优化设计,减少了因雷管段别限制而增加的爆破次数,降低了爆破所需时间,取得了良好的经济与社会效益。     

宋家湾连拱隧道控制爆破技术研究

十白高速公路宋家湾连拱隧道地质条件复杂,裂隙发育,在爆破过程中存在超欠挖严重、隧道轮廓线不规整、中隔墙出现较多裂缝等问题。针对隧道不同围岩级别采取控制爆破技术,对连拱隧道开挖方式、各洞爆破参数、装药结构和起爆网路进行了优化设计,达到了减小爆破震动和改善爆破效果的目的。     

预留光爆层爆破技术在长大隧道全断面施工中的应用

在大断面隧道采用传统光爆法施工中,很难保证所有周边孔同时起爆,存在隧道轮廓平整度低、超欠挖量大、炮孔留痕率低、成形质量不好等一系列问题。文章以东天山长大隧道工程为背景,采用预留光爆层爆破技术进行全断面一次施工,通过优化起爆顺序、起爆网络及爆破参数,取得了良好的光面爆破效果。现场试验结果表明:采用预留光爆层爆破技术,平均线性超挖量控制在15～25 cm以内,比传统光面爆破方法减少80%;初期支护混凝土用量降低了2.63 m3/m,大大减少了混凝土用量,经济效益明显;另外,采用预留光爆层爆破技术,实际循环进尺、炮孔残留率、炮孔利用率、炸药单耗等指标均有明显改善,隧道整体成形质量良好。     

微震动爆破技术在仙岳山公路隧道开挖中的应用

文章介绍了小线间距城市公路隧道开挖面临的爆破震动影响问题及解决问题的方法,分析了震速影响因素和采取的减震措施,同时介绍了微震动爆破的设计方法;指出了在微震动爆破设计的最大段药量计算方法中Kα值的不足之处,并提出了一种新的确定方法.最后介绍了微震动爆破施工要点和效果测试.     

浅埋隧道开挖爆破震动监测与控制技术

文章以怀长路改建工程西四渡河隧道工程爆破开挖为背景,对隧道工程开挖施工爆破地震的震动监测以及控制技术进行了研究。通过监测爆破引起的地表及结构的质点震动速度,研究了爆破地震波的传播规律并进行了频谱分析,最后提出了合理的控制技术。监测与分析结果表明:(1)质点爆破震动的速度大小与爆破单响最大药量以及测点位置到爆源中心距离密切相关;(2)下台阶在分左右两幅爆破掘进时,第一次爆破对岩石的夹制作用大、爆破震动响应较大、震动速度较高。由于第一次爆破给第二次爆破提供了新的临空面,使得爆破震动效应减小、震动速度减小;(3)爆破地震波质点震速主频的高频成分不丰富,震速主频主要分布在低频段;(4)明挖段处套拱上设置的通风窗口引起应力波的反射作用,爆破震动对钢筋混凝土套拱结构影响显著。     

不同因素对水下钻孔爆破效果的影响研究

起爆点的位置和孔网参数对水下岩石钻孔爆破的爆破效果有较大影响。为了掌握各因素对水下岩石钻孔爆破效果的影响规律,文章通过建立不同工况的有限元数值模型,对比分析了各工况的峰值应力和经济成本。研究表明:不同起爆方式下被爆岩石的应力最大值随着高度的增加,表现为先增大后逐渐减小的趋势,不同起爆方式下岩石均能产生破碎且应力最大值较为接近,表示起爆方式对岩石爆破效果影响较小,在实际工程中可根据具体情况选择起爆方式:对各孔网参数工况的爆破效果进行对比可知.在确保爆破效果前提下最为经济的孔网参数为填塞长度1.2 m、排距和孔距均为2.4 m、起爆方式为孔底起爆。     

大断面隧道光面爆破设计与应用

在高速公路隧道施工中,光面爆破技术有着广泛的应用,可以降低爆破对围岩造成的干扰及震动,控制隧道超欠挖,保证施工的安全,降低施工成本,产生更多的经济效益。文章结合窑上隧道工程实例,介绍了大断面隧道光面爆破技术的设计方案与应用方法。     

