PIV基准流场的评估分析

PIV基准流场是规范PIV流场测试技术和校验流场测试数据的统一标准。文章通过分析PIV流场测试技术的发展及其基准流场技术的发展状况,对PIV基准流场建设方法进行初步研究。应用CFD方法初步评估了HTA及ITTC的建议模型,给出了基准模型周围流场结果,并与HTA提供的SPIV试验测试结果进行比较分析,对PIV基准流场的方案设计和不确定度分析进行了进一步思考。分析结果为模型标准与测试标准的建设提供了基础。     

粒子图像测速技术在拖曳水池中的应用

粒子图像测速技术（PIV）在大型拖曳水池中的应用面临着很多困难，诸如：水下激光片光照明、粒子图像捕捉、船舶流动的复杂程度、测量面积较大、粒子示踪，水下支架振动等。文章介绍了近十年来国内外PIV技术在拖曳水池中的应用和发展，对岸基式PIV和随车式PIV的优缺点做了比较与分析。还介绍了几个典型应用，即6：1椭球周围的速度及涡量分布的测量；不同尾附体连接形式的水下回转体伴流场测量；水面船首波流动结构的研究。文章还介绍了Iowa大学对拖曳水池PIV测量不确定度的评估研究。分析表明，国际水池PIV技术已经相当成熟并具备广阔的应用前景。     

PIV测试技术及其应用

粒子图像测速(PIV)是一种基于流场图像互相关分析的二维流场非接触式测试技术,在流场测量中占有非常重要的地位.首先介绍了PIV技术的测试原理及应用特点,阐述了其在船舶拖曳水池、柴油喷雾、气固多相流动及离心泵内部流场领域的应用状况,同时指出了PIV技术的未来发展方向.     

粒子图像测速技术在拖曳水池应用中存在的若干问题

粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)在舰船精细流场测量方面具有巨大优势。PIV技术在水动力学研究设施中的应用已有近二十年的历史,国内外PIV的应用实例说明这项技术已经发展到了较为成熟的阶段,但它在拖曳水池中的应用仍然存在较多的挑战。论文对PIV在拖曳水池应用的相关环节展开讨论,除了考虑适用于拖曳水池的PIV的布置和形式,还针对SPIV在拖曳水池实际应用时面临的模型准备、安装、标定、粒子播撒、系统主要组件参数等诸多方面的挑战进行了总结。     

物体出水近自由面瞬态流场的试验研究

本文采用PIV测试技术对物体出水近自由面瞬态流场进行了探索试验研究。PIV试验从流场环境定量化分析的角度，给出了物体出水近自由面的瞬态历程，为全局了解物体出水的复杂流动机理提供了一种细观手段。     

表面PIV在潜航体兴波伴流场测量中的应用

介绍潜航体兴波伴流场的表面PIV测量方法,对表面PIV的标定,示踪粒子的选择,背景干扰流场的消除方法以及表面PIV测量精度等问题开展分析讨论。实验表明:运用表面PIV技术可灵敏地探测到潜航体微弱的V型兴波伴流场,该兴波伴流场可以用潜航体的‘源-汇’效应解释。本文采用普通CCD数码摄像机以及普通光源摄取表面粒子图像,与传统的激光PIV设备相比,不仅经济而且使用方便,测量结果精确可靠,运用表面PIV技术测量表面微弱流场的精度可达0.01 pixel。     

基于PIV的客滚船风阻流场研究

为准确分析客滚船在不同风向角下的流场分布,基于PIV技术研究了某型客滚船在25m/s风速下,5个不同风向角的风阻变化和流场分布;利用PIV技术得出某型客滚船纵向、横向以及水平方向的空气流场特性。结果表明:随着风向角的增加,纵向风轴阻力和横向侧向力呈"抛物线"规律变化,偏航力矩呈"正弦曲线"分布,并存在两个方向相反的阻力峰。利用PIV流场分布图与常规测力试验的风阻曲线对客滚船风阻流场进行分析研究,所得结果可为以后的CFD计算验证以及后期风阻优化提供参考依据。     

表面 PIV在潜航体兴波伴流场测量中的应用

介绍潜航体兴波伴流场的表面 PIV测量方法,对表面 PIV的标定,示踪粒子的选择,背景干扰流场的消除方法以及表面 PIV测量精度等问题开展分析讨论。实验表明：运用表面 PIV技术可灵敏地探测到潜航体微弱的 V型兴波伴流场,该兴波伴流场可以用潜航体的‘源-汇’效应解释。本文采用普通 CCD数码摄像机以及普通光源摄取表面粒子图像,与传统的激光 PIV设备相比,不仅经济而且使用方便,测量结果精确可靠,运用表面 PIV技术测量表面微弱流场的精度可达0.01 pixel。     

