城市硬岩隧道下穿砖木结构建筑爆破控制技术

青岛地铁一期工程3号线03标段区间隧道下穿济军第一疗养院口腔科医院,隧道埋深14m。为了将爆破震动的影响程度降低到最小,开挖过程中采用了大直径中空直眼掏槽、控制单段最大起爆药量的方法,将地表震动速度控制在1.5cm/s以内,确保了地面建筑物、附近交通干道的安全;同时应用孔外延期技术对爆破网路进行优化设计,减少了因雷管段别限制而增加的爆破次数,降低了爆破所需时间,取得了良好的经济与社会效益。     

宋家湾连拱隧道控制爆破技术研究

十白高速公路宋家湾连拱隧道地质条件复杂,裂隙发育,在爆破过程中存在超欠挖严重、隧道轮廓线不规整、中隔墙出现较多裂缝等问题。针对隧道不同围岩级别采取控制爆破技术,对连拱隧道开挖方式、各洞爆破参数、装药结构和起爆网路进行了优化设计,达到了减小爆破震动和改善爆破效果的目的。     

预留光爆层爆破技术在长大隧道全断面施工中的应用

在大断面隧道采用传统光爆法施工中,很难保证所有周边孔同时起爆,存在隧道轮廓平整度低、超欠挖量大、炮孔留痕率低、成形质量不好等一系列问题。文章以东天山长大隧道工程为背景,采用预留光爆层爆破技术进行全断面一次施工,通过优化起爆顺序、起爆网络及爆破参数,取得了良好的光面爆破效果。现场试验结果表明:采用预留光爆层爆破技术,平均线性超挖量控制在15～25 cm以内,比传统光面爆破方法减少80%;初期支护混凝土用量降低了2.63 m3/m,大大减少了混凝土用量,经济效益明显;另外,采用预留光爆层爆破技术,实际循环进尺、炮孔残留率、炮孔利用率、炸药单耗等指标均有明显改善,隧道整体成形质量良好。     

微震动爆破技术在仙岳山公路隧道开挖中的应用

文章介绍了小线间距城市公路隧道开挖面临的爆破震动影响问题及解决问题的方法,分析了震速影响因素和采取的减震措施,同时介绍了微震动爆破的设计方法;指出了在微震动爆破设计的最大段药量计算方法中Kα值的不足之处,并提出了一种新的确定方法.最后介绍了微震动爆破施工要点和效果测试.     

浅埋隧道开挖爆破震动监测与控制技术

文章以怀长路改建工程西四渡河隧道工程爆破开挖为背景,对隧道工程开挖施工爆破地震的震动监测以及控制技术进行了研究。通过监测爆破引起的地表及结构的质点震动速度,研究了爆破地震波的传播规律并进行了频谱分析,最后提出了合理的控制技术。监测与分析结果表明:(1)质点爆破震动的速度大小与爆破单响最大药量以及测点位置到爆源中心距离密切相关;(2)下台阶在分左右两幅爆破掘进时,第一次爆破对岩石的夹制作用大、爆破震动响应较大、震动速度较高。由于第一次爆破给第二次爆破提供了新的临空面,使得爆破震动效应减小、震动速度减小;(3)爆破地震波质点震速主频的高频成分不丰富,震速主频主要分布在低频段;(4)明挖段处套拱上设置的通风窗口引起应力波的反射作用,爆破震动对钢筋混凝土套拱结构影响显著。     

不同因素对水下钻孔爆破效果的影响研究

起爆点的位置和孔网参数对水下岩石钻孔爆破的爆破效果有较大影响。为了掌握各因素对水下岩石钻孔爆破效果的影响规律,文章通过建立不同工况的有限元数值模型,对比分析了各工况的峰值应力和经济成本。研究表明:不同起爆方式下被爆岩石的应力最大值随着高度的增加,表现为先增大后逐渐减小的趋势,不同起爆方式下岩石均能产生破碎且应力最大值较为接近,表示起爆方式对岩石爆破效果影响较小,在实际工程中可根据具体情况选择起爆方式:对各孔网参数工况的爆破效果进行对比可知.在确保爆破效果前提下最为经济的孔网参数为填塞长度1.2 m、排距和孔距均为2.4 m、起爆方式为孔底起爆。     

大断面隧道光面爆破设计与应用

在高速公路隧道施工中,光面爆破技术有着广泛的应用,可以降低爆破对围岩造成的干扰及震动,控制隧道超欠挖,保证施工的安全,降低施工成本,产生更多的经济效益。文章结合窑上隧道工程实例,介绍了大断面隧道光面爆破技术的设计方案与应用方法。     

瀑布沟水电站地下厂房顶拱层开挖与爆破震动控制

特大型地下厂房顶拱层开挖和爆破震动控制,涉及整个工程项目的工期、成本及施工安全,所以一直是施工中的最关键工序。文章介绍了瀑布沟水电站在高地应力复杂地质条件下,特大型地下厂房顶拱层开挖与爆破震动控制的施工经验,可供同类工程借鉴。     

光面爆破技术在向莆铁路青云山特长隧道工程中的应用

光面爆破设计是隧道工程建设确保质量安全的核心技术要素。青云山特长隧道是向莆铁路重点控制性工程,采用钻爆法施工;隧道围岩以Ⅱ～Ⅲ级为主,采用全断面法开挖;进出口与浅埋段等为IV、V级围岩,采用台阶法施工;围岩较差段采用弧形开挖预留核心土法施工。不同级别围岩采用了针对性的爆破设计,取得了满意的爆破效果。实践证明,适当加密周边眼、合理确定光面爆破层厚度、采用小直径药卷不耦合装药结构、保证爆破眼同时起爆是光面爆破成功应用的关键。     

浅埋隧道掏槽爆破地表质点震速规律研究

文章以青岛地铁一期工程(3号线)土建03标太延区间下穿济军一疗口腔医院为工程背景,研究了浅埋隧道爆破地表质点震动速度规律。在平行隧道轴向正上方,监测掏槽爆破时垂直方向、水平径向和水平切向3个方向产生的震动速度第1段的最大值;在垂直隧道轴向上,监测掏槽爆破时垂直方向产生的震动速度第1段的最大值。结合地下爆破施工对地面震动影响的监测数据,研究发现,掏槽爆破震动峰值出现在距工作面前方1~3 m的范围内,在基准点附近存在一个火山口状的震动峰谷;合成震动速度在数值上比单一方向的震速存在放大现象,但合成的震动曲线规律与单一方向震动规律相似。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。