瀑布沟水电站地下厂房顶拱层开挖与爆破震动控制

特大型地下厂房顶拱层开挖和爆破震动控制,涉及整个工程项目的工期、成本及施工安全,所以一直是施工中的最关键工序。文章介绍了瀑布沟水电站在高地应力复杂地质条件下,特大型地下厂房顶拱层开挖与爆破震动控制的施工经验,可供同类工程借鉴。     

光面爆破技术在向莆铁路青云山特长隧道工程中的应用

光面爆破设计是隧道工程建设确保质量安全的核心技术要素。青云山特长隧道是向莆铁路重点控制性工程,采用钻爆法施工;隧道围岩以Ⅱ～Ⅲ级为主,采用全断面法开挖;进出口与浅埋段等为IV、V级围岩,采用台阶法施工;围岩较差段采用弧形开挖预留核心土法施工。不同级别围岩采用了针对性的爆破设计,取得了满意的爆破效果。实践证明,适当加密周边眼、合理确定光面爆破层厚度、采用小直径药卷不耦合装药结构、保证爆破眼同时起爆是光面爆破成功应用的关键。     

浅埋隧道掏槽爆破地表质点震速规律研究

文章以青岛地铁一期工程(3号线)土建03标太延区间下穿济军一疗口腔医院为工程背景,研究了浅埋隧道爆破地表质点震动速度规律。在平行隧道轴向正上方,监测掏槽爆破时垂直方向、水平径向和水平切向3个方向产生的震动速度第1段的最大值;在垂直隧道轴向上,监测掏槽爆破时垂直方向产生的震动速度第1段的最大值。结合地下爆破施工对地面震动影响的监测数据,研究发现,掏槽爆破震动峰值出现在距工作面前方1~3 m的范围内,在基准点附近存在一个火山口状的震动峰谷;合成震动速度在数值上比单一方向的震速存在放大现象,但合成的震动曲线规律与单一方向震动规律相似。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

Seaport performance analysis using robust non-parametric efficiency estimators

Abstract

Seaport services have been developing year on year, playing an increasingly important role in the economy and the transportation markets of each country. This increases interest in measuring their performance. This paper evaluates the performance of a set of European seaports by means of robust non-parametric approaches. Using order-m and bootstrap procedures, the major problems of traditional data envelopment analysis and free disposal hull methods – concerning noise, presence of outliers and the ‘curse of dimensionality’ – are overcome. With this study considerable levels of inefficiency were found in the European seaports sector.     

Bicycle parking: a systematic review of scientific literature on parking behaviour,parking preferences,and their influence on cycling and travel behaviour

ABSTRACT

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling – in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention – even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.     

Multilevel analysis of daily time use and time allocation to activity types accounting for complex covariance structures using correlated random effects

In this paper multilevel analysis is used to study individual choices of time allocation to maintenance, subsistence, leisure, and travel time exploiting the nested data hierarchy of households, persons, and occasions of measurement. The multilevel models in this paper examine the joint and multivariate correlation structure of four dependent variables in a cross-sectional and longitudinal way. In this way, observed and unobserved heterogeneity are estimated using random effects at the household, person, and temporal levels. In addition, random coefficients associated with explanatory variables are also estimated and correlated with these random effects. Using the wide spectrum of options offered by multilevel models to account for individual and group heterogeneity, complex interdependencies among individuals within their households, within themselves over time, and within themselves but across different indicators of behavior, are analyzed. Findings in this analysis include large variance contribution by each level considered, clear evidence of non-linear dynamic behavior in time-allocation, different trajectories of change in time allocation for each of the four dependent variables used, and lack of symmetry in change over time characterized by different trajectories in the longitudinal evolution of each dependent variable. In addition, the multivariate correlation structure among the four dependent variables is different at each of the three levels of analysis.     

从"神经末梢"到"国际枢纽"——十六大以来广西交通发展综述

文章总结了党的十六大以来广西交通发展取得的成绩,指出广西交通正在从"神经末梢"发展为"国际枢纽",为广西经济社会发展提供了重要支撑。     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.