通气超空泡内部流场PIV测试方法

研究通气超空泡内部流场的PIV测试方法。通过合理选择空心玻璃珠示踪粒子,利用流化床粒子布撒装置并合理设计通气管路解决了示踪粒子通入问题,采用二维PIV测试系统实现了水洞实验的通气空泡内部流场测试,获得了通气超空泡内部清晰的粒子影像,经数据处理得到了流场速度及涡量分布。实验表明采用PIV技术可实现对通气超空泡内部流场的测试,测试结果能够揭示流场的结构特征,可以为空泡流理论的深入研究提供实验依据,所给出的超空泡内部流场PIV测试实现方法可供其它相关研究借鉴和参考。     

基于光流卷积网络的粒子图像测速自动掩模及速度场计算

粒子图像测速（PIV）技术是一种定量的非接触式全局速度场测量技术。在船舶与海洋工程领域,PIV实验中拍摄的粒子图像常出现结构物遮挡或自由液面等干扰现象,需要对其进行掩模后计算液相区域速度场。因此,实现PIV图像中干扰区域自动掩模及液相区域速度场高精度计算具有重要的意义。本文基于光流卷积神经网络LiteFlowNet,设计了一种可实现自动掩模及速度场计算的深度学习模型Mask-PIV-LiteFlowNet,并使用基于物体入水PIV实验图像掩模数据集和PIV速度场计算数据集制作的数据集对其进行训练和测试。测试结果表明,该模型能够有效减少临近掩模边界区域的速度场计算错误并能够精细地提取流场小尺度流动信息,相比于当前先进的PIV深度学习模型PIV-LiteFlowNet-en,本文提出的模型在对带结构物的合成粒子图像进行流场计算时精度获得了至少14.5%的提升,计算速度上获得了5.7%的提升。最后,使用楔形体入水PIV图像对提出的模型进行了测试,验证了模型的泛化能力。     

PIV velocity field measurements of flow around a KRISO 3600TEU container ship model

The main purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate a useful application of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method to analyze the complex flow characteristics around a ship. For a sample illustration, the KRISO 3600TEU container ship model was chosen. The flow structure in the stern and near-wake region of the model has been investigated experimentally in a circulating water channel. Instantaneous velocity fields measured by the PIV velocity field measurement technique have been ensemble-averaged to give details of flow structures such as the spatial distributions of the local mean velocity, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy. The free-stream velocity was fixed at U _o = 0.6m/s, and the corresponding Reynolds number based on the length between perpendiculars was about 9.0 × 10⁵. The container ship model shows a complicated three-dimensional flow structure in the stern and near-wake regions. The PIV results clearly revealed the formation of large-scale bilge vortices in the stern region and their effect on the flow in the near-wake. The results shown here provide valuable information for hull form design and the validation of viscous ship flow codes and of turbulence models.     

半开式径向叶轮上游预旋流动研究

叶轮进口上游的预旋流动是影响流体机械水力及空化性能的重要因素,主要采用粒子成像测速（PIV）技术对半开式径向叶轮上游的预旋流动进行试验研究。通过对比不同转速和流量工况下的PIV试验结果,发现在叶轮上游吸入管内均存在与叶轮旋转方向一致的预旋流动,且偏离设计工况越远、距离叶轮越近、其预旋速度相应也越大。同时,叶轮旋转的影响还可通过流道向上游传播,继而在吸入管内诱导产生涡量场。因此,有必要基于RANS方程组及RNG k-ε湍流模型进行叶轮全流道三维湍流流场的数值模拟。结合试验和数值模拟的结果,可发现吸入管内部预旋流动主要为沿旋转方向的周向流动,而沿半径方向的径向流动很小,且径向速度在数值上要比周向速度小一个量级。     

An improved method for estimating internal solitary waves force on small circular cylindrical structures

Theoretically calculation and laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the horizontal force exerted by internal solitary wave (ISW) on small circular cylindrical structures. Improvement in calculation of drag force and inertia force by introducing two-drag-coefficient method and spatial derivative of velocity into the calculation of force by eigenfunction was made based on systematically study on theoretical foundations. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) method and high precision force sensor were used to measure the velocity and force exerted by ISW, respectively. ISW waveform was traced by analyzing image frames follow grayscale threshold method. For the first time, components of horizontal force were calculated from PIV data, which show good agreement with theoretical one. Moreover, series comparisons between experimental data and calculational results were carried out to examine the proposed method. The results show ideal accuracy of the method and significant improvement comparing to the traditional method.     

Lengthscales of motions that control air–water gas transfer in grid-stirred turbulence

The relationship between the gas transfer velocity and turbulent lengthscales is investigated experimentally in a grid-stirred turbulent flow. The horizontal velocity field at the water surface is measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The gas transfer velocity for oxygen is obtained through reaeration experiments. In addition, the gas transfer process by surface-renewal eddies is visualized using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, in which carbon dioxide is used as the tracer gas. The definition of the Taylor microscale holds that the root-mean-square (RMS) of the surface divergence is expressed by the square root of the turbulent kinetic energy divided by the Taylor microscale. Experimentally obtained data support this scaling. They show the gas transfer velocity to be proportional to the square root of the RMS of the surface divergence. These experimental results imply that the Taylor microscale is an important parameter for gas transfer velocity at the air–water interface. These relations indicate that a nondimensional gas transfer velocity is proportional to the − 1/4 power of a turbulent-macroscale Reynolds number, which is similar to a small-eddy model, assuming that turbulent eddies with the Kolmogorov scale control the gas transfer process. However, this Reynolds number dependence does not necessarily mean the superiority of turbulent eddies with the Kolmogorov scale in the gas transfer. The LIF visualizations in horizontal and vertical planes close to the air–water interface indicate that the horizontal CO₂-concentration field has a fine spatial pattern, which resembles that of the surface divergence field, and that surface-renewal motions observed in the vertical plane have a larger lengthscale than the Kolmogorov scale. We infer from both PIV and LIF results that the Taylor microscale is an important lengthscale for air–water gas transfer.     

垂直及斜出水流场的二维及三维TR-PIV试验

本文对钝头回转体垂直及斜出水流场采用TR-(Time-Resolved)PIV技术进行测量,并对斜出水流场进行3D-Stereo PIV(三维体视 PIV)测量.文中介绍了测试技术及测量结果,揭示了出水过程中流动结构及其演变,展示了TR-PIV技术对具有瞬态历程特征的出水流场研究的适应性.     

PIV与BEM相结合的流场研究法

本文介绍一种PIV与BEM相结合的流场研究方法，PIV（Particle Image Velocimetry)是一种现代流场测试技术，BEM（Boundary Element Method)是一种流行的CFD方法，所谓PIV和BEM相结合的方法，是利用流域内PIV测量的结果和BEM法的反过程估计出边界上洲际流场相关量的值，进而估计出流域内其它点的速度值，这种方法可以很好地修正PIV的测量结果，减小它们的误差，同时还可以对测量失效区域的流场进行估计，增加流场信息，在文中它被应用到楔形体入水的PIV测量后处理中，取得了很好的效果。     

通气空泡内部流场结构实验研究

采用人工通气的办法在水下航行体表面生成通气超空泡可以大幅降低水下航行阻力。保持通气空泡的形态稳定是保证航行体水下流体动力稳定的前提,因此需要了解通气空泡内部气体流动结构及其与空泡泄气方式的相互影响规律。该文建立了通气空泡内部流场结构的实验测量装置,并运用PIV(粒子成像测速)方法对通气超空泡内流场结构进行了测量,归纳了通气空泡三种典型的内部流场结构形式及其成因,并给出了泡内气流流速的变化趋势。     

Comparative measurements on the flow structure of a marine propeller wake between an open free surface and closed surface flows

In order to investigate the effects of a free surface on the wake behind a rotating propeller, experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel for two cases: one with an open free surface and one with a closed free surface covered by a rigid plate. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured using a two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at four different blade phases. These were ensemble-averaged to investigate the time-averaged flow structure in the near-wake region. For a surface ship, the flow behind the propeller is influenced by the hull wake and the free surface. The phase-averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. The interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow along the ship’s hull deforms the wake structure. Tip vortices are generated periodically, and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The free surface was found to affect the axial velocity component and vortex structure behind the propeller. As the flow goes downstream, the tip and trailing vortices dissipate due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing with adjacent vortices.     

航道边线与桥墩之间安全距离的研究

合理地确定通航桥梁的最小净空宽度,保证船队航行和桥梁安全,是桥梁建设和航道建设均应重视的问题。文章提出了计算通航桥孔宽度的计算公式。当桥梁轴线的法线方向与水流方向的偏角超过5°时,通航桥孔净空宽度应在一般航道宽度的基础上增加考虑水流产生的船舶横向漂移,并在桥墩和航道边线之间留有足够的安全距离。利用PIV技术,获得桥墩周围流场的准确信息,从水流紊动的角度,提出了安全距离的确定方法。     

PIV技术在旋转流场测试中的应用

考虑旋转流场自身特点,结合PIV非接触全场测量的优势,介绍了相位平均技术的原理、使用方法以及效果,并分析了它的劣势。描述了流场旋转、激光频闪、图像采集三个独立过程的同步控制技术,给出了一种优化控制参数从而减少误差的方法。实验结果证明:在旋转流场PIV测试中,使用这两种方法可以有效地减少测量误差。